An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling:
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sausalito, Calif.
Univ. Science Books
2005
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 353 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1891389351 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Washington, Warren M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling |c Warren M. Washington ; Claire L. Parkinson |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sausalito, Calif. |b Univ. Science Books |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 353 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Datenverarbeitung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mathematisches Modell | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Climatology |x Data processing | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Climatology |x Mathematical models | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Numerical weather forecasting | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Parkinson, Claire L. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804133602843164672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xi
chapter
1
Introduction and Historical Development
1
chapter
2
Physical Description of the Climate System
7
2.1
Atmosphere
7
2.1.1
Atmospheric composition
7
2.1.2
Temperature profiles
8
2.1.3
Energy balances
9
2.1.4
Average surface temperature patterns
12
2.1.5
Large-scale hemispheric circulation patterns: Three-cell
structure
14
2.1.6
Land/sea breezes and monsoons
19
2.2
Oceans
20
2.2.1
Seawater composition
22
2.2.2
Ocean temperatures
23
2.2.3
Ocean circulation
26
2.3
Sea Ice
30
2.3.1
Global sea ice distributions
30
2.3.2
Sea ice formation and growth
33
2.3.3
Sea ice ablation
34
2.3.4
Sea ice composition and properties
34
2.3.5
Sea ice topography
35
2.3.6
Sea ice concentration and velocity
35
2.4
Atmosphere/Ocean/Ice Interconnections
37
2.4.1
Impacts of the atmosphere
37
2.4.2
Impacts of the ocean
39
2.4.3
An example of atmosphere/ocean interconnections: The
El Niño/Southern
Oscillation
40
2.4.4
North Atlantic Oscillation
(NAO)
42
2.4.5
Impacts of the ice
44
chapter
3
Basic Model Equations
49
3.1
Fundamental Equations
49
3.1.1
Conservation of momentum
50
3.1.2
Conservation of mass
58
3.1.3
First law of thermodynamics
60
3.1.4
Equation of state
60
3.2
Summary of the Basic Predictive Equations for the Atmosphere
62
3.3
Vertical Coordinate Systems
63
VÜ
VIII Contents
3.4
Atmospheric and Ocean Dynamics
69
3.4.1
Vorticity and divergence equations
69
3.4.2
Baroclinic models
72
3.5
Early General Atmospheric Circulation Model of the Atmosphere
73
3.6
Radiative and Cloud Processes
74
3.6.1
Radiation: Basic principles
76
3.6.2
Radiation: Physical laws
79
3.6.3
Solar radiation
87
3.6.4
Radiation: Effect of aerosols
90
3.6.5
Net heating/cooling rates
90
3.6.6
Moisture and precipitation
92
3.6.7
Clouds
97
3.6.8
Cumulus parameterization, general theory
98
3.6.9
Convective adjustment parameterization
101
3.6.10
More refined schemes for cumulus convection
102
3.7
Surface Processes
109
3.7.1
Boundary fluxes at the Earth s surface
109
3.7.2
Computation of surface temperature and hydrology
113
3.8
Ocean Models
116
3.8.1
Ocean model fundamentals
116
3.8.2
Parameterization of ocean eddies
124
3.8.3
Generalized coordinate systems for ocean modeling
125
3.8.4
Isopycnal ocean model
127
3.9
Sea Ice Models
128
3.9.1
Ice thermodynamics
129
3.9.2
Ice dynamics
138
3.10
River Transport
146
chapter
4
Basic Methods of Solving Model Equations
149
4.1
Finite Differences
150
4.2
Finite Differencing in Two Dimensions
155
4.3
Spectral Method
165
4.3.1
Vibrating string example
165
4.3.2
Gibbs phenomenon
168
4.3.3
More general considerations of Fourier series and
integrals
169
4.4
Spherical Representation
171
4.5
Spectral Transform Technique
174
4.6
Vertical Representation
184
4.7
Lagrangian and Semi-Lagrangian Methods
187
4.8
Spectral Element Method
189
chapter
5
Examplesof Simulations of Present-Day Climate
193
5.1
Simulations of the Atmosphere
197
5.2
Simulations of the Ocean
206
5.3
Simulations of Sea Ice
210
5.4
Coupled Atmosphere, Land/Vegetation, Ocean, and Sea Ice
Simulations
216
5.5
El Niño
Simulations
218
Contents
IX
5.6 Regional
Climate
Modeling
218
5.7
Modeling Groups
220
chapter
6
Climate Sensitivity Experiments
223
6.1
Sample Early Paleoclimate Simulations
225
6.2
Sample Later Paleoclimate Simulations
232
6.3
Sample Simulation of the Last Millennium
236
6.4
Sample Early Simulations of the
El Niño/
Southern Oscillation
238
6.5
Sample Later Simulation of the
El Niño/
Southern Oscillation
241
6.6
Research on the Climatic Effects of Increasing Greenhouse Gases and
Aerosols
243
6.7
Sample Early Climate Model Simulations of the Effects of Greenhouse
Gases
245
6.8
Later Simulations of the Effects of Greenhouse Gases, Aerosols, and
Other Climate Forcings
251
6.9
Climate Modeling with the Carbon Cycle
257
6.10
Possible Climatic Effects Due to Nuclear War
258
6.11
Overview of Climate Sensitivity Studies
260
chapter? Outlook for Future Developments
263
7.1
Climate Model Evolution and Status
263
7.2
Issues Involved in Coupling
266
7.3
Continuing Needs
267
7.4
Two Further Potential Uses of Climate Models
269
7.5
National Research Council Assessment
271
7.6
Concluding Remarks
272
APPENDIX A Vector Calculus
275
АЛ
Vector Operations in a Cartesian Coordinate System
276
A.I
.1
Vector addition and subtraction
276
A.1.2 Vector multiplication
276
A.1.3 Vector differentiation
277
A.1.4 Gradient (del) operator
277
A.
2
Vector Operations in Generalized and Spherical Coordinates
278
A3
Vectors on a Rotating Sphere
281
APPENDIX
В
Legendre Polynomials and Gaussian Quadrature
285
APPENDIX
С
Derivation of Energy Equations
291
APPENDIX
D
Unit Abbreviations
293
APPENDIX
E
Physical Constants in
Système
International (SI) Units, and Typical Surface
Albedos
295
APPENDIX
F
Conversions and Prefixes
297
APPENDIX
G
Greek Alphabet
299
APPENDIX
H
Acronyms
301
Contents
APPENDIX
I
Aerosols 303
APPENDIX
J
Solar Radiation,
Including Effects of
Aerosols 305
APPENDIX
К
Internet Sites
for Climate Modeling and Climate Data
309
APPENDIX
L
Computer Architectures Used in Climate Modeling: Definition of
Terms
313
Bibliography
317
Index
343
About the Authors
355
|
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| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
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| isbn | 1891389351 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XIII, 353 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
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| publisher | Univ. Science Books |
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| spelling | Washington, Warren M. Verfasser aut An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling Warren M. Washington ; Claire L. Parkinson 2. ed. Sausalito, Calif. Univ. Science Books 2005 XIII, 353 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Datenverarbeitung Mathematisches Modell Climatology Data processing Climatology Mathematical models Numerical weather forecasting Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd rswk-swf Computersimulation (DE-588)4148259-1 gnd rswk-swf Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 s Computersimulation (DE-588)4148259-1 s DE-604 Parkinson, Claire L. Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013355220&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Washington, Warren M. Parkinson, Claire L. An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling Datenverarbeitung Mathematisches Modell Climatology Data processing Climatology Mathematical models Numerical weather forecasting Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Computersimulation (DE-588)4148259-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4031170-3 (DE-588)4148259-1 |
| title | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling |
| title_auth | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling |
| title_full | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling Warren M. Washington ; Claire L. Parkinson |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling Warren M. Washington ; Claire L. Parkinson |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling Warren M. Washington ; Claire L. Parkinson |
| title_short | An introduction to three-dimensional climate modeling |
| title_sort | an introduction to three dimensional climate modeling |
| topic | Datenverarbeitung Mathematisches Modell Climatology Data processing Climatology Mathematical models Numerical weather forecasting Klima (DE-588)4031170-3 gnd Computersimulation (DE-588)4148259-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Datenverarbeitung Mathematisches Modell Climatology Data processing Climatology Mathematical models Numerical weather forecasting Klima Computersimulation |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013355220&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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