Macromolecules: 1 Chemical structures and syntheses
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
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Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2005
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| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXII, 666 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3527311726 9783527311729 |
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MARC
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| adam_text | XIX
Table of Contents
Motto V
Prefaces VII
List of Symbols IX
Symbols for Languages IX
Symbols for Chemical Structures IX
Mathematical Symbols IX
Averages and Other Markings X
Exponents and Superscripts X
Indices and Subscripts X
Prefixes of Words XII
Other Abbreviations XIII
Quantity Symbols XIV
Table of Contents XIX
1 Survey 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Basic Terms 2
1.3 Development of the Macromolecular Hypothesis 7
1.4 Discoveries and Inventions 16
Literature to Chapter 1 17
References to Chapter 1 20
2 Constitution 23
2.1 Atoms and Molecules 23
2.1.1 Definition of a Molecule 23
2.1.2 Chemical and Physical Molecules 24
2.2 Nomenclature of Chemical Structures 26
2.2.1 Overview 26
2.2.2 Types of Polymer Names 26
2.2.3 Systematic Names of Inorganic Macromolecules 30
2.2.4 Systematic Names of Organic Macromolecules 31
Carbon Chains 32
Carbocyclic Rings 33
Heterochains 34
Heterocycles 35
2.3 Atomic Structure and Chain Formation 35
2.3.1 Overview 35
2.3.2 Homochains 37
Unsubstituted Homochains 37
Substituted Homochains 38
Effect of Atomic Structure 39
2.3.3 Heterochains 40
XX Table of Contents
2.4 Classification of Polymers 43
2.4.1 Structure-Based Terms 43
2.4.2 Process-Based Terms 45
2.4.3 Terms for Charged Polymers 47
2.5 Molecular Architecture 49
2.5.1 Introduction 49
2.5.2 Linear Chains and Rings 50
2.5.3 Statistically Branched Polymers 50
2.5.4 Star Molecules 51
2.5.5 Dendrimers 52
2.5.6 Hyperbranched Polymers 54
2.5.7 Comb Molecules 57
2.5.8 Ladder Polymers 58
2.5.9 Phyllo and Tecto Polymers 59
2.5.10 Polymer Networks 59
Basic Terms 59
Structure 60
Characterization 61
Literature to Chapter 2 62
References to Chapter 2 64
3 Characterization of Polymers 65
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Chemical Composition 66
3.2.1 Monomeric Units 66
3.2.2 Endgroups 68
3.2.3 Branches 68
3.3 Molar Mass Distributions 69
3.3.1 Overview 69
3.3.2 Distribution Functions 69
3.3.3 Types of Distributions 71
Gaussian Distribution 71
Logarithmic Normal Distribution 73
Poisson Distribution 73
Schulz-Zimm and Schulz-Flory Distributions 73
Generalized Exponential Distributions 74
3.4 Determination of Molar Mass Distributions 74
3.4.1 Mass Spectroscopy 75
3.4.2 Size-Exclusion Chromatography 77
Methodology 77
Molar Mass Dependence of Retention Volumes 79
Universal Calibrations 80
3.4.3 Fractionation 83
3.5 Molar Mass Averages 84
3.5.1 Molar and Molecular Masses 84
3.5.2 Simple Averages of Molar Masses 85
Table of Contents XXI
3.5.3 Polymolecularity 86
3.5.4 Complex Averages of Molar Masses 88
Exponent Averages 88
Compound Averages 88
3.5.5 Degrees of Polymerization 90
3.5.6 Averages of Other Properties 91
3.5.7 Determination of Molar Masses 92
3.6 Viscometry 93
3.6.1 Basic Terms 93
3.6.2 Experimental Methods 93
3.6.3 Concentration Dependence: Non-Electrolytes 94
3.6.4 Concentration Dependence: Polyelectrolytes 96
3.6.5 Intrinsic Viscosities and Molar Masses 98
Averages 98
Effect of Molecular Shape 100
Historical Notes to Chapter 3 103
Size-Exclusion Chromatography 103
Viscosity of Dilute Solutions 103
Literature to Chapter 3 105
References to Chapter 3 107
4 Configuration 109
4.1 Stereoisomers 109
4.1.1 Historical Development 109
4.1.2 Conflgurational and Conformational Isomers 110
4.1.3 Symmetry 112
4.1.4 Enantiomers and Diastereomers 114
4.1.5 Stereostructures 117
4.1.6 D,L and R,S Systems 118
4.2 Polymers with Ideal Tacticities 120
4.2.1 Definitions 120
4.2.2 Relative and Absolute Configurations 122
4.2.3 Presentation of Relative Configurations 124
4.2.4. Hemitactic Polymers 125
4.2.5 Ditactic Polymers 125
4.2.6 Geometric Isomers 127
4.3 Polymers with Non-Ideal Tacticities 127
4.3.1 Overview 127
4.3.2 J-Ads 128
4.3.3 Experimental Methods 130
X-ray Spectroscopy 130
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy 131
Infrared Spectroscopy 134
Crystallinity and Solution Properties 134
Historical Notes to Chapter 4 135
Stereochemistry 135
XXII Table of Contents
Tacticity of Polymers 135
Literature to Chapter 4 136
References to Chapter 4 136
5 Conformation 137
5.1 Fundamentals 137
5.2 Microconformations 138
5.2.1 Definitions 138
5.2.2 Rotational Barriers 141
5.2.3 Effect of Constitution 143
5.3 Macroconformations 145
5.3.1 Crystalline Polymers 146
Equilibrium States 146
Non-Equilibrium States 147
5.3.2 Polymer Solutions 148
5.3.3 Melts 149
Historical Notes to Chapter 5 150
Literature to Chapter 5 151
6 General Aspects of Polymerization 153
6.1 Basic Terms 153
6.1.1 Prerequisites 153
6.1.2 Historical Development 153
6.1.3 Classifications 155
6.1.4 Functionality 159
6.1.5 Cyclopolymerization 161
6.2 Mechanism and Kinetics 162
6.2.1. Activation of Monomers 162
6.2.2 Elementary Reactions 166
6.2.3 Distinction Between Mechanisms 167
6.2.4 Analysis of Polymerization Mechanisms 169
6.2.5 Activation Parameters 170
6.3 Statistics of Polymerizations 171
6.3.1 Basic Terms 171
6.3.2 Bernoulli and Markov Trials 173
6.3.3 Enantiomorphic Site-Control 175
6.3.4 Rate Constants 177
6.3.5 Activation Constants 178
6.4 Polymerization of Chiral Monomers 179
6.4.1 Definitions 179
6.4.2 Chiral Monomers 180
6.4.3 Enantioasymmetric Polymerizations 180
6.4.4 Other Stereoselective Polymerizations 184
6.4.5 Enantiogenic Polymerizations 184
6.5 Polymerization Experiments 186
6.5.1 Proof and Quantitative Determination of Polymer Formation. 186
Table of Contents XXIII
Purification 186
Course of Polymerization 186
6.5.2 Isolation and Purification of Polymers 188
Historical Notes to Chapter 6 189
Systematics of Polymerizations 189
Tacticities 189
Literature to Chapter 6 189
References to Chapter 6 191
7 Thermodynamics of Polymerization 193
7.1 Overview 193
7.2 Polymer-Monomer Equilibria 194
7.2.1 Simple Cases 194
7.2.2 Degrees of Polymerization 196
7.2.3 Distributions of Degrees of Polymerization 198
7.2.4 Incomplete Equilibria 198
7.3 Critical Polymerization Temperatures 199
7.3.1 Fundamentals 199
7.3.2 Ceiling and Floor Temperatures 202
7.3.3 Effect of Pressure 203
7.3.4 Thermodynamic Non-Ideality 204
7.4 Effect of Constitution 206
7.4.1 Polymerization Entropies 206
7.4.2 Polymerization Enthalpies 209
7.4.3 Critical Thermodynamic Temperatures 213
7.5 Ring-Expansion and Ring-Formation Polymerizations 214
7.5.1 Thermodynamics 214
7.5.2 Kinetics 216
A-7 Appendix: Degrees of Polymerization 217
Literature to Chapter 7 219
References to Chapter? 219
8 Ionic Polymerization 221
8.1 Survey 221
8.1.1 Fundamentals 221
8.1.2 Ion Equilibria 222
8.2 Living Polymerization 224
8.2.1 Phenomena 224
8.2.2 Definitions 226
8.2.3 Degree of Polymerization 227
8.2.4 Kinetics 230
8.2.5 Polymerization with Transfer or Termination 231
Transfer to Monomer 231
Termination 232
Slow Initiation 233
8.3 Anionic Polymerization 234
XXIV Table of Contents
8.3.1 Monomers 234
8.3.2 Initiators 235
Base Strength 235
Metal Alkyls 236
Alcoholates 236
Alkali Metals 237
8.3.3 Ion-Pair Equilibria 238
8.3.4 Ion Associates 242
8.3.5 Propagation 244
Vinyl and Diene Polymerization 244
Lactam Polymerization 244
Polymerization of a-Amino Acid AT-Carboxy Anhydrides . 245
8.3.6 Stereocontrol 248
8.3.7 Termination Reactions 251
8.3.8 Transfer Reactions 252
8.4 Cationic Polymerization 252
8.4.1 Overview 252
8.4.2 Initiators 253
Initiation by Salts 254
Initiation by Br0nsted and Lewis Acids 256
8.4.3 Propagation 257
8.4.4 Phantom Polymerization 258
8.4.5 Termination and Transfer 259
Overview 259
Fragmentations 260
8.4.6 Living Cationic Polymerization 261
8.5 Zwitterion Polymerization 263
A-8 Appendix: Derivation of the Poisson Distribution 265
Historical Notes to Chapter 8 267
Literature to Chapter 8 267
References to Chapter 8 268
9 Coordination Polymerization 269
9.1 Survey 269
9.1.1 Introduction 269
9.1.2 Historical Development 270
9.2 Multi-Site Polymerizations 271
9.2.1 Ziegler Catalysts 271
9.2.2 Monomers 272
9.2.3 Processes 273
9.2.4 Catalyst Structure 274
9.2.5 Active Centers 276
9.2.6 Industrial Catalyst Systems for Ethene and Propene 277
9.2.7 Mechanisms 279
9.2.8 Stereocontrol in Polymerizations of 1-Olefms 280
Stereocontrol 281
Table of Contents XXV
Approach to the Catalyst 282
Geometry of Insertion 282
Bonding 282
Control of Molecular Weight 283
9.2.9 Other Ziegler-Natta Polymerizations 283
9.2.10 Kinetics of Living Polymerizations 284
9.2.11 Kinetics of Nonliving Polymerizations 287
9.3 Single-Site Polymerizations 289
9.3.1 Aluminoxanes 289
9.3.2 Metallocene Catalysts 290
9.3.3 Polymerizability 293
9.3.4 Stereocontrol and Regiocontrol 294
9.3.5 Polymerization Kinetics 296
9.4 Metatheses 298
9.4.1 Introduction 298
9.4.2 Catalysts 298
9.4.3 Metathesis of Acyclic Olefms 299
9.4.4 Ring-Opening Polymerization of Cycloolefins 300
Products 300
Polymerizability 301
9.4.5 Acyclic Diene Metathesis 303
9.5 Group-Transfer Polymerizations 304
Historical Notes to Chapter 9 305
Transition-Metal Catalysts 305
Mechanism of Coordination Polymerization 305
Metallocene Catalysts 306
Metatheses 306
Literature to Chapter 9 307
References to Chapter 9 308
10 Free-Radical Polymerization 309
10.1 Introduction 309
10.1.1 Overview 309
10.1.2 Polymerizable Monomers 309
Free-Radical Polymerization of Cyclic Monomers 310
Free-Radical Polymerization of Double Bonds 311
Advantages/Disadvantages of Free-Radical Polymerizations 311
10.2 Initiation and Start 312
10.2.1 Thermal and Spontaneous Polymerizations 312
10.2.2 Thermal Initiators 314
10.2.3 Initiator Decomposition and Radical Yield 314
Chemical Reactions 314
Initiator Efficiency 315
10.2.4 Rate of Decomposition 316
10.2.5 Initiation Reactions 317
10.2.6 Redox Initiators 319
XXVI Table of Contents
10.2.7 Photo Initiators 320
10.2.8 Electrolytic Polymerizations 320
10.3 Propagation and Termination 321
10.3.1 Polymerizability, Regiocontrol, and Stereocontrol 321
10.3.2 Termination 324
10.3.3 Steady State 325
10.3.4 Ideal Kinetics 326
10.3.5 Kinetic Chain Length 328
10.3.6 Determination of Rate Constants 330
Rotating-Sector Method 330
Pulsating Laser Polymerization 332
10.3.7 Propagation Rate Constants 333
10.3.8 Dead-End Polymerization 335
10.3.9 Gel and Glass Effect 336
10.3.10 Frontal Polymerizations 339
10.3.11 Non-Ideal Kinetics 339
Effect of Monomer Concentration 340
Effect of Initiator Concentration 341
Effect of Monomer Conversion 341
10.3.12 Crosslinking Polymerizations 342
10.4 Chain Transfer 344
10.4.1 Introduction 344
10.4.2 Mayo Equation 345
10.4.3 Transfer of Radicals to Monomer Molecules 347
10.4.4 Transfer from Macroradicals to Polymer Molecules 348
10.4.5 Transfer from Initiator Radicals to Polymer Molecules 349
10.4.6 Transfer from Macroradicals to Solvents and Regulators 350
10.4.7 Inhibitors and Retardants 350
10.5 Non-Ideal Living Polymerizations 352
10.5.1 Polymerizations with Iniferters 353
10.5.2 Stable Free-Radical Polymerizations 353
10.5.3 Atom-Transfer Radical Polymerization 356
10.5.4 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer 357
10.6 Industrial Polymerizations 357
10.6.1 Overview 357
10.6.2 Bulk Polymerization 359
10.6.3 Solution Polymerization 360
10.6.4 Polymerization in the Gas Phase 360
10.6.5 Suspension Polymerization 360
10.6.6. Emulsion Polymerization 361
A-10 Appendix: Schulz-Flory Distribution 362
Historical Notes to Chapter 10 364
Mechanism of Chain Polymerizations 364
Non-Ideal Living Free-Radical Polymerizations 365
Literature to Chapter 10 365
References to Chapter 10 367
Table of Contents XXVII
11 Polymerization by Radiation or in Ordered States 369
11.1 Survey 369
11.2 Photochemical Polymerization 370
11.2.1 Excited States 370
11.2.2 Photoinitiation 372
11.2.3 Photopolymerization 374
11.2.4 Photoactive Polymers 375
11.3 Radiation Polymerization 375
11.3.1 Radiation and Initiation 375
11.3.2 Polymerization 377
11.4 Plasma Polymerization 377
11.4.1 Plasmas 378
11.4.2 Monomers and Polymerizations 378
11.5 Solid-State Polymerization 379
11.5.1 Survey 379
11.5.2 Initiation Reactions 380
11.5.3 Propagation, Termination, and Transfer 380
11.5.4 Morphology 382
11.6 Polymerization in Other Ordered States 383
11.6.1 Polymerization of Micelles and Vesicles 383
11.6.2 Matrix Polymerization 386
11.6.3 Carrier-Supported Polymerization 386
Literature to Chapter 11 387
References to Chapter 11 389
12 Copolymerization 391
12.1 Overview 391
12.2 Copolymerization Theory 392
12.2.1 Introduction 392
12.2.2 Terminal Model 393
12.2.3 Types of Copolymerization 395
12.2.4 Sequence Statistics 398
12.2.5 Determination of Copolymerization Parameters 400
From Mole Fractions 400
From Integral Copolymerization Equations 400
From Differential Copolymerization Equations 402
From Large Excess of One Comonomer 403
12.2.6 Copolymerization with Depolymerization 403
12.2.7 Living Copolymerization 404
12.3 Free-Radical Copolymerization 405
12.3.1 Effect of Monomer Constitution 405
12.3.2 Cross-Termination Factor 407
12.3.3 Penultimate Model 409
12.3.4 Q,e Scheme 410
12.3.5 Terpolymerization 413
12.4 Ionic and Coordination Copolymerization 414
XXVIII Table of Contents
12.4.1 Copolymerization Parameters 414
12.4.2 Anionic Copolymerization 416
12.4.3 Coordination Copolymerization 419
12.5 Spontaneous Copolymerization 421
12.5.1 Redox Copolymerization 421
12.5.2. Charge-Transfer Copolymerization 422
12.5.3 Zwitterion Copolymerization 422
12.5.4 Polymerization of CT Complexes 424
12.5.5 Regulated Copolymerization 426
Historical Notes to Chapter 12 428
Literature to Chapter 12 428
References to Chapter 12 429
13 Polycondensation and Polyaddition 431
13.1 Overview 431
13.1.1 Chain and Step Reactions 431
13.1.2 Types of Polycondensations and Polyadditions 432
13.1.3 Polyadditions 433
Addition to Double Bonds 433
Addition to Rings 434
13.1.4 AB Polycondensations 434
13.1.5 AA/BB Polycondensations 434
13.2 Stoichiometric Linear Step Reactions 436
13.2.1 Introduction 436
13.2.2 Equilibria 436
13.2.3 Extent of Reaction, Monomer Conversion, Polymer Yield .... 440
13.2.4 Degree of Polymerization 443
13.2.5 Distribution of Degrees of Polymerization 443
13.2.6 Averages of Degrees of Polymerization 445
13.2.7 Solid-Stating 446
13.3 Non-Stoichiometric Linear Step Reactions 447
13.3.1 Degree of Polymerization 447
13.3.2 Polymer Yield 448
13.3.3 Chain Stabilization 449
13.4 Kinetics of Linear Step Reactions 450
13.4.1 Experimental Conditions 450
13.4.2 Kinetic Equations 451
13.5 Reactivities 455
13.5.1 Principle of Equal Chemical Reactivity 455
13.5.2 Structural Effects 457
Effect of Solvent 457
Different Rate Constants 457
13.5.3 Externally Activated Polycondensations 461
13.5.4 Heterogeneous Linear Polycondensations 463
13.5.5 Reactive Intermediates 466
13.6 Ring Formation 467
Table of Contents XXIX
13.6.1 Cyclic Molecules 467
Equilibria 468
Kinetically Controlled Ring Formation 469
13.6.2 Cyclopolycondensation 472
13.7 Copolycondensation and Copolyaddition 474
13.7.1 True Copolycondensations and Copolyadditions 474
13.7.2 Polycondensation of Non-Symmetric Monomers 478
13.8 Hyperbranching Reactions 480
13.8.1 ABt, Type Reactions 481
Polycondensation 483
Self-Condensing Vinyl Polymerization 487
Ring-Opening Multibranching Polymerization 489
13.8.2 Aa + Bb Type Reactions 489
13.8.3 Branching by Side Reactions 490
13.9 Crosslinking Step Polymerization 491
13.9.1 Phenomena 491
13.9.2 Thermosets 493
13.9.3 Functionalities 494
13.9.4 Gel Points 495
13.9.5 Degrees of Polymerization 497
13.9.6 Post-Gel Relationships 499
13.9.7 Crosslinking Post-Reactions 503
A-13 Appendix: Derivation of Eq.(l3-25) 505
Historical Notes to Chapter 13 505
Synthesis of Polymers by Polycondensation and Polyaddition 505
Theory of Linear Polycondensation and Polyaddition 505
Interfacial Polycondensation 506
Theory of Branching and Crosslinking Step Reactions 506
Literature to Chapter 13 507
References to Chapter 13 509
14 Biological Polymerization 511
14.1 Cell Biology 511
14.1.1 Overview 511
14.1.2 Cells 512
Cell Membranes 513
Cell Walls 513
Protoplasma 514
Composition of Cells 514
14.1.3 Biological Reactions 515
14.2 Nucleic Acids 516
14.2.1 Chemical Structure 516
14.2.2 Deoxyribonucleic Acids 518
14.2.3 Ribonucleic Acids 521
14.2.4 Nucleoproteins 523
14.2.5 Function of Nucleic Acids 524
XXX Table of Contents
Replication 525
Transcription 525
Mutation 526
14.2.6 Cell-Free Polynucleotide Syntheses 527
14.2.7 Chemical Polynucleotide Syntheses 529
14.3 Proteins 529
14.3.1 Amino Acids 529
14.3.2 Classification and Occurrence 530
14.3.3 Primary Structure 532
14.3.4 Secondary and Tertiary Structure 533
14.3.5 Quaternary Structure 535
14.3.6 Denaturation 536
14.3.7 Prebiotic Syntheses 536
14.3.8 Biological Syntheses 537
14.3.9 Spheroidal Proteins 539
14.3.10 Enzymes 540
14.3.11 Scleroproteins 541
14.3.12 Peptide and Protein Syntheses 543
Poly(a-amino acid)s 543
Synthetic Peptides 543
Industrial Proteins 544
14.4 Polysaccharides 544
14.4.1 Sources and Importance 544
14.4.2 Monosaccharides 545
14.4.3 Oligosaccharides 549
14.4.4 Polysaccharides 549
14.4.5 Biosyntheses 552
14.4.6 Enzymatic Polymerizations 554
14.4.7 Stepwise Syntheses 557
14.4.8 Ring-Opening Polymerizations 558
14.5 Other Biopolymers 559
14.5.1 Poly(isoprene)s 559
14.5.2 Polyesters 561
Plant and Animal Polyesters 561
Bacterial and Fungal Polyesters 562
14.5.3 Lignins 563
Literature to Chapter 14 565
References to Chapter 14 569
IS Reactions of Macromolecules 571
15.1 Overview 571
15.2 Polymer Catalysts 571
15.3 Isomerization 574
15.3.1 Exchange Equilibria 574
15.3.2 Constitutional Isomerizations 576
15.3.3 Configurational Isomerizations 576
Table of Contents XXXI
Cis-Trans Isomerizations 576
Isomerizations of Tactic Polymers 577
15.4 Polymer-Analog Reactions 577
15.4.1 Overview 577
15.4.2 Acid-Base Reactions 578
15.4.3 Ion Exchange 580
15.4.4 Polymer Transformations 581
15.4.5 Intramolecular Ring-Closing Reactions 585
15.4.6 Polymer Reagents 587
15.5 Polymer Degradation 588
15.5.1 Survey 588
15.5.2 Chain Scissions 588
Degree of Scission 588
Rate Constants 590
Kinetics 592
Non-Random Chain Scissions 593
15.5.3 Depolymerizations 594
15.5.4 Pyrolyses 597
A-15 Appendix: Intramolecular Cyclization 600
Historical Notes to Chapter 15 601
Polymer-Analog Reactions (Polymer Transformations) 601
Chain Scissions 601
Literature to Chapter 15 601
References to Chapter 15 604
16 Molecular Engineering 605
16.1 Polymer Architecture 605
16.2 Basic Structures 606
16.2.1 Suprapolymers 606
16.2.2 Block Polymers 607
Block Copolymerizations 607
Ionic Block Polymerizations 608
Free-Radical Block Polymerizations 609
Block Couplings 611
Degrees of Polymerization 612
16.2.3 Comb Polymers 613
Grafting from Main Chains 614
Grafting to Main Chains 615
16.2.4 Star Polymers 615
Attaching of Arms to a Core 616
Growth of Arms from a Core 616
16.2.5 Dendrons and Dendrimers 619
Divergent Syntheses 619
Convergent Syntheses 620
16.3 Straight Hierarchical Structures 621
16.3.1 Ladder Polymers 621
XXXII Table of Contents
16.3.2 Layer Polymers 624
16.3.3 Plate-Like Polymers 626
16.4 Curved Hierarchical Structures 627
16.4.1 Polymer Rings 627
16.4.2 Linked Rings 628
16.4.3 Polymer Tubes 630
Nanotubes via Preformed Structures 630
Nanotubes via Association of Block Polymers 632
Microtubules 634
16.4.4 Polymer Spheres 635
A-16 Appendix: Joining Primary Molecules 636
Literature to Chapter 16 638
References to Chapter 16 639
17 Appendix 641
17.1 Physical Quantities and Units 641
Table 17-1 Names and symbols for physical quantities and their SI
base units 641
Table 17-2 Derived SI units and their symbols recommended by
IUPAC-IUPAP 642
Table 17-3 Older units 643
Table 17-4 SI prefixes for SI units 644
Table 17-5 Fundamental constants used in this book 644
17.2 Numerals 645
Table 17-6 Classical Greek and Latin numerals and Greek, Latin, and
chemical multiplicative prefixes 645
Table 17-7 Greek cardinal numbers, ordinal numbers, number adverbs,
and multiplying numbers 646
Table 17-8 Roman and Arabic (i.e., Indian) numerals 646
Table 17-9 Origin of Roman numerals 646
17.3 Concentrations 647
17.4 Ratios of Physical Quantities 647
18 Subject Index 649
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Elias, Hans-Georg 1928- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128433426 |
| author_facet | Elias, Hans-Georg 1928- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Elias, Hans-Georg 1928- |
| author_variant | h g e hge |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV020027870 |
| classification_rvk | VK 8000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)314699439 (DE-599)BVBBV020027870 |
| dewey-full | 547.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 547 - Organic chemistry |
| dewey-raw | 547.7 |
| dewey-search | 547.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3547.7 |
| dewey-tens | 540 - Chemistry and allied sciences |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV020027870 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-05-14T04:01:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527311726 9783527311729 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013349146 |
| oclc_num | 314699439 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-83 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-384 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-29T DE-83 DE-91S DE-BY-TUM DE-11 DE-384 DE-863 DE-BY-FWS DE-20 |
| physical | XXXII, 666 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spellingShingle | Elias, Hans-Georg 1928- Macromolecules |
| title | Macromolecules |
| title_auth | Macromolecules |
| title_exact_search | Macromolecules |
| title_full | Macromolecules 1 Chemical structures and syntheses Hans-Georg Elias |
| title_fullStr | Macromolecules 1 Chemical structures and syntheses Hans-Georg Elias |
| title_full_unstemmed | Macromolecules 1 Chemical structures and syntheses Hans-Georg Elias |
| title_short | Macromolecules |
| title_sort | macromolecules chemical structures and syntheses |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013349146&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV020027864 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT eliashansgeorg macromolecules1 |
Indexes
THWS Würzburg Teilbibliothek Röntgenring - KV, Raum C.2.05
| Call Number: |
1300 VE 8001 E42-1 |
|---|---|
| Copy 1 | nicht ausleihbar Available Place a Hold |