Planning in the USA: policies, issues, and processes
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2003
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index. |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 354 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0415247888 0415247896 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Planning in the USA |b policies, issues, and processes |c Barry Cullingworth and Roger W. Caves |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
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| 300 | |a XXVII, 354 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a City planning |x Environmental aspects |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a City planning |z United States | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Land use, Urban |z United States | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804133356174049280 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Planning in the USA
Autor: Cullingworth, John B.
Jahr: 2003
Contents
List of plates xiii
List of figures xv
List of boxes xvii
Preface by Roger W. Caves xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
List of acronyms and abbreviations
INTRODUCTION
XXV
PART 1 PLANNING AND GOVERNMENT 5
1 The nature of planning 6
The character of planning 6
Planning theory and rationality 8
The practice of planning 8
Sectoral and comprehensive planning 9
Interest groups 10
Local interest groups 12
Advocacy planning 12
Planning vs implementation 14
Incrementalism 16
Local vs central control 17
Underlying attitudes to land and property 18
Private and public planning processes 19
The elements of the planning process 20
Citizen participation 21
Geographic information systems 23
2 Urbanization 27
A culture of mobility 27
Three centuries of urban growth 27
Town development 30
Transportation for commuters 31
Public policies and suburbanization 32
vi CONTENTS
Decentralization 36
Current trends 3y
The role of government in urbanization 41
3 Governing and planning urban areas 44
Basic needs for government ^4
Privatism ^5
The growth of public powers ^6
Machine politics 4
The reform movement ^6
Parks 47
The City Beautiful 48
Municipal reform 50
Reform and the planning function 51
The gridiron plan 54
City planning as an exact science 55
Regional planning 56
PART 2 LAND USE REGULATION 63
4 The evolution of zoning 64
The need for property protection 64
Early land use controls 65
Immigration and urbanization 67
The movement for planning 6
The New York zoning ordinance of 1916 67
The Standard State Zoning Enabling Act 70
The Euclid case 7*
The narrowness of zoning 73
5 The institutional and legal framework 75
Planning and zoning 75
Zoning as a local matter 78
The local managers of zoning
The constitutional framework 82
The role of the courts ^4
Subdivision controls
6 The techniques of zoning 89
The traditional techniques of zoning 89
The single family zone: what is a family? 90
Group homes 91
The single family house: should there be a minimum size? 9-
Large lot zoning: maintaining community character 93
Floor area ratio 93
CONTENTS VII
Apartments and mobile homes 93
Conditional uses 94
Variances 95
Spot zoning 99
Floating zone 99
Downzoning 100
Contract zoning and site plan review 100
Cluster zoning and planned unit development 101
Non-conforming uses 102
Zoning amendments 103
Special district zoning 104
Overlay zones 105
Exclusionary zoning 106
Conclusion 107
7 Development charges 109
Paying for the costs of development 109
Impact fees 111
The rational nexus 112
The incidence of charges 113
Existing vs new home owners 113
Linkages 114
Incentive zoning in New York 115
The negotiation syndrome 117
The dangers of bonusing 118
Purposes of bonusing 119
Development agreements 121
In conclusion 122
PART 3 QUALITY OF THE ENVIRONMENT 125
8 Aesthetics 126
Regulating aesthetics 126
Billboards 12 ?
Rural signs 130
Urban signs 132
Architectural design review 133
New urbanism 138
9 Historic preservation 140
Preservation and profit 140
The early days of heritage preservation 141
With Heritage So Rich and subsequent legislation 142
The National Register of Historic Places 142
Statewide comprehensive historic preservation planning 142
viii CONTENTS
Highways and historic preservation 146
The National Environmental Policy Act 146
Economics of historic preservation 147
State and local programs 148
Historic preservation and tourism 150
The widening scope of historic preservation 151
PART 4 GROWTH MANAGEMENT 153
10 Growth management and local government 154
Attitudes to growth 154
The Ramapo growth control program 155
The Petaluma quota plan 156
Other growth control programs 158
Growth management and infrastructure 158
Initiatives in Boulder 159
Safeguarding agricultural land 160
Smart growth 163
Direct democracy devices and growth management 165
Conclusion 165
11 Urban growth management and the states 168
Urban growth problems 168
Hawaii 169
Oregon P0
Vermont P3
Florida 175
California 178
New Jersey 182
Conclusion 184
PART 5 DEVELOPMENT ISSUES 189
12 Transportation 190
The centrality of transportation 190
The arithmetic of transportation 190
Telecommuting 191
Suburbanization and transportation 192
Traffic restraint through land use planning 193
Transit-oriented development 194
Traffic calming lyg
Increasing the supply of road space 199
Downs principle of triple convergence 200
Transport demand management 200
Parking policies 700
CONTENTS ix
TDM programs 201
Congestion charges 202
Congestion charging and equity 204
The Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 1991 205
Transportation Equity Act for the Twenty-First Century 208
Conclusions and uncertainties 209
13 Housing 212
The complex of housing 212
Housing market theories 213
Low-income housing 215
Housing trust funds 216
Public housing and urban renewal 216
Alternatives to public housing 219
Housing subsidies 220
Accessory dwelling units 223
Affordable housing and growth management 224
Regional housing needs: the case of Mount Laurel 225
The New Jersey Fair Housing Act 226
Housing measures in other states 227
The Federal Fair Housing Act 228
Inclusionary zoning 228
Conclusion 230
14 Community and economic development 233
Changing perspectives 233
The War on Poverty 234
The model cities program 234
The new federalism 235
Community Development Block Grants 236
Carter s new partnership 237
National agenda for the 1980s: urban America 238
The Reagan years 239
Economic development policies 240
Enterprise zones 241
Community development 244
Faith-based organizations 248
Support for social change 249
Additional opportunities 249
PART 6 ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING 253
15 Environmental policies 254
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 254
Environmental awareness 254
CONTENTS
The first Earth Day 255
The Reagan years 257
Beyond Reagan 257
THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 258
Environmental control of federal programs 258
Federal organization for NEPA 259
The environmental review process 260
CLEAN AIR 263
Technics and politics 263
Early clean air policies 264
Pollution and economic development 264
The structure of clean air controls 265
Acid rain 265
Ozone 267
State implementation plans 267
Areas of severe pollution 268
Vehicle emissions 268
The 1990 Act and its future 269
CLEAN WATER 270
The succession of professional approaches 270
Federal water policy 271
Water quality standards 272
Municipal treatment plants 272
Nonpoint pollution 273
Ground water pollution 273
Safe drinking water 274
The limits of the regulatory approach 274
WASTE 275
The nature of waste 275
Hazardous waste 277
Love Canal 277
Superfund legislation 278
Liability and compensation 280
Toxic substances and pesticides 281
Nuclear waste 282
OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 283
Coastal zone management 283
Endangered species 283
16 The limits of environmental policy 287
Introduction 287
Technocratic policy 288
CONTENTS XI
Values and risks 290
Perceptions of risk 290
Risk and equity 291
The Pollution Prevention Act 1990 295
Balancing costs and benefits 295
Economic analysis 296
Economic incentives in environmental
regulation 297
The range of economic instruments 297
Emissions trading 298
The right to know 300
Public participation 301
The progress of environmental policies 302
CONCLUSION 307
17 Some final questions 308
Determining the questions 308
Property rights — wise use 310
Beyond localism 311
Local acceptance of unwanted land uses 312
Unwanted neighbors 313
The role for the states 317
Public participation and public confidence 319
In conclusion 320
List of main cases 323
References 324
Index 345
Plates
1 New York 3
2 Boston 11
3 Lines and stations of the Illinois Central Railroad I860 28
4 New York and Brooklyn 1855 30
5 A distant streetcar suburb of Los Angeles 1890 34
6 Castello plan, New Amsterdam 1660 35
7 Tysons Corner, Virginia, 1935 36
8 Tysons Corner, Virginia, 1989 37
9 A new and accurate plan of the City of New York 1797 55
10 Traffic jam on Dearborn Street, Chicago, 1909 57
11 Suburban housing, Tampa, Florida 69
12 Two housing developments, Laguna Beach, California 86
13 Mixed use: church and gas station 9
14 Variance notice 98
15 Washington Mutual Tower, Seattle. Twenty-eight extra stories for public benefirs 116
16 New York 120
17 San Francisco 134
18 Horton Plaza, San Diego 13
19 Housing snake, Palm City, Florida 15
20 Highway infrastructure, Detroit 169
21 Suburban housing, north of Tampa, Florida 176
22 Interstate 210, Los Angeles 196
23 Monument Valley, Arizona 199
24 Tram, San Diego 20
25 Metro train, Washington, DC 208
26 Metro center station, Washington, DC 209
27 Blighted blocks, Philadelphia 21 3
28 Housing blight, Detroit 214
29 Kenyon-Barr Project, Cincinnati: densely populated black residential area prior to clearance 246
30 Kenyon-Barr Project, Cincinnati: area after redevelopment 24
31 Los Angeles smog 266
32 Run-off enters Merrimack River, Nashua, New Hampshire 2~1
33 Trash trucks dumping, and tractors compacting, Tullytown, Pennsylvania 2~5
34 Fresh kill landfill, Staten Island, New York City 2 9
XIV PLATES
35 Industrial pollution 289
36 No littering , Florida 294
Neighborhood change in Newark, New Jersey, 1980-1994:
37 1980 314
38 1985 314
39 1986 315
40 1994 315
41 Pittsburgh renaissance 321
Figures
2.1 Urbanization in the United States, 1790-2000 29
2.2 Population of some major cities, 1790—2000 31
3.1 Council structures
(a) Strong mayor 52
(b) Weak mayor 52
(c) Manager 53
(d) Manager with mayor 53
5.1 Potomac West area plan 1992: land use concept 76
5.2 Potomac West area plan 1992: proposed land use 77
6.1 Standard zoning and cluster zoning 101
9-1 Transfer of development rights 145
12.1 Motor vehicle registrations, United States, 1920-92 191
15.1 The NEPA environmental review process 261
Boxes
1.1 Rational coordination - the model cities attempt 9
1.2 Some national interest groups in land use planning 13
1.3 Problems of implementation 15
1.4 Models of decision-making 16
1.5 Division of planning responsibilities 20
1.6 Steps in the planning process 21
1.7 Possible information included in a GIS 24
2.1 Edge Cities 38
2.2 Federal policy and the gunbelt 40
3.1 Privatism 45
3.2 President Kennedy on the city and its suburbs 58
3.3 The 701 Planning Program 59
3.4 Portland metro: a directly elected regional government 60
4.1 Regulation is not a taking 65
4.2 Use of the police power 66
4.3 The attraction of zoning 68
4.4 The novelty of zoning 69
4.5 Zoning: a new system of order 70
4.6 The purposes of zoning 71
5.1 Standard state zoning enabling act 78
5.2 Comprehensive plans and zoning 78
5.3 NIMBY 79
5.4 Units of government 80
5.5 Constitutional protections 82
5.6 The taking issue - The Venn Central Case 83
5.7 Presumption of validity 85
5.8 Subdivision control 87
6.1 Standard State Zoning Enabling Act 90
6.2 Representative definitions of family 91
6.3 Conditional use permit safeguards and criteria to be met 95
6.4 Variances - the hardship test 96
6.5 Restoring non-conforming uses 102
6.6 Definition of a special district 104
6.7 What is special about a special district? 105
XViii BOXES
6.8
7. 1
7. 2
7. 3
7.4
8. 1
8. 2
8. 3
8. 4
8. 5
8. 6
8. Q 7 Q
O. 9. O 1
9.2
9.3
9. 4
9. 5
9.6
10 .1
10 .2
10 .3
10.4
10 .5
11 .1
11 .2
11.3
11 .4
11 .5
11 .6
12 .1
12 .2
12 .3
12 .4
12 .5
12 .6
12 .7
12 .8
12. .9
12. .10
12. .11
13. .1
13. .2
13. 3
13. .4
Purpose of the urban village overlay zone 106
The basis for calculating impact fees 111
Who pays for infrastructure? 11 1
A critique of density bonuses 118
Seattle s retail shopping bonus 121
Taste and the constitution 127
The immorality of billboards 128
2002 Florida billboard legislation 129
Highway beautification 131
Ingenuity in evading billboard controls 132
The elusiveness of good design 133
San Francisco design ordinance 135
Urban design objectives of the District of Columbia 136
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation 143
ACHP Council mission statement 143
Listing and eligibility l-*3
Requirements for local governments to become CLGs 144
New York City landmarks law 1 -*9
Heritage tourism - two perspectives 150
The Ramapo timed growth plan 155
Impact zoning 159
Farmland Protection Policy Act 1981 160
TDR in Montgomery County, Maryland 162
Farmland protection in New England 163
Developments requiring a permit in Vermont 174
Florida land use goal and policies 177
California coastal plan goals 180
Bay Area regional planning deadlock 181
Cross acceptance in New Jersey 183
Elements of growth management 186
Projected telecommuting and its transportation impacts 193
Local policies cannot control growth 194
Controlling traffic by reducing commercial development - good intentions in Los Angeles 195
Characteristics of a transit village 197
Benefits of transit-oriented development 198
Transport demand management 202
Road pricing 203
Downs advice to the weary commuter 205
The Dulles Greenway 205
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act 206
Mandatory reductions in traffic 206
Boston housing partnership 220
Inadequate housing assistance 221
Housing vouchers 221
Effects of regulatory requirements on housing construction 223
BOXES XIX
13.5 Oregon housing goals 224
13.6 New Jersey regional contribution agreements 227
14.1 Model Cities Bill 1966 235
14.2 The Urban America philosophy 239
14.3 National economic growth as urban policy 240
14.4 Iowa New Jobs and Income Act 1994 241
14.5 The Clinton EZ/EC initiative 242
14.6 Areas selected under the EZ/EC programs 1995 243
14.7 Consolidated plan for community development 245
14.8 Ford Foundation Community Development Partnerships 248
15.1 National environmental policy and responsibilities of the federal government 256
15.2 Acidity 266
15.3 Progress with clean water - some indicators 273
15.4 National Coastal Zone Policy 284
16.1 Objectives and scope of activities for the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council 292
16.2 Information as an environmental incentive 299
16.3 Explaining to the public 300
16.4 Facts and values 301
16.5 The information gap 303
17.1 Solutions define problems 309
17.2 Public fears and mistrust 313
17.3 Madison on governments and representation 318
17.4 Shortcomings of local land use control 319
17.5 Hartford s metropolitan poverty problem is soluble 320
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| discipline | Soziologie Geographie |
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| geographic | USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | USA |
| id | DE-604.BV019844009 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:07:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0415247888 0415247896 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003005180 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013168854 |
| oclc_num | 51817586 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-739 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-739 DE-83 |
| physical | XXVII, 354 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Routledge |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Cullingworth, Barry 1929-2005 Verfasser (DE-588)137499302 aut Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes Barry Cullingworth and Roger W. Caves 2. ed. London [u.a.] Routledge 2003 XXVII, 354 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index. Landgebruik gtt Politique urbaine - États-Unis Sol, Utilisation urbaine du - États-Unis Stadsplanning gtt Stedelijk beleid gtt Urbanisme - Aspect de l'environnement - États-Unis Urbanisme - États-Unis Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects United States City planning United States Land use, Urban United States Urban policy United States Umweltplanung (DE-588)4117283-8 gnd rswk-swf Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd rswk-swf USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 s Umweltplanung (DE-588)4117283-8 s 1\p DE-604 Caves, Roger W. Sonstige oth http://www3.ub.tu-berlin.de/ihv/001685283.pdf Inhaltsverzeichnis HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013168854&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Cullingworth, Barry 1929-2005 Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes Landgebruik gtt Politique urbaine - États-Unis Sol, Utilisation urbaine du - États-Unis Stadsplanning gtt Stedelijk beleid gtt Urbanisme - Aspect de l'environnement - États-Unis Urbanisme - États-Unis Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects United States City planning United States Land use, Urban United States Urban policy United States Umweltplanung (DE-588)4117283-8 gnd Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117283-8 (DE-588)4056754-0 (DE-588)4078704-7 |
| title | Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes |
| title_auth | Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes |
| title_exact_search | Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes |
| title_full | Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes Barry Cullingworth and Roger W. Caves |
| title_fullStr | Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes Barry Cullingworth and Roger W. Caves |
| title_full_unstemmed | Planning in the USA policies, issues, and processes Barry Cullingworth and Roger W. Caves |
| title_short | Planning in the USA |
| title_sort | planning in the usa policies issues and processes |
| title_sub | policies, issues, and processes |
| topic | Landgebruik gtt Politique urbaine - États-Unis Sol, Utilisation urbaine du - États-Unis Stadsplanning gtt Stedelijk beleid gtt Urbanisme - Aspect de l'environnement - États-Unis Urbanisme - États-Unis Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects United States City planning United States Land use, Urban United States Urban policy United States Umweltplanung (DE-588)4117283-8 gnd Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Landgebruik Politique urbaine - États-Unis Sol, Utilisation urbaine du - États-Unis Stadsplanning Stedelijk beleid Urbanisme - Aspect de l'environnement - États-Unis Urbanisme - États-Unis Stadtplanung Umwelt City planning Environmental aspects United States City planning United States Land use, Urban United States Urban policy United States Umweltplanung USA |
| url | http://www3.ub.tu-berlin.de/ihv/001685283.pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013168854&sequence=000004&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cullingworthbarry planningintheusapoliciesissuesandprocesses AT cavesrogerw planningintheusapoliciesissuesandprocesses |
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