Encyclopedia of infectious diseases: modern methodologies
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Wiley
2007
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Encyclopedia of infectious diseases |b modern methodologies |c Michel Tibayrenc |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Infectious diseases |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXXIV, 747 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| adam_text | Contributors
xvii
Biographical
xxvii
Introduction: Infectious Diseases, the Major Challenge of
Twenty-First Century Medicine
xxix
Sylvain
Godreuil,
Loubna Tazi, and
Anne-Laure
Bañuls
1.1.
Introduction,
1
1.2.
General Points on Mycobacterium
Tuberculosis
(MTB)
and Pulmonary
Tuberculosis
(PTB),
2
1.2.1.
Classification and Cellular
Characteristics,
2
1.2.2.
Transmission and Multiplication of
MTB, 3
1.2.3.
Clinical and Subclinical
ТВ,
4
1.2.4.
Diagnosis of
MTB
Species,
5
1.2.5.
Treatment, Drug Resistance,
and Control,
6
1.3.
Genetics of
MTB,
Molecular Tools, and
Population Structure,
7
1.3.1.
Genome and Genetic Diversity of
MTB, 7
1.3.2.
Genetic Tools for Molecular
Epidemiology,
7
1.3.3.
How Should the Most Appropriate
Molecular Marker be Chosen?
10
1.3.4.
Population Structure of
MTB
and Epidemiological Consequences,
11
1.4.
Use of Molecular Epidemiology
for Understanding Tuberculosis
Transmission and Pathogenesis,
12
1.4.1. MTB
Families and Worldwide
Distribution,
13
1.4.2. MTB in
Developing Versus
Developed Countries,
14
1.4.3.
Clinical and Epidemiological Relevance
of Molecular Epidemiology at the
Local Level,
15
1.4.4.
Use of Genotyping to Study the Impact
of HI V/AIDS and Drug Resistance on
Pathogenesis and Transmission,
16
1.5.
Urgent Needs for
ТВ
Control, Limitations, and
New Issues for Molecular Epidemiology,
17
1.5.1.
Urgent Needs for
ТВ
Control
and Molecular Epidemiology,
17
1.5.2.
Limitations of Modern Molecular
Tools,
18
1.5.3.
Promising New Technologies,
18
1.6.
Conclusion and Perspectives,
20
Acknowledgments,
20
Abbreviations,
20
Glossary,
20
References,
22
vi
CONTENTS
í
ЗІ
4.
ƒ.
Blat
içou
and P.-C.
Lef
évre
2.1.
Introduction,
31
2.2.
Animal Diseases Under Control,
31
2.2.1.
General Considerations,
31
2.2.2
Description of the Diseases,
34
2.3.
Diseases that Are an Economic Burden
and Hamper International Trade in
Animals and Animal Products,
36
2.3.1.
General Considerations,
36
2.3.2.
Description of the Diseases,
37
2.4.
Animal Diseases that may Threaten
Human Health,
39
2.4.1.
Description of the Diseases,
40
2.5.
Surveillance and Control of Transmissible
Animal Diseases: Progress Expected from
Modern Technologies,
41
2.6.
Conclusion,
42
References,
43
3.
(,*.
Uuireiit, M.
/Veim,
and
li. Delaporte
3.1.
Introduction,
45
3.2.
Current State of the Epidemic,
45
3.2.
1
.
Prevalences and Incidences in the World,
45
3.2.2.
Mode ofThmsmission,
47
3.2.3.
Impact of
HIV
Infection on Other
Endemic Diseases.
47
3.2.4.
Demographic, Social, and Economic
Consequences.
48
3.3.
Molecular Epidemiology,
48
3.3.
1. Classification of
HIV, 48
3.3.2.
Distribution of
HIV-
1 in Africa,
50
3.3.3.
Implications of Recombination.
5
1
3.4.
Implication of
HIV
Variability on Pathogenesis,
Treatment, Diagnosis, and Vaccine
Development in Africa,
51
3.4.1.
Impact of
HIV
Variability on Diagnosis,
52
3.4.2.
Impact of
HIV
Variability
and Antiretroviral Therapy.
52
3.4.3.
Impact of
HIV
Variability
on Transinissibility and Pathogenesis.
53
3.4.4.
Impact of
HIV
Variability
он
Vaccine
Development.
53
3.5.
Access to Treatment,
53
3.6.
Conclusion,
54
References,
54
ι
5?
58
Daniel
N.
Frank and Robert A. Feldman
4.1.
Introduction,
57
4.2.
A Phylogenetic Framework for
Culture-Independent Pathogen Detection,
4.2.1.
Molecular-Phylogenetic Analysis
of Ribosomal
RNA
Genes,
58
4.2.2.
Application to Monomicrobial
Infections,
60
4.2.3.
Application to Polymicrobial Infections,
62
4.3.
Whole Genome Characterization of
Uncultured Pathogens,
66
4.3.1.
Enrichment of Monocultures,
66
4.3.2.
Metagenomics,
67
4.4.
Future Perspectives,
68
References,
68
5.
J.L. Herrmann and P.H. Lagrangc
5.1.
Introduction,
75
5.2.
Definitions: Clinical Characteristics of
Tuberculosis,
75
5.3.
Molecular Epidemiology: Advantages
and Drawbacks,
77
5.4.
Immunological Epidemiology,
79
5.4.1.
The Immune Response in the Control
ofTuberculosis,
79
5.4.2.
IFN-7-Based Assays: Description
—
Gold
Standard ofTuberculosis Infection,
80
5.4.3.
Impact of
Т
-Cell
or B-Cell Assays
in the Diagnosis of Active Tuberculosis,
81
5.5.
Conclusions,
82
Abbreviations,
83
Glossary,
84
References,
84
eed
ntegrateû
Appro
Л/. Ник, В.
Biiilictoii,
S.
Kaniliawi,
R.
Bras-Goiitdlvcs,
S.
Stiiiddr, J.-L. U liiesre, and
Л,
-L.
Bannis
6.1.
Generalities
on Leishmaniasis,
87
6.1.!.
Geographic Distribution.
87
CONTENTS
vii
6.1.2. The Players in
Leishmaniasis,
87
6.1.3.
The Life Cycle of the Leishmania
Parasite,
88
6.1.4.
Symptoms
, 8 9
6.1.5.
Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatments,
90
6.1.6.
Why an Integrated Approach?
93
6.2.
Impact of Sand Fly Vectors
on Leishmaniasis,
93
6.2.1.
The Life Cycle of Leishmania
in a Competent Sand Fly Vector,
93
6.2.2.
Vector Competence,
94
6.2.3.
Metacyclogenesis and Transmission,
95
6.2.4.
Sand Fly Modulation of the Mammalian
Host Immune Response,
96
6.3.
Biodiversity and Genetics
of Parasites: Implications in Virulence
and Pathogen icity in Humans,
96
6.3.1.
ІлУшмям
Species and Epidemiological
1
diversity,
96
6.3.2.
Different Pathogenic Potential of Species
and Within Species: Experimental I )ata,
98
6.3.3.
Genetic Markers arid Parasitic Factors
Involved in Pathogenicity in Humans,
98
6.4.
The Immune Response and Genetic Factors
from the Mammalian Host,
100
6.4.
1
.
The Host Immune Response
to Lebhmania,
100
6.4.2.
Host Genetic Factors in
Resistance/Susceptibility to
Leishmaniasis,
102
6.5.
The Need for an Integrated
Approach: The
Kala-
Azar
Example in
India,
107
6.6.
Conclusion,
108
Acknowledgments,
108
Abbreviations,
108
Glossary,
109
References,
111
Serge Savary
7.1.
Botanical Epidemiology,
125
7.2.
Phenomenology of Botanical Epidemics,
7.3.
Processes in Botanical Epidemics,
128
7.4.
Factors Influencing Epidemics,
129
7.5.
Some Simple Models in Botanical
Epidemiology,
130
7.6.
Refinement of Models,
131
126
7.7.
Disease Management: A Brief Review of
Principles,
132
7.8.
Concluding Remarks,
134
References,
134
Malaria Vaccines,
I3Ï
Charles W. lhdd, Venkatachalain lldUayakumar, Ananias A.
Escalante,
and
Al taf A.
Lđ/
8.1.
Introduction,
137
8.2.
Malaria Vaccine Considerations,
139
8.3.
Required Efficacy of Malaria Vaccines,
140
8.4.
Duration of Protection,
141
8.5.
Field Epidemiology Studies,
141
8.6.
Selection of Vaccine Epitopes,
142
8.7.
The Vaccine Target: Epitopes
or Strains?
142
8.8.
Cytoadherence and Variant Genes,
143
8.9.
Limitations to Malaria Vaccine
Development,
143
8.10.
Adjuvants and Antigen Delivery Systems,
144
8.11.
Multistage, Multiepitope Malaria Vaccine
Candidate Antigens,
144
8.12.
Description of FALVAC-1 Antigen,
145
8.13.
Designing Artificial
Recombinant
Antigens,
146
Abbreviations,
146
Glossary,
146
References,
147
151
(ìabriel
lurinki and
Antoine Dancltin
9.1.
SARS: Definition and Clinical Aspects,
151
9.2.
Mathematical Models for Epidemic
Spread Propagation,
157
9.3.
The Double Epidemic Model,
159
9.4.
Conclusion,
160
Acknowledgment,
161
References,
161
IS
s,
163
Philip Awadalla, Xin-zhuan
Su,
and Kate Xkdee
10.1.
Introduction,
163
10.2.
The Evolutionary Costs
and Benefits of Recombination,
163
viii
CONTENTS
10.3.
Evolutionary Significance of Recombination
in Pathogenic Microbes,
164
10.4.
Recombination and Its Effects
on Evolutionary Inferences
within a Species,
166
10.5.
Detecting and Estimating
Recombination,
167
10.5.1.
Nonparametric Analyses,
167
10.5.2.
Parametric Methods,
168
10.6.
Conclusions,
170
References,
171
II
II.
Francisco J. Ay
ala
ta, I
/5
175
11.1.
Malaria s Human Toll,
175
11.2.
Evolutionary Origins of Plasmodium,
11.3.
Human to Monkey or Monkey to
Human?
178
11.4.
Population Structure of P. falciparum,
180
11.5.
Malaria s Eve Hypothesis,
181
11.6.
The Neolithic Revolution, Agriculture, and
Climate Change,
183
11.7.
Concluding Remarks,
184
Acknowledgments,
185
Glossary,
185
References,
185
12.
H. Broutin,
N.
Matitilla-Bctiiers, and
Ρ
Rohani
12.1.
Introduction,
189
12.2.
Concepts and Methods,
190
1
2.2.
1. Mathematics
—
Modeling,
190
12.2.2.
Population Ecology,
190
12.2.3.
Comparative Approach
—
The Search for
Emerging Themes?
192
12.3.
An Example with Two Directly
Transmitted Diseases: Measles and
Pertussis Dynamics,
192
12.3.1.
Pertussis and Measles: Two vaccine
Preventable Diseases,
192
12.3.2.
Persistence
—
CCS and Impact of
Vaccination,
193
12.3.3.
City-Village Spread,
195
12.4.
Conclusion,
196
Acknowledgments,
196
References,
196
Robin
M.
Bush
13.1.
Introduction,
199
13.2.
The
Influenzavírus,
199
13.2.1.
Influenza Genome,
200
13.2.2.
The Diversity of Influenza
A Subtypes,
200
13.3.
Antigenic Shift and Antigenic Drift,
200
13.4.
Host Specificity,
200
13.5.
Avian Influenza,
201
13.6.
Swine and Equine Influenza,
202
13.7.
Human Influenza,
202
13.7.1.
Epidemic Influenza,
202
13.7.2.
Pandemic Influenza,
206
13.8.
The Current Avian H5N1 Outbreak,
208
13.9.
Evolution and Intervention,
208
References,
209
:, 215
Vaughn S. Cooper
14.1.
Experimental Design,
216
14.2.
Measuring Adaptation,
216
14.3.
Experimental Evolution of Vesicular
Stomatitis Virus (VSV),
218
14.4.
In Vivo Evolution of Salmonella
Typhimurium,
219
14.5.
Experimental Evolution of Candida Albicans
Antibiotic Resistance,
220
14.6.
Future Prospects,
222
Acknowledgments,
223
Glossary,
223
References,
223
IS. Evolution otAntfi
Steven A. Frank
(Mon,
Ш
15.1.
Introduction,
225
15.2.
Why Do Parasites Vary?
226
1
5.2.1.
Extend Length of Infection,
226
15.2.2.
Infect Hosts with Prior Exposure,
226
15.2.3.
Infect Hosts with Genetically
Variable Resistance,
226
15.2.4.
Vary Attachment Characters,
226
15.3.
Mechanisms that Generate Variation,
227
1
5.3.1.
Mutation and Hypermutation,
227
15.3.2.
Stochastic Switching Between
Archival Copies,
228
15.3.3.
Intragenomic Recombination,
229
15.3.4.
Mixing Between Genomes,
229
CONTENTS
ix
15.4.
Interactions
with Host Immunity,
230
15.4.1.
Natural Selection of Antigenic
Variants,
230
15.4.2.
Pathogen Manipulation of Host
Immune Dynamics,
231
15.4.3.
Sequence of Variants in Active
Switching from Archives,
231
15.5.
Experimental Evolution,
233
15.5.1.
Antigenicity and Structure
ofFMDV,
233
15.5.2.
Antibody Escape Mutants,
233
15.5.3.
Cell Binding and
Tropism,
234
15.5.4.
Fitness Consequences of
Substitutions,
235
15.6.
Measuring Selection with Population
Samples,
235
15.6.1.
Positive and Negative Selection,
235
15.6.2.
Positive Selection to Avoid Host
Recognition,
236
15.6.3.
Phylogenetic Analysis ofNucleotide
Substitutions,
236
15.6.4.
Predicting Evolution,
237
15.7.
Shape, Charge, Binding Kinetics,
and Evolution,
237
Abbreviations,
237
Glossary,
237
References,
238
16.6.
Conclusion,
261
16.6.1.
Presence Without Cases Versus Cases
Without Notification?
261
Abbreviations,
262
Glossary,
262
References,
262
17.
Rodent Hosts.
E
Vincent Herbreteau,
Heikki Henttonen,
Kumiko
Yoshimatsu,Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Yupin Suputtamongkol,
and Jean-Pierre Hugot
16.1.
Introduction,
243
16.2.
Generalities on Hantaviruses,
244
16.2.1.
Hantavirus Taxonomy,
244
16.2.2.
Geographic Distribution,
250
16.2.3.
Morphology,
250
16.2.4.
Transmission,
250
16.2.5.
Diagnosis and Symptoms,
251
16.3.
Serological Presence without
Cases in Thailand,
251
16.3.1.
Serological Investigations in Rodents,
252
16.3.2.
Serological Investigations in Humans,
254
16.4.
Phylogeny of Hantaviruses,
254
16.4.1.
Material and Methods,
254
16.4.2.
Results,
255
16.5.
Discussion,
259
16.5.1.
Clades, Groups, Robustness of Nodes, and
Molecular Data,
259
16.5.2.
Biogeography of Hantaviruses
and Their Hosts,
260
an
Jamie R. Stevens
17.1.
Introduction,
265
17.2.
The Phylogenetic Process,
267
17.2.1.
Source Material,
267
17.2.2. DNA
Sequencing and Alignment,
267
17.2.3.
Phylogenetic Methods,
272
17.2.4.
Methods of Assessing the Robustness
of Phylogenetic Relationships,
276
17.2.5.
Additional Considerations,
276
17.3.
Methods of Comparing Phylogenies,
282
17.3.1.
Methods of Assessing Congruence
Between Phylogenies,
282
17.3.2.
Methods for Studying Coevolution,
282
17.4.
Dating Phylogenetic Trees,
285
17.4.1.
Molecular Clocks,
285
17.4.2.
Biogeography and Fossils,
286
17.5.
Conclusion,
287
Acknowledgments,
288
Glossary,
288
References,
289
IS. Parasites that Monipulati
Frédéric
Tilomas,
Janice Moore, Robert Poulin,
and Shelley
Adamo
18.1.
Introduction,
299
18.2.
Historical Overview,
299
18.3.
Selected Examples of Manipulation,
301
18.3.1.
Manipulation of Predator—Prey
Encounters,
301
18.3.2.
Manipulation of Habitat Choice,
303
18.3.3.
Other Kinds of Manipulation,
303
18.3.4.
Manipulation by Vector-Borne
Parasites,
303
18.3.5.
Are Humans Manipulated by
Parasites?
303
18.4.
How Does the Presence of a Parasite
Alter Host Behavior?
305
18.4.1.
Direct Effects,
306
18.4.2.
indirect Methods,
307
CONTENTS
18.4.3.
Importance
of Understanding the
Physiological Basis of Host Behavioral
Change,
307
18.4.4.
Implications about Parasitic
Manipulation from Recent
Mechanistic Studies,
307
18.4.5.
New Methods in the Study of How
Parasites Manipulate Their Hosts,
308
18.5.
Adaptive Versus Nonadaptive Changes,
308
18.6.
Costiş)
of Manipulation for Parasites,
308
18.7.
Mafia-Like Strategy of Manipulation,
309
18.8.
Multiple Parasites within Manipulated
Hosts,
310
18.9.
How Complex are Parasitically
Modified Organisms ?
310
18.10.
Intraspecif ic Variation
in Manipulative Processes,
311
18.11.
Manipulative Parasites
and Ecosystem Functioning,
311
18.12.
Concluding Remarks,
313
Glossary,
313
References,
314
19.6.
Our Genetic Inheritance has been Sculpted
by Infectious Diseases,
330
19.7.
Major International Programs that
will Boost Our Understanding
of Human Genetic Diversity,
330
19.7.1.
The Human Genome Project (HGP):
Something Like Landing on the
Moon,
330
19.7.2.
AWelcome Enterprise:The Human
Genome Diversity Project (HGDP),
19.7.3.
The HapMap Project: Could It Miss
Its Target?
331
19.8.
Conclusion,
331
Abbreviations,
332
Glossary,
332
References,
334
331
Genetics of Pathogens,
337
of Infectious diseases,
321
M. Tibayrenc
19.1.
Introduction: Key Concepts,
321
19.2.
Exploring the Genetic Background of
Human Genetic Susceptibility to
Infectious Diseases,
322
1
9.2.1.
Methodology,
322
19.2.2.
A Limited Harvest,
322
19.2.3.
Problems Encountered,
323
19.3.
Human Diversity Revealed
by Neutral/Historical Genetic Markers,
323
19.3.1.
The
Isoenzyme Revolution, 324
19.3.2.
A Now Classical Pattern,
325
19.4.
Genetically Driven Phenotypic
Diversity,
327
19.4.1.
The Abyss Between Genotype
and Phenotype,
327
19.4.2.
Phenotypic Traits that have an Obvious
Genetic Basis,
327
19.5.
Are Races and Ethnic Groups
Biologically Meaningful and Medically
Relevant?
327
19.5.1.
The Biological Nature of Ethnic
Groups/Races,
327
19.5.2.
Population and Ethnic Diversity
with Regard to Transmission and Severity
of Infectious Diseases,
329
eto ot
Pati
M. Tibayrenc
20.1.
Introduction: Molecular Epidemiology (ME)
and Evolutionary Genetics Are
Inseparable,
337
20.1.1.
ME Mission Statement,
338
20.3.
The Modern Hypermarket
of Molecular Technologies,
338
20.3.1.
Four Key Starting Points,
338
20.3.2.
Classification of Markers,
339
20.4.
Survival Kit for Evolutionary Genetic
Interpretation,
342
20.4.1.
ME s Full Task,
342
20.4.2.
Two Complementary Tools for
ME: Population Genetics and
Phylogenetic Analysis,
342
20.4.3.
Pathogen Species, Subspecies, Strains,
and Clones,
345
20.5.
Conclusion,
349
Abbreviations,
349
Glossary,
350
References,
353
21.
Prateoraics id
iiåmta,
35?
David G. Biron, Austin L. Hughes, Hugh D. Loxdale,
and Hercules
Moura
21.1.
Introduction,
357
21.2.
The Pre-Genomic Era,
358
CONTENTS
xi
21.2.1.
Molecular
Epidemiology and
Infectious Diseases,
358
21.2.2.
Population Genetics of Hosts and/or
Infectious Agents,
359
21.2.3.
Pre-Genomic Era and
Bioterrorism ,
360
21.3.
Genomic Era,
360
21.3.1.
Genome Projects,
360
21.3.2.
New Scientific Fields Emerged During
the Genomic Era,
360
21.3.3.
Genomic Era and
Bioterrorism,
362
21.4.
Post-Genomic Era,
362
21.4.1.
Proteomics,
362
21.4.2.
Bioinformatics,
368
21.4.3.
Post-Genomic Era and
Bioterrorism,
371
21.5.
Conclusion,
371
Abbreviations,
372
Glossary,
372
References,
374
22.7.
Endemo-Epidemic Models,
391
22.7.1.
Varying Contact Rate,
392
22.7.2.
Age-Structured Models,
392
22.7.3.
Spatially Structured Models,
393
22.7.4.
Stochastic Endemic Models,
393
22.8.
Data Analysis,
394
22.8.1.
Parameter Estimations,
394
22.8.2.
Tools for Time Series Analysis,
396
22.9.
Applications to Vaccination
Policies,
399
22.9.1.
Mass Vaccination Strategy,
399
22.9.2.
Pulse Vaccination Strategy,
400
22.10.
Conclusion,
401
22.10.1.
What we Have Seen,
401
22.10.2.
What We Have Not Seen,
402
22.11.
Summary,
402
Acknowledgments,
403
References,
403
її.
lattatiti
ic
lÉíitíi
taf
Dynamics,
318
M.
Choisy^.-F.
Guégan,
and P.
Rohani
22.1.
Introduction,
379
22.2.
The Philosophy of Mathematical
Modeling,
380
22.2.1.
Model Complexity,
380
22.2.2.
Model Formulation and Hypothesis
Testing,
381
22.2.3.
Stochastic Versus Deterministic
Models,
382
22.3.
The Nature of Epidemiological Data,
382
22.4.
Childhood Micro-Parasitic Infections,
382
22.5.
A Simple Epidemic Model,
383
22.5.1.
Transmission Process,
383
22.5.2.
Between-Compartment Flux
of Individuals,
383
22.5.3.
Basic Reproduction Number
and Threshold Effects,
383
22.5.4.
Deterministic Setup and Dynamics
Analysis,
383
22.5.5.
Stochastic Dynamics and Probability
of an Epidemic in a Small
Population,
387
22.6.
A Simple Endemic Model,
388
22.6.1.
Deterministic Dynamics,
388
22.6.2.
Statics and the Average Age at
Infection,
389
22.6.3.
Stochastic Dynamics and Disease
Persistence,
390
atmlly
Investi
Λ.
Curtis,J.K. Blackburn, andY. Sansyzbayn
23.1.
Introduction,
405
23.1.1.
What Is a GIS?
406
23.1.2.
Why Geography Is Important,
408
23.2.
The Basic
GIS:
Individual Components,
410
23.2.1.
Spatial Data Input,
410
23.2.2.
Spatial Precision in the Data,
412
23.2.3
Data Entry into the
GIS: Geocoding,
Entering Coordinates, Heads-up
Digitizing,
412
23.3.
Data Manipulation,
415
23.3.1.
Querying Data,
416
23.3.2.
Spatial
R„:
Spatial Querying,
416
23.3.3.
Caution with Aggregation
and Disaggregation,
416
23.4.
Spatial Analysis,
417
23.4.1.
Kernel Density Analysis,
417
23.4.2.
Measures of Spatial Autocorrelation
and Spatial Forms of Regression,
417
23.4.3.
Spatial Analysis Software,
418
23.5.
Spatial Visualization,
419
23.5.1.
Map Production,
419
23.5.2.
Protecting Confidentiality While
Preserving Spatial Relationships,
419
23.5.3.
Choropleth Maps,
419
23.5.4.
The Importance of Basic
Cartographic Rules,
420
23.5.5.
Cartographic Animation,
420
23.6.
The Future of
GIS,
421
Acknowledgments,
421
xii
CONTENTS
Abbreviations,
421
Glossary,
421
References,
422
¡і
g
g
J.-R
Dujardin and C.J.
Schoßeid
24.1.
24.2.
24.3.
24.4.
24.5.
24.6.
Introduction,
425
Origin and Spread of Human
Chagas
Disease,
426
The Dispersal of the Main Vectors,
427
From Disease to Public Health Problem,
24.4.1.
The Nature of the Disease,
428
24.4.2.
The Disease of Poverty,
428
24.4.3.
Socioeconomic Impact,
429
Control and Surveillance,
430
24.5.1.
Control Strategies,
430
24.5.2.
Vigilance Strategies,
430
Vigilance and Research,
431
24.6.1.
Research and Vigilance,
431
Endangered Continuity,
431
The Role of Research,
431
The ECLAT Network,
431
25.4.3.
Comparisons of Morphometric
with Genetic Variation,
442
25.4.4
Topics Specific to Triatominae,
443
25.5.
Authors Contribution
to Morphometrics Software,
444
25.5.1.
Software for Multivariate Analyses,
444
25.5.2.
Software for Landmark-Based
Data Analyses,
444
25.5.3.
Comprehensive Software,
444
25.6.
Conclusion,
445
References,
445
428
24.7.
24.6.2.
24.6.3.
24.6.4.
24.6.5.
Conclusion,
References,
The ECLAT Lesson,
432
433
432
D.E.
Gorla
26.1.
Vector-Borne Disease Surveillance,
449
26.2.
Remote Sensing and Vector-Borne
Diseases,
450
26.3.
Identification of Vector Habitats,
453
26.4.
Monitoring Environmental Changes
for Disease Surveillance,
454
26.4.1.
The Case of
Chagas
Disease
in the Amazon,
454
26.5.
Early Warning Systems for
Vector-Borne Disease Outbreaks,
455
Acknowledgment
456
References,
456
Ђ.
Еіііоц,
435
J.-P. Dujaniin and
D.E.
Slice
II
25.1.
Introduction,
435
25.1.1.
From Dimensions to Biology,
435
25.1.2.
Tradition and Modernity,
435
25.2.
Causes of Metric Variation?
436
25.2.1.
Physiological Causes,
436
25.2.2.
Pathological Causes,
437
25.2.3.
Adaptive Causes,
437
25.2.4.
Genetic Causes,
437
25.3.
Size and Shape,
437
25.3.1.
The Search for a Global Estimator
of Size,
438
25.3.2.
Shape As Size-Free Variation,
438
25.3.3.
Shape As Geometry,
439
25.3.4.
Which Shape?
441
25.4.
Morphometrics and Medical
Entomology,
441
25.4.1.
Systematics,
441
25.4.2.
Geographic Variation,
442
Felipe Gtthl and Arthur Aufderheide
27.1.
Introduction,
459
27.2.
Techniques and Procedures for Detecting
Infectious Agents in Archaeology,
460
27.2.1.
Mummies,
460
27.2.2.
Coprolites,
462
27.2.3.
Histological Methods,
463
27.2.4.
Immunological Methods,
463
27.2.5.
Fossil
DNA, 464
27.2.6.
Molecular Biology Methods,
464
ТІ
.271.
Paleoparasitology,
466
27.2.8.
Paleopharmacology and
Ethnography,
466
27.3.
Epidemiology of Ancient
Infectious Diseases,
466
27.3.1.
Smallpox,
466
27.3.2.
Chagas
Disease,
467
27.3.3.
Malaria,
467
CONTENTS
xiii
27.3.4.
Influenzavírus,
467
27.3.5.
Tuberculosis,
467
27.3.6.
Leprosy,
467
27.3.7.
Plague,
467
27.3.8.
Treponematosis,
468
27.4.
Clues Regarding American Humans,
27.4.1.
The First Inhabitants,
469
27.4.2.
The First Parasites,
470
27.4.3.
The First Infectious Diseases,
470
27.5.
New Perspectives,
470
Acknowledgments,
471
Abbreviations,
471
Glossary,
471
References,
472
468
ethods,
475
P. Roumagnac, L.
Gagnevin, O.
Pruvost, and M.
Achtman
476
28.1.
Introduction,
475
28.2.
Methods that Index
DNA
Polymorphism,
28.2.1. DNA
Fingerprinting,
477
28.2.2.
Sequence Comparisons,
482
28.3.
Applications of Molecular Methods,
484
28.3.1.
Clock Rates of Different Markers,
484
28.3.2.
Geographical Considerations,
485
28.3.3.
Hierarchical and Nested Approach,
486
28.3.4.
Population Genetics,
486
28.4.
Conclusions,
486
Acknowledgments,
487
References,
487
It
[liens
I
JIU
Brian
G. Spratt,
William P. Manage, and
Christophe
Fraser
29.1.
Introduction,
495
29.2.
Bacterial Population Structure and MLST,
496
29.2.1.
Displaying Relationships Between
Isolates,
497
29.2.2.
Defining Clonal Complexes, Clonal
Ancestry and Patterns of Descent,
498
29.2.3.
Comparing Split Decomposition,
Minimum Spanning Trees and
eBURST,
502
29.2.4.
Displaying the Overall Structure
of a Population,
504
29.3.
MLST Data As a Resource for Bacterial
Population Genetics,
504
29.4.
Measuring Rates of Recombination
from MLST Data,
505
29.5.
Concluding Remarks,
506
Glossary,
506
References,
507
Fernando Baquero
30.1.
Antibiotics and Human Health,
509
30.2.
The Determinants of Health: Conservation
Medicine,
509
30.3.
From Fears to Possibilities,
510
30.4.
How Important Is Antibiotic Resistance
As a Risk for Public Health?
510
30.5.
Health Versus Resistance,
510
30.6.
Changes in Antibiotic Consumer s
Behavior: Egoism Versus Altruism,
511
30.7.
The Role of Worry in Individual
Patient s Behavior,
511
30.8.
The Role of Worry in the Prescriber s
Behavior,
511
30.9.
Individual Versus Society Components
in Shaping Individual Risks,
511
30.10.
Appropriate Demand of Antibiotics
and the Individual Risk,
512
30.11.
MY Utilization of Antibiotics:
A Personal Decision,
512
30.12.
The Individual Health Risks
of Antibiotic Use,
512
30.13.
The Individual Health Benefits
of Antibiotic Use,
513
30.14.
The Problem of
Minimums:
Minimal
Benefits Versus Minimal Risks,
513
30.15.
The Problem of Presumed Minimal
Benefits that Might Become
Significant Ones,
513
30.16.
The Design of Observational-Ecological
Experiments to Determine Attributable
Risks and Benefits of the Use of
Antibiotics,
514
30.16.1.
Facing Individual Variability:
Blocking Strategies,
514
xiv
CONTENTS
30.16.2.
30.16.3.
30.16.4.
30.17.
Conclusion,
References,
Facing the Heterogeneity
of Antimicrobial Agents,
514
Assumptions to be Tested and Possible
Outcomes,
515
Experiences in Other Fields,
515
515
515
ЗІ.
Hemt
i W
D.
Buchilkt
31.1.
Plague,
517
31.2.
Smallpox,
519
31.3.
Cholera,
521
31.4.
Conclusion,
523
References,
523
32.3.4.
Rain, Rodent, and Rice: Leptospirosis
Epidemics in Thailand,
546
32.3.5.
New Pathogens, New Diseases: A
Faunistic Approach to Reservoirs
and Their Hosts,
549
32.4.
Concluding Remarks,
565
32.4.1.
To Favor Prevention not Treatment,
565
32.4.2.
The Emerging Viral Diseases Are Also
a Growing Concern for the
Northern Countries,
565
32.4.3.
Development and the Economy
of Prevention,
566
32.4.4.
Diseases Will Emerge,
566
Acknowledgments,
566
References,
566
32.
Ею«:
li
Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Philippe Barbazan,
François
Bâillon,Julien Capelle,
Daniién
Chevallier,
Jean-Patti
Cornet, Florence Foiirnet, Vincent Herbrcteatt, Jean-Pierre
Hugot, Meriadeg L·· Gottilh, Eric ^oy, Bernard Mondct,
Nanmg Nitatpaltana,
Stephane
Rican, Gérard Salem,
Wailarut luntrapasarat
,
and Marc Souris
Foreword,
525
32.1.
From Nosology to Concept,
526
32.1.1.
Emerging Diseases,
526
32.1.2.
Understanding the Fundamentals
of Emergence,
527
32.2.
Tools and Strategies: An
Integrative
Approach,
532
32.2.1.
Choosing the Appropriate Strategies
and Identifying Corresponding Tools.
532
32.2.2.
The Emergence Play: Actors and Decors
of a Drama,
533
32.2.3.
Requiring and Acquiring Data: From
Who, to Where and How?
533
32.2.4.
Model and Simulation,
534
32.3.
Emergence of Exemplary Diseases or
Systems,
534
32.3.1.
Assessing the Risk of Disease
Emergence in a Changing World,
535
32.3.2.
Comprehension of Mechanisms
of Emergence and Their Control,
538
32.3.3.
Climate-Dependent Arboviroses,
542
J.-F.
Guégan
and
G. Constantin de Magny
33.1.
Introduction,
569
33.2.
The Interactions Between Human Populations
and Natural Systems,
570
33.2.1.
Human Psychology and Our Mental
Perception of the Environment,
570
33.2.2.
A Changing World, Changing
Human Mentalities, and the Role
of Science,
571
33.2.3.
Global Environmental Changes: New
Health Threats for the Foreseeable
Future,
573
33.3.
Dynamic Properties of Microbes, Their
Hosts and the Environment,
574
33.3.1.
The Ecological Context of Infectious
Diseases: The Three-Piece
Puzzle
574
33.3.2.
Ecosystem Dynamics and Health, or
the Snowball Syndrome,
576
33.3.3.
The Emergence of Conservation
Medicine,
577
33.4.
The Ecology of Infectious Diseases
in Practice,
577
33.4.1.
What Came First: Biology or
Socioeconomy?
578
33.4.2.
Enhanced Global Warming and the
Spread of Infectious Diseases,
579
33.4.3.
Ecosystem Changes and Health,
581
33.4.4.
Land Use, Agricultural Development,
intensified Farming, and Health,
581
33.4.5.
Human Population Growth and
Behavioral Practices,
583
33.4.6.
International Travel and Trade,
583
CONTENTS
XV
33.5.
Conclusion
and Suggested Research
Perspectives,
585
33.6.
Summary,
586
Acknowledgments,
587
References,
587
¡ial
AnthroDolüov
to
Jaffré Yannick
34.1.
Introduction,
591
34.1.1
A Poverty-Related Disease?
591
34.2.
Six Proposals of Research and Control,
34.3.
Anthropology for Improving the Offer
of Health Care,
599
34.4.
Three Operational Approaches,
599
References,
600
593
Alvaro
Moncayo and Mario Ortiz Yaninc
35.1.
The Neglected Diseases, Criteria for
Classification,
603
35.2.
The Diseases,
604
35.2.1.
African Trypansomiasis,
604
35.2.2.
Malaria,
604
35.2.3.
Leishmaniasis,
606
35.2.4.
American Trypanosomiasis
(Chagas
Disease),
607
35.2.5.
Dengue,
608
35.2.6.
Tuberculosis,
609
35.2.7.
Schistosomiasis,
610
35.3.
The Neglected Diseases Burden,
611
35.4.
The Economic Situation and Trends in
the Affected Countries and Regions,
612
35.4.1.
Latin America,
1990-2003, 612
35.4.2.
Africa,
1985-2003, 612
35.4.3.
Southeast Asia,
1990-2001, 613
35.5.
Economic Barriers for Development of
Drugs, Vaccines and Vector Control
Tools Against the Neglected Diseases ,
613
35.6.
Future Perspectives,
615
Abbreviations and Acronyms,
616
References,
616
t
The Challenge of
Bioterrorism,
Stephen A. Morse
36.1.
Introduction,
619
36.2.
Definitions,
619
36.3.
Threat Agents,
619
36.4.
Impact of Biotechnology,
626
36.4.1.
Modification of Threat Agents,
626
36.4.2.
Modified Low Virulence or
Nonpathogenic Organisms,
626
36.4.3.
Recreation or In Vitro Synthesis of
Viral Pathogens,
627
36.4.4.
Unintended Consequences
of Biotechnology,
628
36.5.
Scenarios,
628
36.6.
Responses to Bioterrorism:
Laboratory,
628
36.7.
Responses to Bioterrorism: Epidemiology and
Surveillance,
630
36.8.
Molecular Epidemiology and Microbial
Forensics,
632
36.9.
Basic and Applied Research,
632
36.10.
Limiting Access to Dangerous
Pathogens,
633
36.11.
Summary,
634
Glossary,
634
References,
634
3/.
R. Piarroux and D. Bompangue
37
Λ
.
Introduction,
639
37.2.
Vibrio Cholerae and Its Natural
Environment,
640
37.2.
1. Vibrio Cholerae,
640
37.2.2. Biotope
of Vibrio Cholerae,
640
37.2.3.
УРІФ, СТХФ
Bacteriophages and
Pathogenic Strains of V cholerae,
641
37.3.
Cholera,
641
37.3.1.
Clinical Manifestations,
641
37.3.2.
Guidelines for Collective Management
of a Cholera Epidemic,
642
37.4.
Man and Cholera Epidemics in the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,
643
37.5.
Man, Society, and Cholera at the
Beginning of the Twenty-First Century:
Our Personal Experience of Cholera
Management,
646
37.5.1.
The Cholera Epidemic in Grand
Comoro,
646
37.5.2.
Cholera Epidemic in
Kasai,
648
37.5.3.
Cholera, Media, and Humanitarian
Agencies,
650
37.6.
Conclusion,
651
References,
652
xvi
CONTENTS
el
Jan Verhoef and Ad Fluit
38.1.
Introduction,
655
38.2.
The Information and Communication
Technology Revolution,
656
38.3.
Internet Changing the Health Care
Delivery Landscape,
656
38.4.
The Looming Biotech Revolution,
658
38.4.1.
Resistant and Multiresistant
Bacteria,
658
38.5.
Rapid Diagnosis of Infection,
658
38.6.
Laboratory Automation,
659
38.7.
Market,
660
38.8.
Future Market,
661
38.8.1.
Molecular Diagnostics,
661
38.8.2.
Microarrays and Lab-on—a-Chip
Devices,
662
38.9.
Anticipated Developments,
663
38.9.1.
Real-Time PCR,
663
38.9.2.
Raman Spectroscopy,
663
38.9.3.
Whole Genome Sequencing,
663
38.9.4. DNA Chip
Technology,
663
38.10.
Novel Antibiotics,
663
38.11.
New Classes of Antibiotics,
664
38.12.
Pharmacogenomics,
665
38.13.
Conclusion,
666
References,
667
і
InÍECtious
Diseases BntlArts,
6)]
Pierre Vidal, Myrtille
Tibayrenc, and Jean-Paul Gonzalez
Foreword,
677
40.1.
The Fine Arts: Pictorial Representations,
40.1.1.
The Roots of Art and Infectious
Disease,
679
40.1.2.
The Plague: Art, Terror, and
Religion,
679
40.1.3. Art
at the Service of Medical
Science,
680
40.1.4.
Tuberculosis, Self-Portraits
of the Diseased,
683
40.1.5.
The Syphilitic Female Model: A
Turning Point in Art History,
686
40.1.6.
Images of Disease: Photography
and Photographers,
691
Graphic Arts,
694
678
40.1.7.
40.2.
Literature,
695
40.2.1.
The Bible,
40.2.2.
40.2.3.
40.2.4.
40.2.5.
40.2.6.
40.2.7.
and Applied Science,
SSS
К.
Victoir
39.1.
What Are Neglected Diseases?,
669
39.
1
.1.
Identification of Patient Needs and
the Barriers to Overcome,
670
39.1.2.
Developing and Promoting a
Needs-Based R&D Agenda,
672
39.1.3.
Funding,
673
39.1.4.
A Multidisciplinary Approach,
673
39.2.
Conclusion,
675
Acknowledgments
676
References,
676
695
Homer:The Iliad (Song I),
696
The Black Death,
696
Cholera, the Blue Plague,
707
The White Plague,
716
Syphilis,
719
Smallpox, Ebola, and Other
Pestilences,
722
40.3.
Cinematographic Art: Movies
and Diseases,
729
40.3.1.
The Ebola Fever Movies and
Television Movies,
735
40.3.2.
Alien The Series ,
736
40.4.
The Arts and Infectious Disease,
in Conclusion,
736
References,
738
Index,
741
Discover
how fhe application of novel
multïdisciplinary,
integrative
approaches and
technologies are dramatically changing our understanding of the pathogenesis of
infectious diseases and their treatments. Each article presents the state of the science,
with a strong emphasis on new and emerging medical applications.
The Encyclopedia of Infectious Diseases is organized into five parts. The first part examines
current threats such as AIDS, malaria, SARS, and influenza. The second part addresses the
evolution of pathogens and the relationship between human genetic diversity and the spread of
infectious diseases. The next two parts highlight the most promising uses of molecular identification,
vector control, satellite detection, surveillance, modeling, and high-throughput technologies. The
final part explores specialized topics of current concern, including
bioterrorism,
world market
and infectious diseases, and antibiotics for public health.
Each article is written by one or more leading experts in the field of infectious diseases.
These experts place all the latest findings from various disciplines in context, helping readers
understand what is currently known, what the next generation of breakthroughs is likely to be,
and where more research is needed. Several features facilitate research and deepen readers
understanding of infectious diseases:
•
Illustrations help readers understand the pathogenesis and diagnosis of infectious diseases
•
Lists of Web resources serve as a gateway to important research centers, government
agencies, and other sources of information from around the world
•
Information boxes highlight basic principles and specialized terminology
•
International contributions offer perspectives on how infectious diseases are viewed by
different cultures
•
A special chapter discusses the representation of infectious diseases in art
With its multidisciplinary approach, this encyclopedia helps point researchers in new promis¬
ing directions and helps health professionals better understand the nature and treatment of
infectious diseases.
MICHEL
TIBÄYRENC, MD,
PhD, is Director of Research in the Genetics of Infectious Diseases
Unit of the
Institut de
Recherche
pour le Développement
in France. Currently, he is the IRD repre¬
sentative in Thailand. The principal organizer of the international congresses for the Molecular
Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases (MEEGID) Society, Dr. Tibayrenc
is also fhe founder and Editor-in-Chief of the journal Infection, Genetics and Evolution.
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| id | DE-604.BV019794164 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:06:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471657328 9780471657323 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-013119859 |
| oclc_num | 71044505 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XXXIV, 747 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wiley |
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| spelling | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies Michel Tibayrenc Infectious diseases Hoboken, NJ [u.a.] Wiley 2007 XXXIV, 747 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Doenças transmissíveis (pesquisa) larpcal Enciclopédias larpcal Communicable Diseases Encyclopedias English Communicable diseases Encyclopedias Communicable diseases Research Encyclopedias Research Encyclopedias English Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd rswk-swf Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 s b DE-604 Tibayrenc, Michel Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013119859&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013119859&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies Doenças transmissíveis (pesquisa) larpcal Enciclopédias larpcal Communicable Diseases Encyclopedias English Communicable diseases Encyclopedias Communicable diseases Research Encyclopedias Research Encyclopedias English Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026879-2 |
| title | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies |
| title_alt | Infectious diseases |
| title_auth | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies |
| title_exact_search | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies |
| title_full | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies Michel Tibayrenc |
| title_fullStr | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies Michel Tibayrenc |
| title_full_unstemmed | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies Michel Tibayrenc |
| title_short | Encyclopedia of infectious diseases |
| title_sort | encyclopedia of infectious diseases modern methodologies |
| title_sub | modern methodologies |
| topic | Doenças transmissíveis (pesquisa) larpcal Enciclopédias larpcal Communicable Diseases Encyclopedias English Communicable diseases Encyclopedias Communicable diseases Research Encyclopedias Research Encyclopedias English Infektionskrankheit (DE-588)4026879-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Doenças transmissíveis (pesquisa) Enciclopédias Communicable Diseases Encyclopedias English Communicable diseases Encyclopedias Communicable diseases Research Encyclopedias Research Encyclopedias English Infektionskrankheit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013119859&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013119859&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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