Holdings: Low-temperature physics

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Main Authors:	Enss, Christian (Author), Hunklinger, Siegfried 1939- (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2005
Subjects:	Basses températures Physique Low temperatures Physics Tieftemperaturphysik
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XIV, 573 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540231641 9783540231646 9783540804093

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adam_text	Contents Part I Quantum Fluids Helium - General Properties ............................. 3 1.1 Basic Facts ............................................ 3 1.1.1 Terrestrial Occurrence ............................ 4 1.1.2 Basic Atomic and Nuclear Properties ............... 4 1.1.3 Van der Waals Bond .............................. 5 1.2 Thermodynamic Properties .............................. 7 1.2.1 Density ......................................... 7 1.2.2 Specific Heat .................................... 7 1.2.3 Latent Heat ..................................... 9 1.3 Phase Diagrams ........................................ 9 1.3.1 4He ............................................. 10 1.3.2 3He ............................................. 11 Exercises .................................................. 13 Superfluid 4He - Helium II ............................... 15 2.1 Experimental Observations .............................. 15 2.1.1 Viscosity and Superfluidity ........................ 16 2.1.2 Beaker Experiments .............................. 18 2.1.3 Thermomechanical Effect .......................... 20 2.1.4 Heat Transport .................................. 21 2.1.5 Second Sound .................................... 23 2.2 Two-Fluid Model ....................................... 24 2.2.1 Two-Fluid Hydrodynamics ........................ 25 2.2.2 Viscosity Measurements ........................... 27 2.2.3 Determination of ρη/ρ ............................ 28 2.2.4 Beaker Experiments .............................. 29 2.2.5 Thermomechanical Effect .......................... 31 2.2.6 Heat Transport .................................. 32 2.2.7 Momentum of the Heat Flow ...................... 33 2.2.8 Sound Propagation ............................... 35 2.3 Bose-Einstein Condensation ............................. 44 2.3.1 Ideal Bose Gas ................................... 44 2.3.2 Helium .......................................... 48 2.3.3 Condensate Fraction in Helium II ................... 50 VIII Contents 2.4 Macroscopic Quantum State ............................. 52 2.4.1 Wave Function of the Superfluid Component ......... 52 2.4.2 Helium II Under Rotation - Quantization of Circulation .................................... 53 2.4.3 Josephson Effect ................................. 58 2.5 Excitation Spectrum of Helium II ......................... 60 2.5.1 Phonons and Rotons .............................. 60 2.5.2 Specific Heat .................................... 63 2.5.3 Concept of a Critical Velocity ...................... 64 2.5.4 Experimental Determination of the Critical Velocity .. 66 2.6 Critical Phenomena Near the Lambda Point ............... 70 2.6.1 Brief Theoretical Background ...................... 70 2.6.2 Specific Heat .................................... 72 2.6.3 Order Parameter ................................. 74 2.6.4 Correlation Length ............................... 75 Exercises .................................................. 76 77 3 Normal-Fluid 3He ...................................... 3.1 Ideal Fermi Gas - Comparison with Liquid 3He ............ 77 3.1.1 Specific Heat .................................... 79 3.1.2 Susceptibility .................................... 81 3.1.3 Transport Properties .............................. 82 3.1.4 Quantitative Comparison: 3He and Ideal Fermi Gas ... 86 3.2 The Landau Fermi-Liquid Theory ........................ 86 3.2.1 Quasiparticle Concept ............................ 86 3.2.2 Interaction Function .............................. 88 3.2.3 Application of Landau s Theory to Normal-Fluid 3He . 89 3.3 Zero Sound ............................................ 91 3.3.1 Longitudinal Sound Propagation ................... 92 3.3.2 Transverse Sound Propagation ..................... 93 3.3.3 Collisionless Spin Waves ........................... 94 3.3.4 Final Remarks ................................... 95 Exercises .................................................. 96 4 Superfluid 3He ............................................ 97 4.1 Basic Experimental Facts ................................ 98 4.1.1 Phase Diagram ................................... 98 4.1.2 Specific Heat ....................................100 4.1.3 Superfluidity .....................................101 4.1.4 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) ................102 4.2 Relevance of the Two-Fluid Model ........................104 4.2.1 Flow Experiments ................................104 4.2.2 Normal-Fluid Density .............................105 4.2.3 Viscosity ........................................106 4.2.4 Heat Transport ..................................107 Contents IX 4.3 Quantum States of Pairs of Coupled Quasiparticles .........107 4.3.1 Spin-Triplet Pairing ..............................108 4.3.2 Broken Symmetry in Superfluid 3He ................110 4.3.3 Energy Gap and Superfluidity ......................112 4.4 Order-Parameter Orientation - Textures ..................114 4.4.1 Intrinsic Alignment ...............................115 4.4.2 Textures in 3He-A ................................116 4.4.3 Surface-induced Texture - 3He-A in a Slab ..........118 4.4.4 Textures in 3He-B ................................119 4.5 Spin Dynamics - NMR Experiments ......................120 4.5.1 Leggett Equations ................................120 4.5.2 Transverse Resonance - Frequency Shift .............121 4.5.3 Longitudinal Resonance ...........................122 4.6 Macroscopic Quantum Effects ............................124 4.6.1 Superflow ....................................... 124 4.6.2 Quantization of Circulation ........................ 125 4.6.3 Quantized Vortices ............................... 127 4.6.4 Macroscopic Quantum Interference - Josephson Effect .................................131 4.7 Normal-Fluid Density - Quasiparticle Scattering ...........134 4.7.1 Normal-Fluid Density .............................134 4.7.2 Specific Heat ....................................135 4.7.3 Quasiparticle Scattering ...........................136 4.8 Collective Excitations - Sound Propagation ................137 4.8.1 Sound Propagation ...............................138 4.8.2 Collective Order-Parameter Modes .................142 Exercises ..................................................146 Mixtures of 3He and 4He .................................147 5.1 Specific Heat, Phase Diagram and Solubility ...............148 5.1.1 Phase Diagram ...................................149 5.1.2 Specific Heat of Dilute Solutions of 3He in Helium II .. 150 5.1.3 Finite Solubility of 3He in Liquid 4He at T = 0.......151 5.2 Normal-Fluid Component ...............................153 5.2.1 Andronikashvili Experiment .......................153 5.2.2 Osmotic Pressure .................................154 5.3 Sound Propagation .....................................155 5.3.1 First Sound ......................................156 5.3.2 Second Sound ....................................157 5.4 Transport Properties ....................................158 5.4.1 Heat Transport ..................................158 5.4.2 Viscosity ........................................159 5.4.3 Self-Diffusion Coefficient ..........................160 5.5 Search for a Superfluid Phase of 3He in Mixtures ...........161 Exercises ..................................................163 X Contents Part II Solids at Low Temperatures Phonons ..................................................167 6.1 Specific Heat - Debye Model .............................167 6.1.1 Significance of the Debye Temperature ..............172 6.1.2 Specific Heat of Finite-Size Systems ................175 6.2 Heat Transport ........................................178 6.2.1 Experimental Determination of the Thermal Conductivity .......................180 6.2.2 Thermal Conductivity of Dielectric Crystals .........181 6.2.3 Phonon-Phonon Scattering ........................182 6.2.4 Defect Scattering .................................185 6.3 Significance of N-processes in Heat Transport ..............190 6.3.1 Poiseuille Flow ...................................190 6.3.2 Second Sound ....................................193 6.4 Ballistic Propagation of Phonons .........................195 6.4.1 Time-Resolved Measurements of Phonon Propagation . 195 6.4.2 Phonon Focusing .................................198 6.5 Thermal Conductivity of One-Dimensional Samples .........200 Exercises ..................................................203 Conduction Electrons .....................................205 7.1 Specific Heat ...........................................205 7.1.1 Conduction Electrons in Simple Metals ..............206 7.1.2 Heavy-Fermion Systems ..........................208 7.2 Electrical Conductivity ..................................209 7.2.1 Boltzmann Equation, Relaxation-Time Approximation ...................................210 7.2.2 Residual Resistivity of Metals - Matthiessen s Rule ... 213 7.2.3 Impurity Scattering ...............................214 7.2.4 Electron-Phonon Scattering .......................216 7.2.5 Electron-Magnon Scattering .......................218 7.3 Thermal Conductivity of Metals ..........................220 7.4 Kondo Effect ..........................................224 7.4.1 Localized Magnetic Moments ......................225 7.4.2 Electron Scattering by Localized Moments ...........228 7.4.3 Kondo Resistance ................................229 7.5 Heavy-Fermion Systems .................................233 7.5.1 Specific Heat ....................................235 7.5.2 Susceptibility ....................................237 7.5.3 Electrical Resistivity ..............................239 7.5.4 Non-Fermi Liquids ...............................241 Exercises ..................................................243 Contents XI 8 Magnetic Moments - Spins...............................245 8.1 Paramagnetic Systems - Isolated Spins....................245 8.1.1 Magnetic Moments...............................246 8.1.2 Susceptibility.................................... 247 8.1.3 Specific Heat ....................................249 8.2 Spin Waves - Magnons ..................................257 8.2.1 Ferromagnets ....................................257 8.2.2 Antiferromagnets .................................262 8.3 Spin Glasses ...........................................264 8.3.1 Structural Properties .............................265 8.3.2 Dynamic Behavior ................................267 8.3.3 Ageing, Rejuvenation and Memory Effects ...........268 8.4 Nuclear Magnetic Ordering ..............................271 8.4.1 Strong Nucleus-Electron Coupling ..................272 8.4.2 Weak Nucleus-Electron Coupling ...................275 8.5 Negative Spin Temperatures .............................277 8.5.1 Thermodynamics at Negative Temperatures .........278 8.5.2 Nuclear Ordering .................................280 8.5.3 Stimulated Emission ..............................281 Exercises ..................................................282 9 Tunneling Systems ........................................283 9.1 Two-Level Tunneling Systems ............................283 9.1.1 Double-Well Potentials ............................284 9.1.2 Coupling to Electric and Elastic Fields ..............285 9.1.3 Relaxation ......................................286 9.1.4 Relaxation Times ................................290 9.1.5 Resonant Interaction ..............................292 9.2 Isolated Tunneling Systems in Crystals ....................294 9.2.1 Level Schemes ...................................294 9.2.2 Specific Heat ....................................298 9.2.3 Thermal Conductivity ............................300 9.2.4 Level Crossing ...................................302 9.2.5 Dielectric Susceptibility ...........................303 9.2.6 Sound Velocity ...................................306 9.3 Interacting Tunneling Systems in Crystals .................308 9.3.1 Dielectric Properties ..............................308 9.3.2 Theoretical Description ...........................309 9.3.3 Dielectric Susceptibility ...........................311 9.4 Asymmetric Tunneling Systems in Crystals ................314 9.4.1 Nb:O,H and Nb:O,D ..............................314 9.4.2 ON Ions in КВкКСІ .............................316 XII Contents 9.5 Amorphous Dielectrics .................................. Ξ317 9.5.1 Specific Heat ....................................318 9.5.2 Thermal Conductivity ............................323 9.5.3 Relaxation Absorption ............................325 9.5.4 Resonant Absorption .............................327 9.5.5 Sound Velocity and Dielectric Constant .............330 9.6 Metallic Glasses ........................................333 9.7 Echo Experiments ......................................334 Exercises ..................................................340 10 Superconductivity ........................................343 10.1 Experimental Observations ..............................343 10.1.1 Transition Temperature ...........................345 10.1.2 Meissner-Ochsenfeld Effect ........................347 10.1.3 Type I Superconductor ............................350 10.1.4 Type II Superconductors ..........................354 10.2 Phenomenological Description ............................357 10.2.1 Thermodynamics of Superconductors ...............358 10.2.2 London Equations ................................362 10.2.3 Pippard s Equation ...............................366 10.2.4 Ginzburg-Landau Theory .........................367 10.3 Microscopic Theory of Superconductivity ..................376 10.3.1 Cooper Pairs ....................................376 10.3.2 BCS Ground State ...............................381 10.3.3 Excitation of the BCS Ground State ................385 10.3.4 BCS State at Finite Temperatures ..................387 10.3.5 Measurement of the Energy Gap ...................390 10.3.6 Tunneling Experiments ............................394 10.3.7 Critical Current and Energy Gap ...................399 10.4 Flux Quantization - Josephson Effect ..................... 10.4.1 Flux Quantization ................................ 10.4.2 Pair Tunneling - Josephson Effect .................. 10.4.3 Quantum Interference ............................. 10.4.4 Superconducting Magnetometer - SQUID ........... 10.5 Superconductors with Unusual Properties ................. 10.5.1 Organic Superconductors .......................... <415 10.5.2 Magnetism and Superconductivity .................. <41S 10.5.3 Heavy-Fermion Superconductors ................... <428 10.5.4 High-ľc Superconductors .......................... <432 Exercises ..................................................«446 Contents XIII Part III Principles of Refrigeration and Thermometry 11 Cooling Techniques .......................................449 11.1 Liquefaction of Gases ...................................450 11.1.1 Expansion Engines ...............................451 11.1.2 Joule-Thomson Expansion ........................457 11.2 Closed-Cycle Refrigerators ...............................460 11.2.1 Gifford-McMahon Coolers .........................460 11.2.2 Pulse-Tube Coolers ...............................462 11.3 Simple Helium-Bath Cryostats ...........................464 11.3.1 Bath Cryostats ...................................464 11.3.2 Evaporation Cryostats ............................467 11.4 Dilution Refrigerators ...................................471 11.4.1 Principle of Operation ............................471 11.4.2 Principles of a Dilution Refrigerator ................472 11.4.3 Problem of the Thermal Boundary Resistance ........474 11.4.4 Cooling Power ...................................478 11.5 Pomeranchuk Cooling ...................................480 11.5.1 Cooling by Solidification of 3He ....................481 11.5.2 Technical Realization .............................481 11.5.3 Cooling Power ...................................482 11.6 Adiabatic Demagnetization ..............................483 11.6.1 Cooling Mechanism ...............................484 11.6.2 Cooling Capacity and Minimum Temperature ........486 11.6.3 Electron Spins - Paramagnetic Salts ................487 11.7 Nuclear Spin Demagnetization ...........................489 11.7.1 Coupling of Nuclear Spins and Conduction Electrons. . 489 11.7.2 Influence of Heat Leaks ...........................491 11.7.3 Sources of Heat Leaks .............................491 11.7.4 Technical Features ................................497 Exercises ..................................................504 12 Thermometry .............................................505 12.1 Primary Thermometers .................................506 12.1.1 Gas Thermometers ...............................506 12.1.2 Vapor-Pressure Thermometers .....................506 12.1.3 3He Melting-Curve Thermometer ...................508 12.1.4 Noise Thermometers ..............................510 12.1.5 Superconducting Fixed-Point Thermometers .........514 12.1.6 Nuclear-Orientation Thermometers .................516 12.1.7 Mössbauer-Effect Thermometers ...................519 12.1.8 Coulomb-Blockade Thermometers ..................520 12.1.9 Osmotic-Pressure Thermometers ...................522 12.2 Secondary Thermometers ................................522 XIV Contents 12.2.1 Resistance Thermometers .........................522 12.2.2 Thermoelectric Elements..........................531 12.2.3 Capacitive Thermometers.........................532 12.2.4 Magnetic Thermometers ..........................533 12.2.5 Nuclear Spin Resonance Thermometers .............537 Exercises ..................................................541 References ....................................................543 Index .........................................................563
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spelling	Enss, Christian Verfasser aut Low-temperature physics Christian Enss ; Siegfried Hunklinger Low temperature physics Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2005 XIV, 573 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Basses températures Physique Low temperatures Physics Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd rswk-swf Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 s DE-604 Hunklinger, Siegfried 1939- Verfasser (DE-588)122426517 aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013108653&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Enss, Christian Hunklinger, Siegfried 1939- Low-temperature physics Basses températures Physique Low temperatures Physics Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4185450-0
title	Low-temperature physics
title_alt	Low temperature physics
title_auth	Low-temperature physics
title_exact_search	Low-temperature physics
title_full	Low-temperature physics Christian Enss ; Siegfried Hunklinger
title_fullStr	Low-temperature physics Christian Enss ; Siegfried Hunklinger
title_full_unstemmed	Low-temperature physics Christian Enss ; Siegfried Hunklinger
title_short	Low-temperature physics
title_sort	low temperature physics
topic	Basses températures Physique Low temperatures Physics Tieftemperaturphysik (DE-588)4185450-0 gnd
topic_facet	Basses températures Physique Low temperatures Physics Tieftemperaturphysik
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013108653&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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