Holdings: Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders

Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders:

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Bibliographic Details
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2009
Edition:	1. ed.
Subjects:	aPowder metallurgy > vHandbooks, manuals, etc aNonferrous metals > vHandbooks, manuals, etc Metallpulver Nichteisenmetall Pulvermetallurgie
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext
Physical Description:	XVII, 621 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9781856174220

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adam_text	Contents Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................xix Contributors and Reviewers .............................................................................................................................xxi Introduction ............................................................................................................................................1 Basic methods of powder production ..................................................................................................................1 Section 1 Powder Characterization and Testing ....................................................................5 Chapter 1 Powder characterization and testing .................................................................................7 Sampling of powders .................................................................................................................7 Weight of sample ...................................................................................................................9 Particle size distribution analysis ...............................................................................................9 Sieve analysis .........................................................................................................................9 Sedimentation methods .......................................................................................................10 Accumulation of the sediment ............................................................................................12 Micromerographs .................................................................................................................13 Turbidimetry ........................................................................................................................13 Method of weight samples ...................................................................................................14 Light scattering ....................................................................................................................14 Surface and bulk characterization of powders ........................................................................15 Particle image analysis .........................................................................................................15 Size measurements ..............................................................................................................16 Particle shape .......................................................................................................................16 Optical microscopy ...............................................................................................................17 Data presentation .................................................................................................................1 7 Metallographic microscope ..................................................................................................18 Techniques of chemical analysis for powders ..........................................................................18 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)..................................................................................19 Auger electron spectroscopy ................................................................................................20 Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis ..............................................................20 Bulk analysis ............................................................................................................................21 X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) .........................................................................................21 Inert gas fusion ....................................................................................................................22 Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) ................................22 Atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS)...............................................................................22 Determination of oxygen content by reduction methods ....................................................24 Surface area and porosity of powders ......................................................................................24 Gas adsorption .....................................................................................................................24 Permeametry .......................................................................................................................26 Picnometry ..........................................................................................................................28 vi Conents Porosimetry ..........................................................................................................................2 Surface tension of mercury ................................................................................................. ЗІ Restrictions and limitations .................................................................................................31 Surface area determination ................................................................................................. 3C Hysteresis and detained mercury .........................................................................................31 Standardization ....................................................................................................................31 Bubble test of pore size .........................................................................................................31 Bulk properties of powders ......................................................................................................31 Bulk flow parameters ...........................................................................................................32 Cohesive strength .................................................................................................................32 Frictional properties .............................................................................................................33 Bulk density .........................................................................................................................35 Apparent density ..................................................................................................................35 Funnel method .....................................................................................................................35 Scott volumeter ....................................................................................................................35 Tap density ...........................................................................................................................36 Flow rate ..............................................................................................................................37 Sliding at impact point .........................................................................................................38 Segregation of particles .......................................................................................................38 Trajectory effect ...................................................................................................................38 Screening model (also called sifting phenomenon) ..............................................................38 Fluidization ..........................................................................................................................38 Angle of repose ....................................................................................................................39 Factors influencing the angle of repose ...............................................................................40 Compactibility of metal powders .............................................................................................40 Compressibility .....................................................................................................................40 Green strength .....................................................................................................................41 Apparatus for powder analysis .................................................................................................43 References ................................................................................................................................43 Section 2 Powder Production Methods ..............................................................................45 Chapter 2 Mechanical crushing and grinding ..................................................................................47 Principles of grinding ..............................................................................................................47 Grindability ..........................................................................................................................51 Hardgrove grindability index (ASTM D409 Standard) ........................................................52 Bong s Work Index (JISM4002 Standard) ...........................................................................52 Crushing and grinding equipment ..........................................................................................52 Crushers ...............................................................................................................................53 Grinding techniques ................................................................................................................5 3 Ball-medium types ...............................................................................................................53 Tumbling ball mills ..............................................................................................................54 Cylindrical ball mills ............................................................................................................55 Conical ball mills ..................................................................................................................55 Rod mills ...............................................................................................................................56 Planetary mills .....................................................................................................................56 Vibratory ball mills ...............................................................................................................56 Vibrating grinders ................................................................................................................57 Medium agitating mills ........................................................................................................58 Jet mills .................................................................................................................. ........60 Other high-energy milling methods .....................................................................................61 References ........................................................................................................ ....62 Contents vii Chapter 3 Mechanical alloying ........................................................................................................63 Mechanical alloying process ....................................................................................................63 Milling equipment ....................................................................................................................64 Planetary ball mills ..............................................................................................................65 Shaker mills ..........................................................................................................................65 Attritors ...............................................................................................................................66 Commercial tumbling ball mills ...........................................................................................67 Safety engineering ...................................................................................................................67 Mechanical alloying fundamentals .........................................................................................67 Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloys ........................................................................69 Contact displacement reactions ...........................................................................................70 Powder contamination ............................................................................................................71 Applications .............................................................................................................................72 Nickel-base alloys .................................................................................................................72 Aluminum-base alloys .........................................................................................................73 Copper-base alloys ................................................................................................................77 References ................................................................................................................................78 Chapter 4 Nanopowders ..................................................................................................................80 Production methods ................................................................................................................81 Condensation technique ......................................................................................................81 Chemical precipitation from solution ...................................................................................85 Spray conversion method .....................................................................................................87 Plasmachemical synthesis ...................................................................................................87 High-energy comminution ..................................................................................................90 Powder processing methods .....................................................................................................92 Applications .............................................................................................................................9 3 Vapor deposition in a vacuum ..............................................................................................9 3 Cemented carbides ...............................................................................................................96 Fiber-reinforced material .....................................................................................................97 Gradient materials ...............................................................................................................97 Nanopowder-polymer composites ........................................................................................98 Thin film technique ..............................................................................................................98 Semiconductors ...................................................................................................................98 Miniaturized systems ...........................................................................................................98 References ................................................................................................................................99 Chapter 5 Atomization and granulation .........................................................................................102 Water atomization ................................................................................................................ 102 Technique ..........................................................................................................................102 Atomizer ........................................................................................................................... 106 Atomization mechanism ...................................................................................................107 Powder characteristics ......................................................................................................109 Particle size distribution .................................................................................................... 109 Particle shape .................................................................................................................... Ill Surface morphology and internal structure ..................................................................... Ill Powder purity ....................................................................................................................112 Oil atomization ......................................................................................................................113 Gas atomization ....................................................................................................................113 Gas atomizing units ...........................................................................................................114 Confined nozzle designs .....................................................................................................114 Ultrasonic gas atomization ................................................................................................115 Prefilming nozzle design ....................................................................................................115 Nanoval nozzle design .......................................................................................................116 viii Contents Pressure-swirl hybrid prefilming atomizer ........................................................................116 Prefilming hybrid atomizer ...............................................................................................117 Process parameters ...........................................................................................................117 Models of gas atomization .................................................................................................118 Gas atomized powders ...........................................................................................................122 Particle size, size distribution, shape and surface morphology .........................................122 Powder cleanliness ............................................................................................................125 Other gas atomization methods ............................................................................................126 Internal mixing nozzles .....................................................................................................126 Soluble-gas-atomization process .......................................................................................126 Ultrasonic gas atomization ................................................................................................127 Hot gas atomization ..........................................................................................................127 Liquefied gas atomization ..................................................................................................129 Centrifugal atomization ........................................................................................................129 Models of centrifugal atomization ....................................................................................129 Centrifugal atomization methods ......................................................................................131 Spinning disc atomization .................................................................................................131 Rapid solidification rate (RSR) process ..............................................................................131 Melt spinning roller technique ..........................................................................................132 Rotating electrode atomization .........................................................................................133 Other methods ......................................................................................................................133 Impact atomization ...........................................................................................................133 Vibrating electrode atomization ........................................................................................133 Melt drop orifice technique ...............................................................................................133 Impulse atomization method ............................................................................................1 34 Melt drop vibrating orifice method ....................................................................................135 Pulsated orifice ejection method .......................................................................................135 Roller atomization .............................................................................................................135 Plasma atomization process ..............................................................................................135 Vacuum-dynamic atomization ..........................................................................................136 Granulation ..........................................................................................................................136 Spray granulation .............................................................................................................136 Spray drying ......................................................................................................................137 Control of powder properties ............................................................................................137 Water granulation ................................................................................................................138 Atomization techniques ....................................................................................................138 Applications ......................................................................................................................138 References .............................................................................................................................138 Selected references ................................................................................................................142 Chapter 6 Gas-phase method of metal powder production ...........................................................143 The theoretical basis of the gas-phase method .....................................................................143 Mechanisms of powder formation during vapor condensation ............................................144 Peculiarities of the formation of alloy powders ....................................................................148 Principles of the controlled condensation process and the technique of powder production ................................................................................................................149 Properties of powders and areas of their usage ....................................................................152 References .............................................................................................................................153 Chapter 7 Carbonyl method of metal powder production .............................................................154 Chemical precipitation ..........................................................................................................154 Preparation of metal carbonyls ............................................................................................154 Theoretical basis of the synthesis .........................................................................................154 Contents ix Preparation of the starting materials for carbonyl production ................. , ..........................157 Synthesis of carbonyls ..........................................................................................................157 Extraction, purification and separation of carbonyls ...........................................................158 Manufacture of powders by thermal decomposition of metal carbonyls .............................158 Physico-chemical basis of the process ..............................................................................1 58 The technique of powder manufacture .............................................................................159 Manufacture of composite powders ..................................................................................1 60 Properties and applications of the metal carbonyl powders .................................................160 Health and environmental protection measures in the carbonyl industry ...........................161 References ............................................................................................................................. 161 Chapter 8 Reduction methods of powder production ....................................................................163 Solid-phase reduction of metal oxides and salts ...................................................................163 Process theory ...................................................................................................................163 Kinetics and mechanism of the process ............................................................................164 Feed stock and reagent-reducers ...........................................................................................166 Powder production ................................................................................................................168 Push type furnaces ............................................................................................................168 Drum furnaces ..................................................................................................................169 Conveyor furnaces .............................................................................................................169 Safety engineering ............................................................................................................1 70 Metallothermy ...................................................................................................................... 1 71 Chemical reduction ...............................................................................................................1 71 Chemical precipitation from solutions .............................................................................. 171 Thermodynamic peculiarities of metal chemical reduction .............................................1 72 Kinetics of solid phase formation in solution .................................................................... 172 Application of chemically reduced powders and sols ........................................................ 1 74 Autoclave precipitation of metal powders ............................................................................1 75 Theory of autoclave metal ions reduction ............................................................................1 76 Hydrodynamics .................................................................................................................177 Reaction gas pressure ........................................................................................................ 177 Temperature ......................................................................................................................177 Solution composition ........................................................................................................ 177 Seed ...................................................................................................................................177 Surfactants ........................................................................................................................178 Autoclave processing of hydroxide and metal carbonate pulps ........................................ 1 78 Autoclave precipitation of metal powders from organic phases .......................................] 78 Equipment ......................................................................................................................... 1 79 Safety engineering ............................................................................................................ 180 References ............................................................................................................................. 180 Chapter 9 Electrochemical methods of metal powder production .................................................181 Nomenclature and symbols ................................................................................................. 181 Physical and chemical principles of electrolytic crystallization of dendrite deposits ............ 18 3 Electrolysis of aqueous solutions ..........................................................................................188 Reduction from solution through film of surfactants .......................................................191 Special methods of production of metal powders recovered from spent solutions ...........194 Pump-cell ..........................................................................................................................195 Production of metal multicomponent alloy powders .......................................................197 Powder production using the method of zone electrochemistry ......................................198 Contact displacement method (cementation) .......................................................................199 Production of powders by electrolysis from melts .................................................................202 Amalgam metallurgy method ...............................................................................................206 References .............................................................................................................................211 χ Conents Chapter 10 Powders for Porous Powder Metallurgy Technology ......................................................212 Porous powder metallurgy technology .................................................................................212 Material selection ..............................................................................................................212 Powder preparation ...........................................................................................................213 Compaction methods ........................................................................................................213 Sintering ...........................................................................................................................214 Mechanical properties .......................................................................................................215 Cellular materials ..................................................................................................................215 Production methods ..........................................................................................................215 Properties of metal foams .................................................................................................216 Applications ..........................................................................................................................217 References .............................................................................................................................2.22 Section 3 Processing of Powders and Processing Equipment ............................................225 Chapter 11 Processing of powders and processing equipment .........................................................227 Dehydration ..........................................................................................................................227 Thickening in cyclones ......................................................................................................228 Conical and cylindrical thickeners ....................................................................................229 Filtration ...........................................................................................................................2 30 Centrifugation ...................................................................................................................2 32 Cartridge vacuum filter .....................................................................................................2 32 Rotary disk filter ................................................................................................................2 33 Filter press .........................................................................................................................2 34 Thermal drying .....................................................................................................................2 34 Introductory conceptions and objectives ..........................................................................234 Water content ...............................................................................................................2 34 Drying characteristic curve ...........................................................................................235 Drying rate ....................................................................................................................2 35 Dryer selection and design ................................................................................................2 36 Pneumatic convective dryer ..............................................................................................2 36 Spray drying ......................................................................................................................2 38 Convective dryer with fluidized bed ...................................................................................2 39 Shaker dryer ......................................................................................................................240 Shaker infrared dryer ........................................................................................................241 Drum contact dryer ...........................................................................................................242 Vacuum dryers ..................................................................................................................242 Powder classification by size .................................................................................................242 Sieving methods ................................................................................................................243 Sieving apparatus .............................................................................................................245 Round vibrating sifters ......................................................................................................246 Air-assisted sieving machine .............................................................................................247 Air separation ...................................................................................................................248 Hydraulic classification .....................................................................................................249 Mixing ...................................................................................................................................2 51 Powder mixers ...................................................................................................................251 Rotary vessel type ..............................................................................................................251 Stationary vessel type ........................................................................................................253 Complex type and others ...................................................................................................254 Mechanism of powder mixing ..........................................................................................254 Convective mixing .............................................................................................................254 Shear mixing .....................................................................................................................254 Diffusive mixing ................................................................................................................254 Statistical analysis of the mixing ......................................................................................254 Conents xi Passivating techniques ..........................................................................................................255 Passivation methods .........................................................................................................257 Hydrophobization .............................................................................................................2 58 Nitriding and oxide formation ...........................................................................................258 Microencapsulation ..........................................................................................................2 59 Proportioning, packaging and inter-stage transport ............................................................260 Proportioning ...................................................................................................................260 Packaging .........................................................................................................................261 Inter-stage transport .........................................................................................................262 References .............................................................................................................................263 Section 4 Production of Non-Ferrous Metal Powders .......................................................265 Chapter 12 Production of aluminum and aluminum alloy powders .................................................267 Gas atomization ....................................................................................................................268 Production of granules .........................................................................................................271 Production of flake, pigments and pastes .............................................................................275 Mechanical milling of aluminum and its alloys ................................................................275 The main application fields for aluminum and aluminum alloy powders ............................2 79 Nickel-clad aluminum powders ............................................................................................281 Typical physical properties of nickel-clad aluminum powders .........................................282 Processing of aluminum scrap into powder products ...........................................................282 Production of powder products from waste aluminum foil ..............................................282 Processing of recycled aluminum to granules ..................................................................282 References .............................................................................................................................28 3 Chapter 13 Advanced aluminum alloy powders ...............................................................................284 Mechanical alloying ..............................................................................................................284 Rapid solidification process ...................................................................................................287 Centrifugal atomization ........................................................................................................292 RSR process .......................................................................................................................292 Spinning cup water granulation process ..........................................................................29 3 Water atomization ................................................................................................................296 Spray forming ...................................................................................................................304 Other technologies ................................................................................................................309 References ............................................................................................................................. 310 Chapter 14 Production of titanium and titanium alloy powders ......................................................314 Chemical reduction ............................................................................................................... 314 Sodium reduction method ................................................................................................ 314 Magnesium reduction Method .......................................................................................... 517 Calcium hydride reduction process ................................................................................... 31 7 Plasma-rotating electrode process (PREP) ........................................................................ 31 7 Gas atomization .................................................................................................................... 318 Hydrogenation/dehydrogenation (HUH) process ..............................................................318 Amalgam metallurgy technique .......................................................................................318 Electrolysis of titanium compounds ..................................................................................319 Electrolytic refining of titanium ........................................................................................319 Other methods ......................................................................................................................320 Method of disproportionation of lower titanium halogenides ..........................................320 Mechanical alloying ..........................................................................................................321 Applications ..........................................................................................................................321 References .............................................................................................................................323 xii Cements Chapter 15 Production of magnesium and magnesium alloy powders .............................................324 Mechanical crushing ............................................................................................................324 Melt atomization ...................................................................................................................326 Gas-phase method ................................................................................................................326 Production of magnesium granules .....................................................................................326 Applications .......................................................................................................................... 329 References .............................................................................................................................330 Chapter 16 Production of copper and copper alloy powders ...........................................................331 Atomization ..........................................................................................................................3 31 Commercial processes ...........................................................................................................3 32 Copper powders .................................................................................................................332 Copper alloy powders ........................................................................................................3 35 Brasses ..............................................................................................................................3 36 Bronzes ..............................................................................................................................336 Irregular Cu-Pb-Sn powders ............................................................................................3 39 Nickel silvers .....................................................................................................................3 39 Production of copper powder by solid phase reduction of copper oxide ...............................340 Oxidation of copper powder ..............................................................................................341 Reduction of copper oxide .................................................................................................341 Production of copper and copper alloy powders by electrolysis ............................................343 Electrodeposition of copper powders ....................................................................................343 Results of electrolyte composition ....................................................................................343 Results of processing conditions .......................................................................................343 Powder production ............................................................................................................345 Properties of electrolytic copper powders .............................................................................346 Applications ......................................................................................................................3 50 Production of copper powder by hydrometallurgical processing .........................................351 Leaching ...........................................................................................................................352 Reduction processes ..........................................................................................................352 Copper precipitation from sulfuric acid media ..................................................................3 52 Copper precipitation from ammonia media ......................................................................356 Copper precipitation from organic phase ..........................................................................357 Anhydride process ............................................................................................................. 357 Cementation ......................................................................................................................358 Electrowinning ..................................................................................................................359 Oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) copper powder production .........................................360 Manufacture .....................................................................................................................360 Properties ..........................................................................................................................361 Applications ......................................................................................................................361 Applications of copper and copper-base powders .................................................................364 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................367 References .............................................................................................................................367 Chapter 17 Production of nickel and nickel-alloy powders ..............................................................369 Carbonyl process of nickel powder production .....................................................................369 Nickel tetracarbonyl formation and decomposition .............................................................369 Commercial technique ......................................................................................................370 Low pressure carbonyl technique .....................................................................................370 Average pressure carbonyl technique ...............................................................................372 High pressure carbonyl technique ....................................................................................373 Health and environment protection measures in carbonyl nickel production .................374 Powder properties and applications ..................................................................................374 Hydrometallurgical processing .............................................................................................378 Conents xiii Feed processing .................................................................................................................379 Leaching ...........................................................................................................................379 Cobalt separation ..............................................................................................................380 Copper removal .................................................................................................................380 Oxidation and hydrolysis ................................................................................................... 381 Hydrogen reduction by autoclave processing ...................................................................381 Sulfide precipitation .......................................................................................................... 384 Powders covered by nickel .................................................................................................384 Autoclave processing of nickel hydroxide and carbonate pulps ........................................385 Atomization .......................................................................................................................... 386 Hardfacing powders .......................................................................................................... 386 Superalloy powders ........................................................................................................... 388 Mechanical alloying .............................................................................................................. 390 Production of nickel powder by reduction processes ............................................................ 39 3 Solid phase reduction ........................................................................................................393 Reduction by organic reagents .......................................................................................... 39 3 Production of nickel powder by electrolysis ..........................................................................394 References .............................................................................................................................397 Chapter 18 Production of cobalt and cobalt-alloy powders .............................................................399 Hydrometallurgical process ..................................................................................................399 Leach autoclave method ................................................................................................... 399 Solid phase reduction ............................................................................................................402 Atomization ..........................................................................................................................40 3 Carbonyl processing ..............................................................................................................404 Electrolytic method ...........................................................................................................405 Amalgam techniques ........................................................................................................ 40r> Other hydrometallurgical methods ................................................................................... 40ft References .............................................................................................................................408 Chapter 19 Production of zinc, cadmium and their alloy powders ..................................................409 Production of zinc powders ..................................................................................................409 Evaporation-condensation method ..................................................................................409 Inert gas condensation ......................................................................................................412 Melt atomization ...............................................................................................................41 3 Electrochemical method ...................................................................................................414 Other methods ..................................................................................................................414 Zinc powder size classification ..............................................................................................41 5 Properties of zinc powder ......................................................................................................41 ft Safety measures in zinc powder production and handling ...................................................416 Production of cadmium powders .........................................................................................41 7 Production of cadmium and zinc alloy powders ...................................................................418 Applications ..........................................................................................................................41 8 Zinc powders in protective zinc-rich coatings ...................................................................420 Anticorrosive zinc-rich coatings for roll and sheet steel and metal ware ..........................420 Sherardizing (thermo-diffusion galvanizing) ....................................................................421 Mechanical plating ...........................................................................................................422 References .............................................................................................................................422 Chapter 20 Production of noble metal powders ..............................................................................423 Production of silver powders ................................................................................................424 Chemical processes ...........................................................................................................424 Atomization ......................................................................................................................425 Mechanical comminution processes .................................................................................425 xiv Conents Production of silver powder from solution by electrolysis ................................................425 Production of silver powder by chemical reduction with electrochemical regeneration of the reducer ..........................................................................................426 Production of fibrous dendritic silver residue from molten electrolytes ............................426 Production of gold powders ..................................................................................................428 Production of platinum-group powders ...........................................................................428 Powders of platinum metals .............................................................................................428 Chemical reduction ...........................................................................................................430 The carbonyl process .........................................................................................................430 Autoclave precipitation .....................................................................................................431 Production of powders of alloys based on noble metals .......................................................432 Production of platinum black deposit (Niello) ......................................................................434 Synthesis of palladium nanoparticles by methods of zone electrochemistry .......................434 References .............................................................................................................................435 Chapter 21 Production of refractory metal powders ........................................................................436 Production of tungsten and tungsten carbide powders ........................................................436 Tungsten metal powder .....................................................................................................437 Production of tungsten powder by hydrogen reduction ...................................................437 Feed to process ...............................................................................................................437 Process ..........................................................................................................................4 37 Other tungsten powder production methods ........................................................................440 Reduction by solid carbon .................................................................................................440 Precipitation from gaseous phase of tungsten hexafluoride and tungsten hexachloride ..................................................................................................................440 Production of powder by a plasma process .......................................................................442 Amalgam method .............................................................................................................442 Carbonyl technique ...........................................................................................................443 Properties ..........................................................................................................................444 Tungsten powder applications ..........................................................................................448 Recovery of metallic tungsten ..........................................................................................450 Accident prevention when working with the powder .......................................................452 Tungsten carbide powder ..................................................................................................452 Production ........................................................................................................................452 Properties and applications ...............................................................................................454 Hardmetals ...........................................................................................................................454 Production of grade powders ............................................................................................454 Powder consolidation ........................................................................................................455 Sintering and post-sintering operations ............................................................................455 Other applications .................................................................................................................455 Hardfacing ........................................................................................................................455 Electrical contacts .............................................................................................................456 Diamond tools ...................................................................................................................456 Physical and chemical properties ......................................................................................456 Recycling ...........................................................................................................................460 Other refractory metals .........................................................................................................460 Molybdenum metal powder ..............................................................................................460 Production ........................................................................................................................462 Properties of molybdenum and molybdenum alloy powders ...........................................464 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................470 Production of niobium and tantalum powders ................................................................471 Niobium ............................................................................................................................471 Aluminothermic reduction ...............................................................................................471 Carbothermic reduction ....................................................................................................471 Conents xv Reduction by sodium .........................................................................................................472 Electrolysis of melt ............................................................................................................473 Hydride-dehydride process ...............................................................................................473 Tantalum ...........................................................................................................................475 Tantalum carbide ..............................................................................................................477 Consolidation and manufacturing of semi-products ........................................................478 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................478 Rhenium ...........................................................................................................................480 Production ........................................................................................................................480 Rhenium alloys .................................................................................................................480 Applications ......................................................................................................................480 References .............................................................................................................................481 Chapter 22 Production of rare metal powders .................................................................................485 Vanadium .............................................................................................................................486 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................491 Zirconium .............................................................................................................................492 Reduction of potassium hexachlorozirconate by sodium .................................................49 3 Reduction by calcium or calcium hydrate .........................................................................49 3 Production of zirconium powders by electrolysis .............................................................49 3 Amalgam method .............................................................................................................495 Combustion synthesis of zirconium nitrides .....................................................................495 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................495 Indium ..................................................................................................................................496 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................497 Thallium ...............................................................................................................................497 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................498 Ruthenium ............................................................................................................................498 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................499 Production of rare earth metal-alloy powders ......................................................................500 Physicochemical properties ..............................................................................................501 Physical properties ........................................................................................................501 Chemical properties ......................................................................................................501 Sources of raw material ....................................................................................................501 Methods of RE elements separation ..................................................................................503 Separation of RE by extraction .........................................................................................503 RE separation by ion-exchange chromatography .............................................................504 Schemes of complete separation .......................................................................................504 Production of RE powders ....................................................................................................505 Initial compounds for metals production ..........................................................................505 Production of chlorides .....................................................................................................505 Production of fluorides .....................................................................................................506 Electrochemical methods ..................................................................................................506 Metallothermic methods ...................................................................................................507 Lanthano-thermic method ...............................................................................................507 Carbo-thermic method ......................................................................................................507 Refinement of RE by distillation ........................................................................................507 Workplace atmosphere safety ...........................................................................................507 Range of applications ........................................................................................................508 Refractory and elevated temperature alloys ......................................................................508 Manufacture of electrodes ................................................................................................510 Permanentmagnets..........................................................................................................511 Cemented tungsten carbides .............................................................................................513 Beryllium ..............................................................................................................................513 xvi Conents Physical properties ............................................................................................................514 Beryllium compounds .......................................................................................................515 Sources of raw material ....................................................................................................515 Magnesium-thermal reduction of beryllium fluoride .......................................................516 Electrolysis from chloride electrolyte .................................................................................516 Production of leafed beryllium by electrorefining from melts ..........................................517 Powder production ............................................................................................................517 Grinding ............................................................................................................................517 Gas atomization ................................................................................................................518 Microalloying influences ...................................................................................................518 Powder consolidation and the production of wrought products ......................................519 Vacuum hot pressing (VHP) ..............................................................................................519 Hot isostatic pressure (HIP) ...............................................................................................520 Wrought product forms ....................................................................................................520 Applications of beryllium .................................................................................................522 Nuclear and x-ray applications .....................................................................................522 Aerospace applications .................................................................................................522 High temperature conditions ........................................................................................522 Apparatus applications .................................................................................................522 Alloys of beryllium ........................................................................................................522 Workplace atmosphere safety .......................................................................................522 Scandium ..............................................................................................................................524 Physical properties ............................................................................................................524 Sources of raw material ....................................................................................................52 5 Scandium production .......................................................................................................525 Applications ......................................................................................................................527 Radioactive metals: thorium and uranium ...........................................................................5 31 Physical and chemical properties ......................................................................................531 Thorium powder production .............................................................................................5 32 Reduction of thorium dioxide by calcium .........................................................................532 Electrolysis of melts ...........................................................................................................532 Production of thorium compacts ......................................................................................532 Uranium powder production ............................................................................................53 3 Applications ......................................................................................................................533 Safety engineering ............................................................................................................533 References .............................................................................................................................534 Chapter 23 Production of powders of lead, tin, bismuth and their alloys ........................................538 Atomization ..........................................................................................................................538 Lead powder production .......................................................................................................539 Tin powder production .........................................................................................................541 Electrolytic bismuth powder production ...............................................................................544 Health and environment protection .....................................................................................544 Applications ..........................................................................................................................545 References .............................................................................................................................547 Section 5 Safety Engineering in the Production of Powders .............................................549 Chapter 24 Safety engineering in the production of powders ..........................................................551 Dangerous and harmful manufacturing factors ...................................................................551 Dust gaseous and vapor emissions ....................................................................................551 Properties of powders ...........................................................................................................552 Adhesion ..............................................................................................................552 Hygroscopicity and wettability .........................................................................................553 Abrasiveness .........................................................................................................553 Cements xvii Ambient noise and vibration ............................................................................................553 Heat radiation ...................................................................................................................553 Electrostatic electricity ......................................................................................................553 Inflammability and explosivity of powders .......................................................................5 54 Thermophysical properties ...............................................................................................5 55 Workplace atmosphere limited powder threshold values .................................................558 Techniques for the prevention of exposure to hazards .........................................................560 Common demands to production area, equipment and processes ....................................560 For preventing exposure ............................................................................................561 For controlling exposure hazards ..............................................................................56] Explosion and fire safety ....................................................................................................562 Quenching means .............................................................................................................56 3 Isolation of powder-gas emissions ....................................................................................564 Ejection pressurept, ...........................................................................................................566 Overpressure in closed chambers ......................................................................................567 Pressure created by equipment moving parts ...................................................................568 Heat pressurept .................................................................................................................569 Pressure pml - mass transfer result ....................................................................................569 Capacity of local suctions .................................................................................................570 Aspiration in combustible powder conditions ...................................................................570 Melt atomization units ......................................................................................................571 Grinding units ...................................................................................................................572 Definition of the local exhaust capacity ................................................................................572 Aspiration during particulate material reloading in closed gravity chutes ..........................572 Example of the computation .............................................................................................580 Solution .........................................................................................................................580 Discharge of containers ....................................................................................................581 Single rotary hammer mills ..............................................................................................582 Determination of the basic calculated magnitudes ..........................................................582 Water treatment ....................................................................................................................586 Mechanical treatment methods ........................................................................................586 Chemical treatment methods ............................................................................................586 Ion-exchange method ...................................................................................................588 Sorption, evaporation and flotation methods .......................................................................589 Sorption Method ...........................................................................................................589 Evaporation Method ......................................................................................................590 Flotation Method ...........................................................................................................590 Dust and gas cleaning ...........................................................................................................590 Waste products utilization. Storing and Transportation ......................................................592 Waste utilization ...........................................................................................................592 Storing and transportation of hazardous powders .......................................................59 3 References .............................................................................................................................594 Appendix 1 Methods of powder characterization and testing .....................................................597 Appendix 2 Metal powder specifications ........................................................................................599 Appendix 3 Abbreviations and symbols ..........................................................................................601 Index ......................................................................................................................................609 I he Handbook of Non-Ferrous Metal Powders provides a highly-detailed reference work which covers the classification, manufacturing methods, including fundamentals . treatment, properties, and applications ot the non-ferrous metals and their alloy powders: aluminum, titanium, magnesium, copper, nickel, cobalt, /me cadmium, lead, tin. bismuth, refractory metals, noble metals, and rare metals. internationally respected author team with many years experience m the powders, it is ли important reference tool tor manufacturers, specifiers, I research workers in the metal powder industry. Related A - Z of Powder Metallu 978-I-856I-7429-9 Konstanty: Powder k ond Fools. 2 ,61-7440-4
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spelling	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders Oleg D. Neikov ... Handbook of powders of non-ferrous metals 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2009 XVII, 621 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier aPowder metallurgy vHandbooks, manuals, etc aNonferrous metals vHandbooks, manuals, etc Metallpulver (DE-588)4133858-3 gnd rswk-swf Nichteisenmetall (DE-588)4042063-2 gnd rswk-swf Pulvermetallurgie (DE-588)4047840-3 gnd rswk-swf Metallpulver (DE-588)4133858-3 s Nichteisenmetall (DE-588)4042063-2 s Pulvermetallurgie (DE-588)4047840-3 s DE-604 Neikov, Oleg D. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013100957&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013100957&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext
spellingShingle	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders aPowder metallurgy vHandbooks, manuals, etc aNonferrous metals vHandbooks, manuals, etc Metallpulver (DE-588)4133858-3 gnd Nichteisenmetall (DE-588)4042063-2 gnd Pulvermetallurgie (DE-588)4047840-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4133858-3 (DE-588)4042063-2 (DE-588)4047840-3
title	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders
title_alt	Handbook of powders of non-ferrous metals
title_auth	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders
title_exact_search	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders
title_full	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders Oleg D. Neikov ...
title_fullStr	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders Oleg D. Neikov ...
title_full_unstemmed	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders Oleg D. Neikov ...
title_short	Handbook of non-ferrous metal powders
title_sort	handbook of non ferrous metal powders
topic	aPowder metallurgy vHandbooks, manuals, etc aNonferrous metals vHandbooks, manuals, etc Metallpulver (DE-588)4133858-3 gnd Nichteisenmetall (DE-588)4042063-2 gnd Pulvermetallurgie (DE-588)4047840-3 gnd
topic_facet	aPowder metallurgy vHandbooks, manuals, etc aNonferrous metals vHandbooks, manuals, etc Metallpulver Nichteisenmetall Pulvermetallurgie
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013100957&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=013100957&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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