US and EC oligopoly control:
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
The Hague
Kluwer Law Internat.
2004
|
| Series: | International competition law series
14 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Teilw. zugl.: Florenz, European Univ. Inst., Florence, Diss., 2003 Includes bibliographical references (p. [249]-269) |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 269 S. |
| ISBN: | 9041122966 |
Staff View
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| 490 | 1 | |a International competition law series |v 14 | |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII
FOREWORD IX
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 0. ECONOMICS OF OLIGOPOLY 5
1. INTRODUCTION 5
2. NEO-CLASSICAL ECONOMIC THEORY 6
2.1. PARADIGM OF PERFECT COMPETITION 6
2.2. PARADIGM OF MONOPOLY 6
3. THEORIES OF OLIGOPOLY * 8
4. STATIC MODELS OF OLIGOPOLY 9
4.1.COURNOT 9
4.2. BERTRAND 9
4.3. STACKELBERG AND EDGEWORTH 10
5. DIFFERENT SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT 10
5.1. STRUCTURALISTS 11
5.2. BEHAVIOURALISTS 11
6. GAME THEORY 12
6.1. STATIC GAMES 13
6.2. REPEATED GAMES 15
7. MARKET CHARACTERISTICS 17
7.1. NUMBER OF COMPETITORS AND CONCENTRATION 17
7.1.1. NUMBER OF COMPETITORS 17
7.1.2. CONCENTRATION OF COMPETITORS 19
7.2. HOMOGENEITY OF SUPPLIERS 20
7.2.1. COST STRUCTURE 20
7.2.2. CAPACITY 21
7.3. COUNTERVAILING COMPETITIVE POWER 21
7.3.1. REAL COMPETITION 21
7.3.2. POTENTIAL COMPETITION 22
7.4. BARRIERS TO ENTRY 23
7.5. COUNTERVAILING BUYERS' POWER 24
7.6. HOMOGENEITY OF PRODUCTS 24
7.7. TRANSPARENCY 25
7.8. MULTI-MARKET CONTACTS 25
7.9. VARIATIONS OF DEMAND OVER TIME 26
7.10. CHARACTERISTICS OF TRANSACTIONS 26
8. FACILITATING PRACTICES 27
8.1. PRICE LEADERSHIP 28
8.2. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 29
8.3. PRODUCT STANDARDIZATION 31
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
8.4. GEOGRAPHICAL PRICING SYSTEMS 31
8.5. CONTINGENCY CLAUSES 32
9. CONCLUSION 34
CHAPTER 1. SHERMAN ACT SECTION 1 37
1. INTRODUCTION 37
2. DOCTRINAL DEBATE 38
2.1. HARVARD OR STRUCTURAL SCHOOL: TURNER 38
2.2. CHICAGO OR BEHAVIOURAL SCHOOL: POSNER 40
2.3. MARKOVITS 41
3. CASE LAW ON SECTION 1 OF THE SHERMAN ACT 43
3.1. EVIDENCE REQUIRED 47
3.2. PLUS-FACTORS 48
3.2.1. MOTIVE TO CONSPIRE 48
3.2.2. BEHAVIOUR AGAINST SELF-INTEREST 49
3.2.3. FACTUAL PLUS-FACTORS 51
3.2.4. ECONOMIC PLUS-FACTORS 51
3.2.5. FACILITATING PRACTICES AS PLUS-FACTOR 52
3.3. STANDARD OF PROOF 54
4. CONCLUSION 55
CHAPTER 2. SHERMAN ACT SECTION 2 57
1. INTRODUCTION 57
2. DOCTRINAL DEBATE 58
2.1. STRUCTURAL SCHOOL: TURNER 58
2.2. PROPOSED DE-CONCENTRATION LEGISLATION 60
2.3. CHICAGO SCHOOL: POSNER 61
3. CASE LAW . 62
3.1. JOINT MONOPOLIZATION 62
3.2. CONSPIRACY TO MONOPOLIZE 64
3.3. ATTEMPT TO MONOPOLIZE 65
4. CONCLUSION 66
CHAPTER 3. SECTION 5(A) FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION ACT 67
1. INTRODUCTION 67
2. APPLICATION SECTION 5 FTCA TO INCIPIENT SECTION 1
OF THE SHERMAN ACT OFFENCES 68
3. FAILURE TO APPLY SECTION 5 FTCA TO SHARED MONOPOLY 68
4. CONCLUSION 70
CHAPTER 4. ARTICLE 81(1) OF THE EC TREATY 71
1. INTRODUCTION 71
2. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 81(1) TO OLIGOPOLISTIC BEHAVIOUR: EARLY CASE
LAW 71
2.1. THE DYESTUFFS CASE 71
2.2. THE SUIKER UNIE CASE 75
2.3. THE ZIICHNER CASE 76
3. CLARIFICATION: THE WOODPULP CASE 77
3.1. EVIDENTIARY FORCE OF PARALLELISM OF BEHAVIOUR 77
XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2. ADVANCE PRICE ANNOUNCEMENTS 79
3.3. IMPLICATIONS OF WOODPULP-BENCHMARK ON PARALLELISM OF BEHAVIOUR 80
4. SUBSEQUENT CASE LAW AND DECISION PRACTICE 81
5. CONCERTED PRACTICE: EVIDENCE OF ANTI-COMPETITIVE OBJECT 82
6. CONCLUSION 84
CHAPTER 5. ARTICLE 82 OF THE EC TREATY 87
1. INTRODUCTION 87
2. APPLICABILITY OF ARTICLE 82 TO COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE: EARLY
DEVELOPMENTS 89
3. ARTICLE 82 APPLIED TO UNDERTAKINGS FORMING PART OF AN ECONOMIC
ENTITY:
THE BODSON CASE 90
4. ARTICLE 82 APPLIED TO INDEPENDENT UNDERTAKINGS:
THE SOCIETA ITALIANA VETRO CASE 92
5. THE MAGILL DECISION 94
6. COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AND RULES OF TRADE ASSOCIATIONS: THE
ALMELO AND BAGNASCO CASES 94
7. COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AND NATIONAL LEGISLATION: THREE CASES 96
8. COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AND SHIPPING CONFERENCES 98
8.1. THE FRENCH-WEST AFRICAN SHIPOWNERS' COMMITTEE DECISION 98
8.2. THE TACA CASE 99
8.2.1. THE COMMISSION'S TACA DECISION 99
8.2.2. THE CFI JUDGEMENT IN THE CASE TACA V COMMISSION 100
8.3. THE CASE COMPAGNIE MARITIME BEIGE AND OTHERS V. COMMISSION 101
8.3.1. THE CEWAL DECISION 101
8.3.2. THE COMPAGNIE MARITIME BEIGE CASE BEFORE THE CFI 102
8.3.3. OPINION OF AG FENNELLY 103
8.3.4. THE JUDGEMENT OF THE ECJ IN THE COMPAGNIE
MARITIME BEIGE CASE 103
9. VERTICAL COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AND INDIVIDUAL ABUSE: THE IRISH SUGAR
CASE 105
9.1. VERTICAL COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 105
9.2. INDIVIDUAL ABUSE OF A COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION 106
9.3. COMMENTS ON THE IRISH SUGAR JUDGEMENT 107
10. COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE UNDER ARTICLE 82, THE STATE OF ART 108
10.1. LINKS, ARTICLE 81 AND BEYOND? 109
10.2. ABUSE, ARTICLE 81 AND BEYOND? 110
10.3. ABUSE: AGREEMENTS AND CONCERTED PRACTICES WITHIN THE
MEANING OF ARTICLE 81(1) 110
10.4. SIMULTANEOUS APPLICATION ARTICLES 81 AND 82 -
COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 111
10.5. THE PLUS VALUE OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 113
10.6. ABUSE, TACIT COLLUSION 114
10.7. ABUSES OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION 115
10.7.1. EXCESSIVE PRICING 115
10.7.2. UK ENTERPRISE ACT: MARKET INVESTIGATIONS 117
10.7.3. OTHER ABUSES OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITIONS 120
CHAPTER 6. FACILITATING PRACTICES IN OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKETS UNDER US LAW
121
1. INTRODUCTION 121
2. DOCTRINAL DEBATE 122
3. 1978 DOJ DEPARTMENT MEMORANDUM ON PARALLEL PRICING DEVICES 123
XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4. CASE LAW ON DIFFERENT FACILITATING PRACTICES 124
5. EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 124
5.1. EARLY EXCHANGES OF INFORMATION THROUGH TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 126
5.2. INFORMATION EXCHANGES DIRECTLY BETWEEN COMPETITORS 128
5.3. ANTITRUST GUIDELINES FOR COLLABORATION AMONG COMPETITORS 130
5.4. ADVANCE PRICE ANNOUNCEMENTS 131
5.4.1. ADVANCE PRICE ANNOUNCEMENTS AND
SECTION 2 SHERMAN ACT 134
6. OTHER FACILITATING PRACTICES 135
6.1. GEOGRAPHICAL PRICING SYSTEMS 135
6.2. CONTINGENCY CLAUSES 141
7. CONCLUSION 142
CHAPTER 7. FACILITATING PRACTICES UNDER EC LAW 143
1. INTRODUCTION 143
2. FACILITATING PRACTICES UNDER ARTICLE 81(1) 143
3. INFORMATION EXCHANGES 143
3.1. INFORMATION EXCHANGES THROUGH TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 144
3.1.1. EARLY CASE LAW 144
3.1.2. SEVENTH REPORT ON COMPETITION POLICY OF 1977 146
3.1.3. SUBSEQUENT DECISION PRACTICE AND CASE LAW
CONCERNING INFORMATION EXCHANGES THROUGH
TRADE ASSOCIATIONS 147
3.1.4. UK TRACTOR REGISTRATION EXCHANGE DECISION 150
3.1.5. THE UK TRACTOR CASE BEFORE THE EUROPEAN COURTS 152
3.1.6. AFTER THE UK TRACTOR CASE 154
3.1.7. DIFFERENCE IN US-EU APPROACHES 155
3.2. INFORMATION EXCHANGES DIRECTLY BETWEEN COMPETITORS 156
3.2.1. REQUIREMENT OF RECIPROCITY 157
3.2.2. COMPARISON WITH US APPROACH ON RECIPROCITY 158
3.3. INFORMATION EXCHANGES THROUGH PUBLIC ADVANCE
PRICE ANNOUNCEMENTS 159
3.3.1. THE REQUIREMENT OF RECIPROCITY 160
3.3.2. PARAMETER: REMOVE UNCERTAINTY 161
3.4. CONCLUSION ON INFORMATION EXCHANGES 163
4. OTHER FACILITATING PRACTICES 163
4.1. THE COMMISSION'S GUIDELINES ON VERTICAL RESTRAINTS 163
4.2. GEOGRAPHICAL PRICING SYSTEMS 164
4.3. CONTINGENCY CLAUSES 165
4.4. STANDARDIZATION 166
5. CONCLUSION 167
6. UNILATERAL ADOPTION OF FACILITATING PRACTICES UNDER
ARTICLE 82 OF THE EC TREATY 168
6.1. INTRODUCTION 168
6.2. ANTI-COMPETITIVE ABUSE WITHIN THE COLLECTIVE
DOMINANT POSITION - STRENGTHENING OF THE COLLECTIVE
DOMINANCE FROM WITHIN 168
6.3. UNILATERAL ADOPTION OF FACILITATING PRACTICES - ARTICLE 82 169
6.4. INDIVIDUAL ABUSE OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANT POSITION 170
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.5. INDIVIDUAL ADOPTION OF FACILITATING PRACTICES 171
6.6. COMPARISON WITH THE US APPROACH 172
CHAPTER 8. US MERGER CONTROL IN OLIGOPOLISTIC MARKETS 173
1. SECTION 7 CLAYTON ACT 173
2. EARLY US MERGER CONTROL, THE SHERMAN ACT 173
3. EARLY CASE LAW. STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION OF SECTION 7 CLAYTON ACT
175
4. THE 1968 DOJ MERGER GUIDELINES 178
5. THE RISE OF THE CHICAGO SCHOOL 179
6. THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE MERGER GUIDELINES OF 1982 AND 1984 180
7. SUBSEQUENT CASE LAW 181
8. THE DOJ AND FTC 1992 HORIZONTAL MERGER GUIDELINES 182
8.1. CONCENTRATION AND MARKET SHARES 183
8.2. COMPETITIVE EFFECTS 184
8.2.1. LESSENING OF COMPETITION THROUGH
COORDINATED EFFECTS 184
8.2.2. LESSENING OF COMPETITION THROUGH UNILATERAL
EFFECTS 185
8.2.2.1. FIRMS DISTINGUISHED PRIMARILY BY
DIFFERENTIATED PRODUCTS 186
8.2.2.2. FIRMS DISTINGUISHED PRIMARILY
BY THEIR CAPACITIES 187
9. CASES AFTER 1992 GUIDELINES 187
9.1. LOWER COURTS' DECISIONS 188
9.1.1. COORDINATED EFFECTS - THREE OR MORE 189
9.1.2. COORDINATED EFFECTS - HIGH CONCENTRATION ALLOWED 191
9.1.3. THE HEINZ/BEECH-NUT CASE 191
9.1.4. CONTEMPORANEOUSLY ALLEGING BOTH COORDINATED AND
UNILATERAL EFFECTS 193
9.1.5. CASES ON UNILATERAL EFFECTS 195
10. RENEWED SPOTLIGHT ON COORDINATED EFFECTS? 198
CHAPTER 9. CONTROLLING OLIGOPOLIES UNDER THE EC MERGER REGULATION 201
1. ARTICLE 2(3) OF REGULATION 4064/89 EC 1 201
1.1. THE COMING INTO EXISTENCE OF EC MERGER REGULATION 4046/89 201
2. APPLICATION OF THE MERGER REGULATION TO COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE: EARLY
DEVELOPMENTS 203
3. CASE LAW ON COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE UNDER THE MERGER REGULATION 204
3.1. THE NESTLE/PERRIER DECISION 204
3.2. THE CASE FRANCE V. COMMISSION 206
3.2.1. THE KALI UND SALZ/MITTELDEUTSCHE KALI AG DECISION 206
3.2.2. THE CASE FRANCE V. COMMISSION BEFORE THE ECJ 208
3.2.2.1. THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MERGER
REGULATION TO COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 209
3.2.2.2. ON THE SUBSTANCE 210
3.3. THE GENCOR CASE 212
3.3.1. THE COMMISSION'S GENCOR/LONRHO DECISION 212
3.3.2. THE GENCOR CASE BEFORE THE CFI 214
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.3.2.1. APPLICABILITY OF THE MERGER REGULATION TO
COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 214
3.3.2.2. ON THE SUBSTANCE 214
3.4. THE AIRTOURS CASE: A PAINFUL DEFEAT FOR THE COMMISSION 216
3.4.1. THE COMMISSION'S AIRTOURS/FIRST CHOICE DECISION 217
3.4.2. THE CASE AIRTOURS V. COMMISSION BEFORE THE CFI 219
3.4.2.1. THE CFI'S GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
ON COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE 219
4. COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE UNDER THE MERGER REGULATION: THREE OR MORE 222
5. THE CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE AFTER AIRTOURS 223
6. THE COMMISSION'S AIRTOURS/FIRST CHOICE DECISION, COORDINATED EFFECTS
OR
UNILATERAL EFFECTS? 224
7. UNILATERAL EFFECTS UNDER THE MERGER REGULATION - WIDENING THE
CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE DOMINANCE? 225
8. OTHER SOLUTIONS 227
9. UNILATERAL EFFECTS UNDER THE MERGER REGULATION 4064/89 EC 227
10. THE COMMISSION'S PROPOSAL FOR A REVIEW OF THE MERGER REGULATION 228
11. MAINTAINING THE 'DOMINANCE TEST', A WISE CHOICE? 231
12. MERGER REGULATION 139/04 EC 232
13. THE COMMISSION'S GUIDELINES ON THE ASSESSMENT OF HORIZONTAL MERGERS
233
13.1. MARKET SHARES AND CONCENTRATION 233
13.2. NON-COORDINATED EFFECTS 234
13.2.1. MERGING FIRMS HAVE LARGE MARKET SHARES 235
13.2.2. MERGING FIRMS ARE CLOSE COMPETITORS 235
13.2.3. CUSTOMERS HAVE LIMITED POSSIBILITIES OF
SWITCHING SUPPLIER 236
13.2.4. COMPETITORS ARE UNLIKELY TO INCREASE SUPPLY
IF PRICES INCREASE 236
13.2.5. MERGED ENTITY ABLE TO HINDER EXPANSION
BY COMPETITORS 236
13.2.6. MERGER ELIMINATES AN IMPORTANT COMPETITIVE
FORCE 236
13.3. COORDINATED EFFECTS 237
13.3.1. REACHING TERMS OF COORDINATION 237
13.3.2. MONITORING DEVIATIONS 238
13.3.3. DETERRENT MECHANISMS 239
14. CONCLUSION ON EC MERGER CONTROL AND OLIGOPOLIES 240
CONCLUSION 241
BIBLIOGRAPHY 249
INDEX 271
XVI |
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| genre | (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten USA |
| id | DE-604.BV019667226 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:07:41Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9041122966 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004053752 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012995515 |
| oclc_num | 237895082 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M382 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | XVI, 269 S. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Kluwer Law Internat. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | International competition law series |
| series2 | International competition law series |
| spelling | Stroux, Sigrid Verfasser aut US and EC oligopoly control by Sigrid Stroux The Hague Kluwer Law Internat. 2004 XVI, 269 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier International competition law series 14 Teilw. zugl.: Florenz, European Univ. Inst., Florence, Diss., 2003 Includes bibliographical references (p. [249]-269) Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Antitrust law - European Economic Community countries Antitrust law - United States Oligopolies - European Economic eaCommunity countries Oligopolies - United States Antitrust law United States Antitrust law European Economic Community countries Oligopolies United States Oligopolies European Economic eaCommunity countries Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd rswk-swf Oligopol (DE-588)4043484-9 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten USA USA (DE-588)4078704-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Oligopol (DE-588)4043484-9 s Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 s USA (DE-588)4078704-7 g DE-604 International competition law series 14 (DE-604)BV014209489 14 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012995515&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Stroux, Sigrid US and EC oligopoly control International competition law series Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Antitrust law - European Economic Community countries Antitrust law - United States Oligopolies - European Economic eaCommunity countries Oligopolies - United States Antitrust law United States Antitrust law European Economic Community countries Oligopolies United States Oligopolies European Economic eaCommunity countries Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd Oligopol (DE-588)4043484-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4029788-3 (DE-588)4043484-9 (DE-588)4078704-7 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | US and EC oligopoly control |
| title_auth | US and EC oligopoly control |
| title_exact_search | US and EC oligopoly control |
| title_full | US and EC oligopoly control by Sigrid Stroux |
| title_fullStr | US and EC oligopoly control by Sigrid Stroux |
| title_full_unstemmed | US and EC oligopoly control by Sigrid Stroux |
| title_short | US and EC oligopoly control |
| title_sort | us and ec oligopoly control |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Antitrust law - European Economic Community countries Antitrust law - United States Oligopolies - European Economic eaCommunity countries Oligopolies - United States Antitrust law United States Antitrust law European Economic Community countries Oligopolies United States Oligopolies European Economic eaCommunity countries Kartellrecht (DE-588)4029788-3 gnd Oligopol (DE-588)4043484-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Antitrust law - European Economic Community countries Antitrust law - United States Oligopolies - European Economic eaCommunity countries Oligopolies - United States Antitrust law United States Antitrust law European Economic Community countries Oligopolies United States Oligopolies European Economic eaCommunity countries Kartellrecht Oligopol Europäische Gemeinschaften. Mitgliedsstaaten USA Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012995515&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV014209489 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT strouxsigrid usandecoligopolycontrol |