Turkish: a comprehensive grammar
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Routledge
2005
|
| Series: | Routledge comprehensive grammars
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| Subjects: | |
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| Physical Description: | XL, 580 S. |
| ISBN: | 0415114942 041521761x |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Göksel, Aslı |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1223049248 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Turkish |b a comprehensive grammar |c Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake |
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Routledge |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XL, 580 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Routledge comprehensive grammars | |
| 500 | |a Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke | ||
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Türkisch |0 (DE-588)4120079-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Grammatik |0 (DE-588)4021806-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Kerslake, Celia |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
Acknowledgements
xxii
Introduction
xxiv
Abbreviations
xxxiv
List of conventions observed in this book
xxxvi
The TAirkish alphabet and writing conventions
xxxviii
Parti
Phonology: the sound system
1
1
Phonological units
3
1.1
Consonants and vowels
3
1.1.1
Consonants
3
1.1.1.1
Consonants and their allophones
4
1.1.2
Vowels
10
1.1.2.1
Vowels and their
ałłophones
10
1.1.2.2
Long vowels
12
1.2
The distribution of consonants and vowels
12
1.2.1
Consonant clusters
13
2
Sound changes produced in the stem by
suffixation
14
2.1
Alternations of voiceless/voiced consonants:
p / b ,
ť/ ď, kV g ,
k / g ,
ç / c
14
2.2
Alternations of single consonants with double
consonants
17
2.3
Vowel/0 alternation
18
2.4
Short/long vowel alternations
19
2.5
аг/е
alternation
19
2.6
Alternation of a , e , u and
ü
with
Ί
and i
20
3
Vowel harmony
21
3.1
Types of vowel harmony
21
3.2
Vowel harmony in suffixes and clitics
22
3.2.1
Vowel harmony in I-type suffixes
22
3.2.2
Vowel harmony in
A-type
suffixes
23
3.3
Vowel harmony in roots
24
3.4
Exceptions to vowel harmony
24
vi
Contents
4
Word stress
26
4.1
Stress in
roots
26
4.1.1
Regular roots
26
4.1.2
Irregular roots and stems
27
4.2
Stress in compounds
28
4.3
Stress in suffixes
29
4.3.1
Stressable suffixes
29
4.3.2
Unstressable suffixes and clitics
31
4.3.2.1
The effect of unstressable suffixes and
clitics on word stress
32
5
Intonation and sentence stress
35
5.1
The intonation contours of Turkish
35
5.2
Position of stress in the intonational phrase
37
5.2.1
Primary stress
37
5.2.2
Secondary stress
38
5.3
Sentences with more than one intonation contour
39
Part
2
Morphology: the structure of words
41
6
Principles of
suffixation
43
6.1
The form of suffixes
43
6.1.1
Vowel alternation in suffixes
43
6.1.2
Consonant alternation in suffixes:
ç / c ,
t / d
and k / g
43
6.1.3
The attachment of a suffix to a root or stem:
deletable vowels and consonants
44
6.2
Irregular changes in roots and suffixes under (further)
suffixation
46
6.3
The order of
suffixation
48
7
Word classes, derivation and derivational suffixes
49
7.1
Word classes
49
7.1.1
Nominais
49
7.1.2
Verbs
51
7.1.3
Postpositions
51
7.1.4
Conjunctions and discourse connectives
51
7.1.5
Interjections
51
7.2
Derivation
52
7.2.1
Suffixes that attach to verbs
53
7.2.1.1
Suffixes that attach to verbs to form
nominais
53
7.2.1.2
Suffixes that attach to verbs to form verbs
56
Contents
vii
7.2.2 Suffixes
that attach to
nominais
57
7.2.2.1
Suffixes that attach to
nominais
to form
verbs
57
7.2.2.2
Suffixes that attach to
nominais
to form
nominais
59
7.3
The internal ordering of derivational suffixes
66
7.4
Prefixation
67
Inflectional suffixes
68
8.1
Nominal inflectional suffixes
68
8.1.1
The plural suffix -lAr
68
8.1.2
Possessive suffixes
69
8.1.3
Case suffixes
70
8.1.4
Other nominal inflectional markers
70
8.2
Verbal inflectional suffixes
73
8.2.1
Voice suffixes
75
8.2.1.1
Causative
75
8.2.1.2
Passive
75
8.2.1.3
Reflexive
76
8.2.1.4
Reciprocal
76
8.2.2
The negative marker
77
8.2.3
Tense/aspect/modality markers
77
8.2.3.1
Position
1 79
8.2.3.2
Position
2 79
8.2.3.3
Position
3 79
8.3
The copula be ,
copular
markers and
-Dir 84
8.3.1
The copula be
84
8.3.2
The
copular
markers -(y)DI,
-(y)mlş
and -(y)sA
84
8.3.3 -Dir 86
8.4
Person markers
87
8.5
Subordinating suffixes
90
8.5.1
Multi-functional subordinating suffixes:
-DIK,
-(y)AcAK,
-mA, -mAK
91
8.5.1.1
-DIK
and -(y)AcAK
91
8.5.1.2
-mA and -mAK
93
8.5.2
Subordinating suffixes which have a single function
95
8.5.2.1
-(y)An and
-(y)Iş
95
8.5.2.2
Subordinating suffixes which only form
converbs
95
Reduplication
98
9.1
Emphatic reduplication
98
9.2
m-reduplication
99
9.3
Doubling
100
9.3.1
Doubling in lexical formations
101
viii Contents
10
Noun compounds
102
10.1
Bare compounds
102
10.1.1
Bare noun compounds
102
10.1.2
Adjective-noun compounds
102
10.2
-(s)! compounds
103
10.3
Embedding compounds within other compounds
106
10.4
Separability of the constituents of compounds
107
11
Clitics
109
11.1
The clitics of Turkish
109
11.1.1
The properties of particular clitics
109
11.1.1.1
bile
109
11.1.1.2
dA
110
11.1.1.3
-iyjsA/be
111
11.1.1.4
ki
111
11.1.1.5
ml
112
11.1.1.6
ya
114
11.2
Classification of clitics by relative power
115
11.2.1
Combinations of clitics within the intonational
phrase
115
11.2.2
The combination of clitics with the negative
marker -mA
116
Part3
Syntax: the structure of sentences
117
12
Simple and complex sentences
119
12.1
Constituents of a sentence: subject and predicate
119
12.1.1
Predicate
119
12.1.1.1
Verbal sentences
120
12.1.1.2
Nominal sentences
120
12.1.1.3
The complementarity of -(y)· and var/yok
with ol-
124
12.1.2
Expression of the subject
126
12.2
Agreement of subject and predicate
127
12.2.1
Person and number marking on the predicate
127
12.2.2
Agreement of the predicate with different types
of plural subject
129
12.2.2.1
Subject marked with the plural suffix
129
12.2.2.2
Subjects containing determiners
131
12.2.2.3
Pronominalized determiners as subjects
131
12.2.2.4
Conjoined subjects
133
12.2.3
Personal pronouns as subject complements
134
12.3
Complex sentences and subordination
135
12.4
Functional sentence types
137
Contents
ix
13
The verb phrase
139
13.1
Constituents of the verb phrase
140
13.1.1
The verb
140
13.1.2
Complements of the verb
141
13.1.2.1
Direct object
141
13.1.2.2
Oblique object
142
13.1.3
Adverbiais
144
13.2
Transitivity and voice
145
13.2.1
Causative constructions
146
13.2.1.1
Multiple occurrences of the causative
suffix
147
13.2.1.2
Causatives of verbs of emotion
148
13.2.2
Passive constructions
149
13.2.2.1
Passivizing a transitive verb
149
13.2.2.2
Expressing the agent in a passive sentence
149
13.2.2.3
Impersonal passives
151
13.2.2.4
Double passive constructions
151
13.2.3
Constructions with non-productive voice suffixes
152
13.2.3.1
Reflexive constructions
153
13.2.3.2
Reciprocal constructions
154
13.2.4
Combinations of voice suffixes
155
13.3
Auxiliary verbs
156
13.3.1
Compound verb forms
157
13.3.1.1
Compound verb forms containing bound
auxiliaries
157
13.3.1.2
Compound verb forms containing free
auxiliaries
158
13.3.2
Nominal-verb compounds
160
14
The noun phrase
161
14.1
Structure of the noun phrase
162
14.1.1
Items which can function as the head of a noun
phrase
162
14.1.2
Modifiers in the noun phrase
163
14.2
Countability
163
14.2.1
Uses of the indefinite article
bir
with noun
phrases that do not denote discrete entities
164
14.3
Nominal inflection
165
14.3.1
Number
165
14.3.1.1
Plural marking with-Mr
165
14.3.12
Further uses of the plural suffix -lAr
167
14.3.13
Transnumeral
uses of the unmarked form
169
14.3.2
Possession
170
14.3.2.1
Marking possession in -(s)I compounds
172
χ
Contents
14.3.3
Case
173
14.3.3.1
The non-case-marked noun phrase
173
14.3.3.2
The accusative case marker
175
14.3.3.3
The dative case marker
177
14.3.3.4
The locative case marker
178
14.3.3.5
The ablative case marker
179
14.3.3.6
The genitive case marker
181
14.4
The genitive-possessive construction
182
14.5
Partitive constructions
185
14.5.1
The bare-headed partitive construction with
ablative-marked modifier
186
14.5.2
The -^/-marked partitive construction with
ablative-marked modifier
188
14.5.3
The -(cjZ-marked partitive construction with
genitive-marked modifier
189
14.5.4
Other features of partitive constructions
190
14.6
Stress in noun phrases
190
15
Adjectival constructions, determiners and namends
191
15.1
Functions of
adjectivais
191
15.2
Adjectives
192
15.2.1
Forming adjectives by means of derivational
suffixes
193
15.2.2
Intensive forms
193
15.3
Complex
adjectivais
193
15.3.1
Adjective
+
noun
193
15.3.2
Locative-marked noun phrase
194
15.3.3
Ablative-marked noun phrase
194
15.3.4
Noun phrase marked with
-// 194
15.3.5
Noun phrase marked with -Ilk
195
15.3.6
Locative-marked noun phrase
+
-ki
195
15.3.7
Temporal adverbial
+
-¿f
196
15.3.8
Noun phrase
+
diye
196
15.3.9
Relative clause
197
15.3.10
Possessive-marked noun phrase
+
adjective
(truncated relative clause)
197
15.4
Modification of adjectives
197
15.4.1
General modification
197
15.4.1.1
By simple
adverbiais
of degree
197
15.4.1.2
By complex
adverbiais
198
15.4.2
Comparatives
198
15.4.3
Superlatives
200
15.5
Complementation of adjectives
201
15.6
Determiners
201
15.6.1
Indefinite determiners
202
Contents xi
15.6.2
Definite
determiners
203
15.7
Numerals
204
15.7.1
Cardinal numerals
204
15.7.2
Ordinal numerals
205
15.7.3
Distributive numerals
206
15.8
The enumerator
tane
and measure/type terms
206
15.9
The position of determiners and numerals within the
noun phrase
207
15.9.1
Numerals with determiners
208
15.9.2
Determiners or numerals with adjectives
208
15.9.3
Determiners or numerals with complex
adjectivais
formed with -DAn, -II or -UK
209
15.9.4
Determiners or numerals with locative-marked
complex
adjectivais
210
15.9.5
Determiners or numerals with
adjectivais
formed
with -ki
210
15.9.6
Determiners or numerals with relative clauses
211
16
Adverbial constructions
213
16.1
Types of adverbial construction
213
16.1.1
Simple adverbs
213
16.1.2
Adjectives used as adverbs
213
16.1.3
Doubled forms
214
16.1.4
Noun phrases without case marking
215
16.1.5
Noun phrases with oblique case marking
215
16.1.6
Noun or adjective suffixed with -CA
215
16.1.7
Noun phrase suffixed with
-Dir
216
16.1.8
Postpositional phrases
216
16.1.9
Constructions with olarak
216
16.1.10
Constructions with olmak
üzere
217
16.1.11
Adverbial clauses
217
16.2
Syntactic functions of
adverbiais
218
16.3
Modal
adverbiais
218
16.4
Circumstantial
adverbiais
220
16.4.1
Time
adverbiais
220
16.4.1.1
Location in time
221
16.4.1.2
Duration
229
16.4.1.3
Frequency
230
16.4.1.4
Other time
adverbiais
231
16.4.2
Place
adverbiais
233
16.4.3
Manner
adverbiais
235
16.4.4
Other types of circumstantial adverbial
235
16.5
Adverbiais
of quantity or degree
237
16.6
Adverbiais
of respect
238
16.7
Exclusive
adverbiais
239
xii Contents
16.8
Particularizing
adverbiais
239
16.9
Modification of adverbs
240
17
Postpositional phrases
241
17.1
Structure of the postpositional phrase
241
17.2
Bare postpositions
242
17.2.1
Postpositions taking non-case-marked or
genitive complements
242
17.2.2
Postpositions taking dative complements
245
17.2.3
Postpositions taking ablative complements
246
17.3
Possessive-marked postpositions
249
17.3.1
Group
1:
spatial relations
250
17.3.1.1
Group
1
possessive-marked postpositions
with genitive complements
250
17.3.1.2
Group
1
possessive-marked postpositions
with non-case-marked complements
251
17.3.1.3
Particular features of individual
postpositions in Group
1 252
17.3.2
Group
2:
abstract relations
255
17.3.2.1
Particular features of individual
postpositions in Group
2 257
17.4
Syntactic functions of the postpositional phrase
258
17.4.1
Adverbial function
258
17.4.2
Adjectival function
259
17.4.3
Predicative function
259
18
Pronouns
261
18.1
Personal pronouns
261
18.1.1
Simple personal pronouns
261
18.1.2
kendi
263
18.1.2.1
Bare form
kendi
264
18.1.2.2
Inflected
kendi-:
emphatic, reflexive,
simple pronominal and resumptive usages
265
18.1.3
kendi kendi-
270
18.1.4
The reciprocal pronoun birbir- each other ,
one another
271
18.1.5
The omission and usage of personal pronouns
272
18.1.5.1
Conditions under which personal
pronouns are used
274
18.2
Demonstrative pronouns: bu this (one) ,
şu
this/that
(one) ,
о
that (one)
278
183
Locative and directional pronouns
279
18.3.1
Locative pronouns:
bura-
here ,
şura-
here ,
over there and
ora-
there
279
Contents
xiii
18.3.2
Directional pronouns
280
18.4
Pronominalized adjectives, numerals and determiners
281
18.5
Pronominal expressions with -ki
284
18.6
Other pronominal expressions
285
18.6.1
Pronominal quantifiers
285
18.6.2
insan one
286
18.6.3
şey
286
19
Questions
287
19.1
Questions with ml
287
19.1.1
Yes/no questions
287
19.1.1.1
Direct yes/no questions
288
19.1.1.2
Tag questions
289
19.1.2
Alternative questions
290
19.1.3
Positions for ml other than the end of the sentence
291
19.1.4
The effect of placing ml after a particular phrase
293
19.1.5
Yes/no questions containing a(nother) stressed
phrase
295
19.2
Wh-questions
296
19.2.1
Wh-phrases
296
19.2.1.1
kirn who
296
19.2.1.2
ne
what
297
19.2.1.3
nere-
where
299
19.2.1.4
hangi
which
300
19.2.1.5
кас
how many
301
19.2.1.6
ne kadar
how much
302
19.2.1.7
ne zaman
when
303
19.2.1.8
neden, niye,
niçin
why
303
19.2.1.9
nasil
how
303
19.2.2
The position of wh-phrases in a sentence
304
19.2.3
Wh-phrases and stressed phrases
305
19.2.4
Multiple wh-phrases
306
19.3
Echo questions
306
19.4
Questioning parts of subordinate clauses
307
19.5
Modal adverbs used in questions
307
19.5.1
hani
307
19.5.2
acaba
308
19.5.3
yoksa
309
19.5.4
bakałim
309
19.6
Rhetorical question forms in narrative
309
20
Negation
310
20.1
-mA
310
20.1.1
Negating clauses with simple verbs
310
xiv Contents
20.1.2
Negating
clauses
with
compound
verb forms
311
20.1.3
-(y)Ip
...
-тпА
whether/if
...
(or not)
312
20.2
degil
313
20.2.1
Negating nominal sentences
313
20.2.2
Negating verbal sentences
314
20.2.3
degil in elliptical sentences
315
20.3
yok
316
20.4
The negative connective
ne., .ne
neither
...
nor
317
20.5
Expressions interacting with negation
318
20.5.1
hiq never , ever , at all
319
20.5.2
hiçbir
no , any , and expressions containing
hiçbir
and herhangi
bir
no , any
319
20.5.3
(hiç) kimse
no one , anyone
320
20.5.4
Modifiers of negation markers
321
20.5.4.1
asla never , Vkatiyen never
322
20.5.4.2
рек
much , very
322
20.5.4.3
о
kadar
so , such , all that
322
20.6
Expressions interacting with negation in subordinate
clauses
323
20.6.1
Expressions interacting with negation in noun
clauses
323
20.6.2
Expressions interacting with negation in relative
clauses and adverbial clauses
323
21
Tense, aspect and modality
325
21.1
The expression of tense, aspect and modality in Turkish
326
21.2
Tense
326
21.2.1
Past tense
327
21.2.2
Present tense
328
21.2.3
Future tense
329
21.3
Aspect
330
21.3.1
Perfective and imperfective
331
21.3.2
Subdivisions of imperfective: progressive and
habitual
332
21.3.3
Events and states
334
21.3.4
Aspect in nominal sentences
335
21.3.4.1
The distinction between oldu and
-(y)DUidi or vardi
335
21.3.4.2
Habitual aspect in nominal sentences
336
21.3.4.3
Other meanings of oluyor
337
21.4
Modality
338
21.4.1
Generalizations and hypotheses
338
21.4.1.1
Statements of permanent or generalized
validity
339
Contents xv
21.4.1.2
The use of
-Dir
in formal writing
341
21.4.1.3
Hypothetical and counterfactual situations
342
21.4.1.4
Assumptions
343
21.4.2
Possibility and necessity
345
21.4.2.1
The expression of possibility
345
21.4.2.2
The expression of necessity/obligation
351
21.4.3
Evidentially marked statements with -mis or
-(y)mlş
355
21.4.3.1
Information-based evidential statements
355
21.4.3.2
Result-based evidential statements
357
21.4.3.3
Use of the evidential copula to express a
newly discovered state of affairs
358
21.4.3.4
Evidentiality in questions
358
21.4.4
Volitional utterances
359
21.4.4.1
Wishes: -sA(ydl)
359
21.4.4.2
Commands
360
21.4.4.3
Suggestions: first person optative forms
-(y)Aylm,
-(y)AlIm
361
21.4.4.4
Deliberation about possible action:
questions with -sAm, -sAk
362
21.4.4.5
Requests and offers: second person
aorist
interrogative
362
21.4.4.6
Expression of commitment: first person
aorist
363
21.5
Tense, aspect and modality in compound verb forms
364
21.5.1
Compound forms in which the lexical verb is
marked with -mis
365
21.5.1.1
The resultative usage of compound verb
forms with -mIs
366
21.5.2
Compound forms in which the lexical verb is
marked with -(I)yor
367
21.5.3
Compound forms in which the lexical verb is
marked with -(y)AcAk
368
21.5.4
Compound forms in which the lexical verb is
marked with -(A/I)r or -mAz
368
21.5.5
The addition of the past copula -(y)DI to
compound verb forms
369
22
Definheness, specificity and generic reference
370
22.1
Definite status
371
22.2
Indefinite status
372
22.2.1
Specific and non-specific indefinites
373
22.3
Categorial
status
377
22.4
Generic reference
380
xvi Contents
22.4.1 Generic
reference by singular noun phrases
380
22.4.1.1
The bare generic
380
22.4.1.2
The indefinite generic
381
22.4.2
Generic reference by plural noun phrases
382
22.4.3
Generic noun phrases as direct objects
383
22.5
The effect of word order on referential status
384
22.6
The effect of stress on referential status
385
22.7
The effect of tense, aspect and modality on referential
status
385
23
Word order
388
23.1
Unmarked sentences: word order and stress
388
23.1.1
Verbal sentences
389
23.1.2
Nominal sentences
390
23.1.2.1
Linking sentences
390
23.1.2.2
Existential sentences
390
23.2
The unmarked order of major constituents
391
23.2.1
The immediately preverbal position
391
23.2.2
Subjects and modal adverbs
392
23.2.3
Objects
393
23.2.4
Adverbial phrases
394
23.3
Word order variations
395
23.3.1
The position of focused constituents: the
preverbal area
397
23.3.2
The position of background information: the
postverbal
area
398
23.3.3
The topic position
400
23.3.3.1
Topic shifters
401
23.4
Dislocated constituents
402
23.4.1
Dislocated adjectival phrases
402
23.4.2
Dislocated constituents of noun clauses
403
24
Noun clauses
404
24.1
Finite and non-finite noun clauses
405
24.2
Bare finite noun clauses (finite noun clauses without
a subordinator)
405
24.2.1
Subject or object of the verb
de- 405
24.2.2
Interrogative sentence as subject or object of a
verb of cognition
407
24.2.3
Subject or object of the verb
afe-
407
24.3
Hnite
noun clauses with a subordinator
407
24.3.1
Clauses formed with diye
408
24.3.2
Clauses formed with
Ατι
409
24.3.2.1
Subject or object of the verb
de-
409
Contents xvii
24.3.2.2
Subject
or object of a verb of perception
or cognition
410
24.3.2.3
Subject or object of the verb
iste-
411
24.3.2.4
Subject of adjectival predicates
411
24.3.3
Clauses formed with
gioì
411
24.4
Non-finite noun clauses
412
24.4.1
Clauses formed with -mAK
412
24.4.1.1
The non-case-marked form -mAk
413
24.4.1.2
The accusative-marked form -mAyl
415
24.4.1.3
The oblique case-marked forms:
-тпАуА,
-mAktA 1-mAdA) and -mAktAn
416
24.4.1.4
Passive -mAk clauses as subjects
417
24.4.2
Clauses formed with -mA-
418
24.4.2.1
-mA without possessive suffixes
418
24.4.2.2
-mA with possessive suffixes
419
24.4.3
Clauses formed with
-DIK
or -(y)AcAK
423
24.4.3.1
Indirect statements
424
24.4.3.2
Indirect questions
426
24.4.3.3
Other functions of -DIKZ-^AcAK clauses
427
24.4.4
Clauses formed with
-(y)Iş
427
24.4.5
Overlapping uses of -mA, -DIK/-(y)AcAK and
-(y)Iş
428
24.4.5.1
As direct object of verbs of perception
or cognition
428
24.4.5.2
As oblique object of verbs of emotion
429
24.4.6
Omission of genitive marking on the subject of
clauses formed with possessive-marked -mA or
-DIKZ-WAcAK
430
24.4.7
The use of auxiliary ol- in non-finite noun clauses
431
24.5
Small clauses
433
24.5.1
Small clauses occurring with main clause transitive
verbs
433
24.5.2
Small clauses occurring with main clause
intransitive verbs
434
24.5.3
Tense/aspect and person marking
434
24.6
Noun clauses as modifiers in -si compounds
435
25
Relative
danses
438
25.1
Principles of relativization
439
25.1.1
Markers of non-finite relative clauses: the
participle suffixes
439
25.1.1.1
-(y)An
439
25.1.1.2
-DIK
and -(y)AcAK
442
25.1.1.3
Summary of strategies of relativization
446
xviii Contents
25.1.2 Relative
clauses
with embedded noun clauses
447
25.2
Restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses
448
25.3
Headless relative clauses
449
25.4
The expression of tense and aspect in relative clauses
450
25.4.1
The use of auxiliary ol- in relative clauses
452
25.4.1.1
The omission of
olan:
truncated relative
clauses
455
25.5
Other complex adjectival constructions
457
25.6
Finite relative clauses with ki
457
25.6.1
ki in non-restrictive relative clauses
457
25.6.2
ki in restrictive relative clauses
458
25.6.3
Comment usage of
fei 459
26
Adverbial
danses
461
26.1
Hnite
adverbial clauses
462
26.1.1
Clauses formed with diye
462
26.1.1.1
Reason
462
26.1.1.2
Purpose
462
26.1.1.3
Precaution
463
26.1.1.4
Understanding
463
26.1.2
Clauses formed with ki
463
26.1.2.1
Location in time
464
26.1.2.2
Purpose
464
26.1.2.3
Result
464
26.1.2.4
Basis for deduction
465
26.1.3
Clauses formed with madem(ki)
465
26.1.4
Clauses formed with
nasil
ki
465
26.1.5
Clauses formed with
(sanki)
...
-mls/-(y)mls
gibi
466
26.1.6
Clauses formed with
-DI
ml
466
26.1.7
Clauses formed with dA
467
26.2
Non-finite adverbial clauses: structural characteristics
467
26.2.1
Genitive case marking or its absence in the subject
of a non-finite adverbial clause
468
26.2.2
Possibility of the adverbial clause having a separate
subject from that of the superordinate clause
468
26.2.3
Tense and aspect marking in non-finite adverbial
clauses
470
26.3
Non-finite adverbial clauses: semantic classification
473
26.3.1
Addition
473
26.3.2
Agreement
473
26.3.3
Concession
474
26.3.4
Condition
474
26.3.5
Conjunction
475
26.3.6
Dismissal
475
Contents xix
26.3.7 Information
base for an utterance
475
26.3.8
Manner
476
26.3.9
Means
478
26.3.10
Preference
478
26.3.11
Proportionality
479
26.3.12
Purpose
479
26.3.13
Quantity or degree
480
26.3.14
Reason
480
26.3.15
Substitution
481
26.3.16
Time
481
27
Conditional sentences
486
27.1
The grammatical marking of conditional clauses
487
27.1.1
The verbal
suffix -sA
and the
copular
marker
-(y)sA (or ise)
487
27.1.2
The conditional conjunctions eger and
Vşayet
488
27.2
Predictive conditionals
489
27.2.1
Aorist + -(y)sA
489
27.2.1.1
Open conditionals
490
27.2.1.2
Generic and habitual conditionals
491
27.2.1.3
Compound forms with olursa
492
27.2.2
Open and habitual conditionals expressed without
aorist
marking
493
27.2.3
-sA
494
27.2.3.1
-sA used without past
copular
marking
of the main clause
494
27.2.3.2
-sA used with past
copular
marking of
the main clause
495
27.2.4
-sAydl
496
27.2.5
-sAymlş
497
27.2.6
Compound forms with olsa/ohaydi/ohaymis
497
27.3
Knowable conditions
500
27.4
Further uses of -sA and -(y)sA as subordinators
502
27.4.1
-sA...
-ѕА
502
27.4.2
-sA and -(y)sA/ise with dA
502
27.4.2.1
-sAmthdA
502
27.4.2.2
-(y)sAfbe with dA
504
27.5
Universal conditional clauses (containing a question
phrase)
505
27.5.1
Universal conditional
concessives
506
27.6
Conditional constructions without conditional suffixes
507
27.6.1
-DIgl takdirde, -mAsI durumunda/halinde
508
27.6.2
-DI
ml
508
xx Contents
28
Conjunctions, co-ordination and discourse connection
509
28.1
The juxtaposition of two or more constituents
509
28.2
The subordinating suffixes -(y)Ip and -(y)ArAk
510
28.3
Conjunctions and discourse connectives
512
28.3.1
Additive
512
28.3.1.1
ve,
-(уЏА/Ие,
dA and , dA too , bile
even ,
ve de
and what s more ,
bir
de
and also , ya and what
... 512
28.3.1.2
iistelik,
üstüne üstlük,
hem, hem
(de),
buna ek olarak, ayrica, kaldi ki and
(what s more) , also , sonra and then
515
28.3.1.3
hatta, dahasi even , indeed
516
28.3.1.4
şoyle dursun/bir
yanalbirak(m) let alone
516
28.3.2
Enumerating
516
dA
...
dA, hem
...
hem, gerek
...
(ve)
gerek
(se de)
both
...
and
516
28.3.3
Alternative
517
28.3.3.1
ya da, veya, V(ve) yahut (da) yoksa or ,
ya..
.
ya (da) either
...
or
517
28.3.3.2 ister... ister, olsun...
ohun, ha.
..
ha,
ama
...
ama
whether
...
or
518
28.3.4
Adversative
519
28.3.4.1
ama,
fakat, ancak, yalmz but
519
28.3.4.2
gene (de)/yine (de)
(and) yet , (and)
still , bununla birlikte/beraber, buna
karşin/ragmen
despite this , nevertheless
520
28.3.4.3
ne (var) ki/Vmamafih,
however
520
28.3.4.4
halbuki/oysa (ki), whereas , however
520
28.3.4.5
dA, ya but , -(y)sA/ise as for , whereas
521
28.3.4.6
gerci/Vhoş
it s true that , admittedly ,
actually , ashnda actually
522
28.3.4.7
ki and ya
522
28.3.4.8
peki
but
523
28.3.4.9
yok but
523
28.3.5
Expansive
524
28.3.6
Causal
527
28.3.7
Inferential
528
28.3.8
Temporal
528
28.3.9
Conditional
528
28.3.10
Organizational
530
28.3.11
L
Corroborative
532
28.3.12
Reminding
532
28.3.13
Constructive
533
28.4
The effects of co-ordination and discourse connection
533
Contents xxi
28.4.1
The elision of suffixes and clitics in co-ordinated
constructions
534
28.4.1.1
Omission of
copular
markers and person
markers
534
28.4.1.2
Omission of nominal inflectional markers
535
28.4.1.3
Omission of other items: -(y)ken, bile,
ml, ki
536
28.4.2
The elision of phrases in co-ordinated
constructions
536
28.4.2.1
The elision of noun phrases in
co-ordinated constructions
537
28.4.3
The elision of noun phrases in other contexts
538
Appendix
1
Reduplicated stems
539
Appendix
2
Tense/aspect/modality suffixes
541
Glossary of grammatical terms
547
Bibliography
561
Index
567
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Göksel, Aslı Kerslake, Celia |
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| id | DE-604.BV019660246 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:02:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0415114942 041521761x |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Göksel, Aslı Verfasser (DE-588)1223049248 aut Turkish a comprehensive grammar Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake London [u.a.] Routledge 2005 XL, 580 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Routledge comprehensive grammars Hier auch später erschienene, unveränderte Nachdrucke Türkisch (DE-588)4120079-2 gnd rswk-swf Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Türkisch (DE-588)4120079-2 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Kerslake, Celia Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012988652&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Göksel, Aslı Kerslake, Celia Turkish a comprehensive grammar Türkisch (DE-588)4120079-2 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4120079-2 (DE-588)4021806-5 |
| title | Turkish a comprehensive grammar |
| title_auth | Turkish a comprehensive grammar |
| title_exact_search | Turkish a comprehensive grammar |
| title_full | Turkish a comprehensive grammar Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake |
| title_fullStr | Turkish a comprehensive grammar Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake |
| title_full_unstemmed | Turkish a comprehensive grammar Aslı Göksel and Celia Kerslake |
| title_short | Turkish |
| title_sort | turkish a comprehensive grammar |
| title_sub | a comprehensive grammar |
| topic | Türkisch (DE-588)4120079-2 gnd Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Türkisch Grammatik |
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