Global airlines: competition in a transnational industry
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann
2007
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVII, 370 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0750664398 9780750664394 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
List of figures vii
List of tables x
Preface to the third edition xiii
Preface to the second edition xv
Preface to the first edition xvi
1 Introduction 1
2 The airline industry 11
2.1 Airlines around the world 11
2.2 Demand for air travel 19
2.3 Factors affecting airline operating costs 37
2.4 Financial performance of the industry 48
2.5 Full service versus low cost 57
3 Competition issues 63
3.1 The regulation versus competition debate 63
3.2 Contestable markets 73
3.3 Loyalty schemes in airline marketing 84
3.4 Sales distribution 107
3.5 Increasing concentration 113
4 Route networks 123
4.1 Network patterns 123
4.2 Freedoms of the air 129
4.3 Accidents of geography 137
4.4 Europe compared with the US 143
4.5 Regional services 148
4.6 Extending marketable networks 156
5 Scheduling through hubs 183
5.1 Co ordination of flight activity 183
5.2 Online and interline connections 188
5.3 Quality of connections 197
5.4 Effects on airline operating costs 208
5.5 Effects on airports 211
5.6 Effects on passengers 228
5.7 The future of hubbing 234
vi Contents
6 Pricing power 239
6.1 Variations in fare levels 239
6.2 Price discrimination 246
6.3 How airlines do it: yield management 249
6.4 Discrimination and competition 260
6.5 Predatory pricing 262
6.6 Exclusionary behaviour 278
7 Mergers and alliances 287
7.1 Mergers and acquisitions within national boundaries 287
7.2 Cross border acquisitions 298
7.3 Alliance patterns 302
7.4 Experience of alliances 314
7.5 Pro and anti competitive effects 316
8 Transnational airlines 323
8.1 Are airlines losing their nationalities? 323
8.2 Bilateral, multilateral, and plurilateral approaches to 328
route access
8.3 A global competition authority? 331
8.4 Towards global airlines 334
Recommendations for further reading 339
References 343
Index 355
Figures
Figure 1.1 One view of future growth in world passenger traffic 4
Figure 1.2 Distribution of world passenger traffic 6
Figure 1.3 Variations in growth rates by major market areas, 7
2005 24
Figure 1.4 Life cycles of airline markets 8
Figure 2.1 Ten largest airlines in 2004 12
Figure 2.2 Components of air travel demand 20
Figure 2.3 A demand curve 21
Figure 2.4 Degrees of price elasticity of demand 23
Figure 2.5 Estimates of own price demand elasticities for air 25
travel
Figure 2.6 Relationship between GDP and air travel 26
Figure 2.7 International comparisons of air travel related to 27
GDP, 2004
Figure 2.8 Air travel and income categories 28
Figure 2.9 Average passenger incomes at major UK airports, 29
2003
Figure 2.10 Propensity to fly by UK Planning Region, 2003 30
Figure 2.11 Estimates of income elasticities of demand for 31
air travel
Figure 2.12 Network of domestic routes within China, 33
1985 and 2004
Figure 2.13 Visits abroad by Chinese citizens, 2001 2005 34
Figure 2.14 Affluent middle class consumers in China, 2004 34
and 2020
Figure 2.15 Percentage of business travellers flying on BA in 36
first and business class, 1986 2003
Figure 2.16 Unit operating costs as a function of stage length 38
Figure 2.17 Average annual prices for jet fuel, 1998 2005 43
Figure 2.18 Total fuel bill incurred by IATA airlines, 1996 2007 43
Figure 2.19 Average fuel efficiency across IATA airlines 44
aircraft fleets, 1970 2000
Figure 2.20 Operating margins and net profits/losses, 49
IATA airlines, 1997 2007
Figure 2.21 Returns on invested capital in aviation related 51
industries, 2004
Figure 2.22 Airline Profitability: US airlines compared to 54
airlines from the rest of the world, 1997 2007
viii List of figures
Figure 2.23 Growth in US airline industry capacity and 54
major airline liquidations, 1978 2004
Figure 2.24 Unit cost differentials, US full service versus low cost 61
airlines, 1998 2004
Figure 2.25 Percentage changes in passenger revenue yields, 61
US full service versus Low cost airlines 2000 2004
Figure 2.26 Operating profits and losses, US full service 62
versus low cost airlines, 1998 2004
Figure 3.1 Fatal accident rates on scheduled services, 1972 2002 67
Figure 3.2 Median round trip fares in real terms, US domestic 68
routes, 1980 2005
Figure 3.3 Jet fuel prices and airline yields, US domestic routes, 78
2000 06
Figure 3.4 The effect of marketing on the demand curve 84
Figure 3.5 Distribution channels for airline sales 112
Figure 3.6 Average booking costs, US airlines, 1999 2002 112
Figure 3.7 Approximate share of world passenger kilometres 114
performed by the top 20 airlines, 1974 2020
Figure 3.8 Theoretical model of potential trade offs with 116
increased concentration
Figure 3.9 Two measures of market concentration 119
Figure 3.10 Values of the HHI for top 100 US domestic routes, 121
1979 91
Figure 4.1 Network patterns 124
Figure 4.2 Network of the former Eastern Airlines 125
Figure 4.3 Network of routes radiating out of United Airlines 126
hub at Chicago O Hare
Figure 4.4 Leverage of a hub 127
Figure 4.5 Two kinds of hub 128
Figure 4.6 Freedoms of the air 130
Figure 4.7 Connection through Singapore, SIA services, 139
June 2004
Figure 4.8 Network of Emirates Airline, June 2005 141
Figure 4.9 The European hot banana 145
Figure 4.10 High speed rail networks in Europe 146
Figure 4.11 Differences among US airports offering commercial 153
airline service, 2001
Figure 4.12 Proximity of US small community airports to major 154
hubs and airports served by low cost airlines
Figure 4.13 Advertisements taken out by Virgin Atlantic and 163
British Midland
Figure 5.1 Typical connections scheduled at European hubs 186
Figure 5.2 Effect of where stabling overnight takes place 187
Figure 5.3 Connecting traffic on London USA routes 191
List of figures ix
Figure 5.4 Intra and inter terminal transfers at London 200
Heathrow
Figure 5.5 Composition of passengers on BA transatlantic 204
flights
Figure 5.6 Composition of passengers on Air France North 204
Atlantic services (Place of resident of AF passengers
on flights to and from Canada and the US, 2004)
Figure 5.7 Illustration of the dual hub strategy of 210
Air France KLM
Figure 5.8 Average aircraft size and load factor, passenger 220
aircraft on scheduled schemes, 1960 99
Figure 6.1 Changes in indices of European air fares: 1992,1997, 242
and 2003
Figure 6.2 Pricing under high and low price elasticities of 247
demand
Figure 6.3 London New York return fares, BA, November 2006 250
Figure 6.4 Price discrimination and consumer surplus 253
Figure 6.5 Distribution of passenger bookings over time and 254
by fare category
Figure 6.6 Average one way fares on the Minneapolis Des 271
Moines route, 1990 2000
Figure 6.7 Advertisements of discount fares sold through 282
unofficial travel agencies
Figure 7.1 Competition between hubs: an example of double 321
hubbing on routes between Gothenburg and
Kansas City, Autumn 1997
Figure 8.1 Forecast growth in passenger traffic by region, 330
2005 2025
Figure 8.2 Increases in non stop routes between the UK and 337
the US (excluding routes to /from Heathrow and
Gatwick) 1994 2006
Tables
Table 1.1 Development of world scheduled passenger 3
traffic, 1990 2004
Table 1.2 Passenger traffic by region, 1985 2004 5
Table 1.3 Scheduled passenger traffic growth forecasts by 7
region
Table 2.1 The top 100 airlines in 2004 ranked by passenger 13
kilometres
Table 2.2 Ownership of flag carriers, 2004 2005 (percentages of 17
share capital held by state governments)
Table 2.3 Capacities, revenues, and operating ratios by 36
class of service, IATA airlines 2002
Table 2.4 Average annual remuneration for different categories 39
of airline staff (year ended 31 December 2000 to the
nearest $100 at current exchange rates)
Table 2.5 Operating and net margins of world scheduled 49
airlines, 1984 2004
Table 2.6 Twenty most profitable airlines, 2005 52
Table 2.7 Twenty heaviest loss making airlines, 2005 53
Table 2.8 US airline bankruptcy filings, 2000 2005 55
Table 2.9 Airline failures in Europe, 2000 2006 56
Table 2.10 Top 25 low cost airlines ranked by passenger 59
numbers, 2004
Table 2.11 The three large European charter groups in 2004 60
Table 3.1 Aircraft accidents involving passenger fatalities on 68
scheduled air services, 1982 2001
Table 3.2 Fatality rates 1 in the US by mode of transport 69
Table 3.3 Aviation Security, 1982 2001 69
Table 3.4 Comparisons of fares on interstate and intrastate 72
routes within the US, 1975
Table 3.5 Mileage awards, redemptions and FFP liabilities, 87
US Airlines 1981 2002
Table 3.6 Membership of FFPs, selected airlines 88
Table 3.7 The influence of FFPs 89
Table 3.8 Redemption of FFP awards, 10 US airlines, 2003 107
Table 3.9 Low cost airlines with FFPs 109
Table 3.10 GDS in 2004 110
Table 3.11 The top three airline web sites and the top three 111
online agencies, April 2005
List of tables xi
Table 4.1 Markets in a hub and spokes system 127
Table 4.2 New freedoms taken up under EU liberalization 135
measures by December 1997
Table 4.3 Aircraft fleets and orders, three main Middle East 140
long haul airlines
Table 4.4 The top 100 regional airlines in 2004 ranked by 148
passenger numbers
Table 4.5 International route sales between major US airlines, 156
1985 1992
Table 4.6 Franchise agreements, October 2005 157
Table 4.7 Block space agreements, September 2005 166
Table 4.8 Code sharing agreements involving the largest 168
airlines, September 2005
Table 4.9 Passenger traffic travelling Northwest/KLM between 174
the US and Europe/Middle East
Table 4.10 Effects of transatlantic code sharing agreements on 176
traffic development: agreements between European
and US airlines in effect as of 31 December 1994
Table 5.1 Traffic connecting through London 189
Table 5.2 Connections through Heathrow 189
Table 5.3 Interline connections through Manchester to /from 193
Norwich, March 2004
Table 5.4 MCTs at selected airports, September 2004 198
Table 5.5 Major routeings taken by transfer connecting 202
passengers at London Gatwick and London
Heathrow, 1996 (two way flow in thousands of
passengers and percentages of totals)
Table 5.6 Balance in international international connections 205
made by passengers using UK airports, 1994 95/96
Table 5.7 International destinations3 with a frequent scheduled 206
service from UK regional airports, 1990 and 2004
Table 5.8 Transfer traffic at airports in European Economic 207
Area, 2003
Table 5.9 The top 100 airports ranked by passenger numbers 216
in 2004
Table 5.10 Departures and seats per departure at main US and 221
European hubs, July 1985 and July 1997
Table 5.11 Passenger throughput at UK airports, 1995 and 2005 224
Table 5.12 Market shares of enplanements at highly concentrated 229
US hubs, 1978,1993, and 1999/2000
Table 5.13 Hubbing, concentration, and premium fares 230
(30 largest US airports, second quarter of 1990)
Table 5.14 Comparisons of selected hub markets in which 233
dominant airlines face competition from low cost
xii List of tables
airlines with those in which no low cost
competition exists
Table 6.1 Estimated average revenues per passenger 240
kilometre by international route group
Table 6.2 Comparisons of ranges in average return fares (£), 2003 243
and 2004
Table 6.3 Variations in fares by duration of stay and by period 244
of advance booking, 2003
Table 6.4 TFCs paid by passengers, selected routes and fares, 244
November 2004
Table 6.5 Comparisons of TFC levels across different airlines, 245
selected routes, November 2004
Table 6.6 Profit maximizing markups of price over MC at 249
varying price elasticities of demand
Table 6.7 London Johannesburg return fares, BA, January 2006 252
Table 6.8 Class of travel for company executives 256
Table 7.1 Mergers and acquisitions in the deregulated 288
US airline industry
Table 7.2 Mergers and acquisitions in the deregulated Canadian 292
airline industry
Table 7.3 Airline mergers and acquisitions in European 295
countries
Table 7.4 Multinational state owned airline consortia 299
Table 7.5 Equity stakes in foreign airlines, August 2006 301
Table 7.6 Passenger traffic and revenue of members of the 303
Oneworld global alliance, 2005
Table 7.7 Passenger traffic and revenue of members of the 304
Sky Team global alliance, 2005
Table 7.8 Passenger traffic and revenue of members of the 305
Star global alliance, 2005
Table 7.9 Comparison of global alliances financial results, 2005 305
Table 7.10 Comparison of global alliances networks, 2006 306
Table 7.11 Estimated effects of the British Airways/USAir and 314
KLM/Northwest alliances (first quarter, 1994)
Table 7.12 Estimated revenue enhancements from alliances, 1997 315
Table 8.1 Open skies agreements, 1992 2005 335
Table 8.2 Limits on foreign ownership of airlines in selected 338
countries
|
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| id | DE-604.BV019651738 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:02:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0750664398 9780750664394 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012980370 |
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| physical | XVII, 370 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
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| publisher | Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hanlon, Pat Verfasser aut Global airlines competition in a transnational industry Pat Hanlon 3. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann 2007 XVII, 370 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aeronautics, Commercial Competition, International Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd rswk-swf Internationaler Wettbewerb (DE-588)4027415-9 gnd rswk-swf Luftverkehrsgesellschaft (DE-588)4036559-1 gnd rswk-swf Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 s Internationaler Wettbewerb (DE-588)4027415-9 s DE-604 Luftverkehrsgesellschaft (DE-588)4036559-1 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012980370&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Hanlon, Pat Global airlines competition in a transnational industry Aeronautics, Commercial Competition, International Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd Internationaler Wettbewerb (DE-588)4027415-9 gnd Luftverkehrsgesellschaft (DE-588)4036559-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4036597-9 (DE-588)4027415-9 (DE-588)4036559-1 |
| title | Global airlines competition in a transnational industry |
| title_auth | Global airlines competition in a transnational industry |
| title_exact_search | Global airlines competition in a transnational industry |
| title_full | Global airlines competition in a transnational industry Pat Hanlon |
| title_fullStr | Global airlines competition in a transnational industry Pat Hanlon |
| title_full_unstemmed | Global airlines competition in a transnational industry Pat Hanlon |
| title_short | Global airlines |
| title_sort | global airlines competition in a transnational industry |
| title_sub | competition in a transnational industry |
| topic | Aeronautics, Commercial Competition, International Luftverkehr (DE-588)4036597-9 gnd Internationaler Wettbewerb (DE-588)4027415-9 gnd Luftverkehrsgesellschaft (DE-588)4036559-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aeronautics, Commercial Competition, International Luftverkehr Internationaler Wettbewerb Luftverkehrsgesellschaft |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012980370&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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