On the origin of phyla:
"On the Origin of Phyla will affect the work of paleontologists, morphologists and developmental, molecular, and evolutionary biologists."--BOOK JACKET.
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chicago [u.a.]
University of Chicago Press
2004
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "On the Origin of Phyla will affect the work of paleontologists, morphologists and developmental, molecular, and evolutionary biologists."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 614 S. ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0226845486 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Valentine, James W. |d 1926- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)119524651 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a On the origin of phyla |c James W. Valentine |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chicago [u.a.] |b University of Chicago Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 614 S. |b ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 520 | 1 | |a "On the Origin of Phyla will affect the work of paleontologists, morphologists and developmental, molecular, and evolutionary biologists."--BOOK JACKET. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Evolution | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Evolution (Biology) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Phylogeny | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Phylogenie |0 (DE-588)4076110-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Evolution |0 (DE-588)4071050-6 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Tiere |0 (DE-588)4060087-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Stamm |g Phylum |0 (DE-588)4182865-3 |D s |
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| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Stamm |g Phylum |0 (DE-588)4182865-3 |D s |
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| 689 | 1 | 2 | |a Phylogenie |0 (DE-588)4076110-1 |D s |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip047/2003016601.html |3 Table of contents | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1805083672067440640 |
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| adam_text |
IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PREFACE XXIII
PART ONE EVIDENCE OF THE ORIGINS OF METAZOAN PHYLA :
THE NATURE OF PHYLA 7
PHYLA ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY BASED BRANCHES OF THE TREE OF LIFE 7 CONCEPTS
OF ANIMAL PHYLA HAVE DEVELOPED OVER HUNDREDS OF YEARS 7 THE CONCEPT OF
HOMOLOGY IS BASIC TO DETERMINING ANIMAL RELATIONSHIPS 11 LINNEAN AND
HENNIGIAN TAXA HAVE DIFFERENT PROPERTIES 12
GENEALOGICAL HISTORIES CAN BE TRACED IN TREES, WHICH ARE POSITIONAL
STRUCTURES 13 MORPHOLOGICAL ENTITIES WITHIN METAZOAN BODIES, SUCH AS
CELLS, CAN BE POSITIONED IN TREES 14
TREES COMPOSED OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS CAN BE INCREDIBLY COMPLICATED 14
TREES COMPOSED OF SPECIES ARE MUCH SIMPLER 15 TREES CAN BE FORMED OF
LINNEAN TAXA ABOVE THE SPECIES LEVEL 15 MOLECULAR INFORMATION CAN
POSITION MORPHOLOGICALLY BASED TAXA IN A TREE 15
NATURAL BIOLOGICAL HIERARCHIES ARE NESTED STRUCTURES OF FUNCTIONAL
ENTITIES THAT EMERGE WHEN COMPLEX SYSTEMS ARE ORGANIZED 16 THERE ARE
FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE 16 HIERARCHIES HELP SORT OUT
RELATIONS AMONG BIOLOGICAL FEATURES 20
NOVEL PHENOMENA EMERGE AT SUCCESSIVE HIERARCHICAL LEVELS * THE EFFECTS
OF LEVELS UPON ONE ANOTHER ARE QUITE ASYMMETRICAL
NATURAL HIERARCHIES ARE FORMED BY TREES 22 AN ECOLOGICAL HIERARCHY OF
BIOTIC ENTITIES IS FORMED BY THE TREE OF LIFE 22 HIERARCHIES OF GENES
CAN BE MAPPED ONTO THE SOMATIC AND ECOLOGICAL HIERARCHIES 23
THE LINNEAN HIERARCHY IS QUASI-NATURAL 24
TREES AND HIERARCHIES HAVE VERY DISTINCT PROPERTIES 25
IMAGE 2
CLADISTICS IS A SYSTEMATICS BASED ON TREES 27
SOME CLADISTIC TERMS ARE HYPOTHESES AS TO THE EVOLUTIONARY STATUS OF
CHARACTERS 27 IN CLADISTIC CLASSIFICATIONS, BRANCH POINTS MAY DEFINE
SISTER TAXA THAT ARE HOLOPHYLETIC 29
PHYLA HAVE SPLIT PERSONALITIES 31
MOLECULAR BRANCHINGS CAN DEFINE CLADES, WHILE MORPHOLOGICAL FEATURES
DEFINE LINNEAN TAXA 32
BODYPLANS CONSIST OF EVOLUTIONARILY DISPARATE FEATURES 3 3 BODYPLANS ARE
POLYTHETIC 33 IMPORTANT BODYPLAN FEATURES MAY BE PLESIOMORPHIES OR
SYNAPOMORPHIES, AND MAY BE HOMOPLASIES 33
SYSTEMATIC HIERARCHIES AND TREES: A SUMMARY 37
DESIGN ELEMENTS IN THE BODYPLANS OF PHYLA 40
CELLS ARE THE BASIC BUILDING BLOCKS OF METAZOAN BODIES 40 CYTOSKELETONS
PROVIDE THE FRAMEWORK FOR CYTOARCHITECTURES 41 METAZOAN CELLS HAVE
DESCENDED FROM PROTISTANS, PROBABLY CHOANOFLAGELLATE-LIKE 43
CELLS ARE INTEGRATED INTO TISSUES BY PROTEIN BINDINGS OR MATRICES 45
EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX SUPPORTS METAZOAN TISSUES 45 IN MOST METAZOAN
TISSUES, CELLS ARE CONNECTED OR ANCHORED BY PROTEIN MOLECULES 45
METAZOANS HAVE SEVERAL MAJOR TYPES OF TISSUES 47 MOST TISSUES ARE
EPITHELIAL OR CONNECTIVE 47 MUSCLE TISSUE MAY BE EITHER EPITHELIAL OR
CONNECTIVE 47 NERVOUS TISSUES ARE NOT ORGANIZED EITHER AS EPITHELIA OR
AS CONNECTIVE
TISSUES 49 MULTINUCLEATE (SYNCYTIAL) TISSUES ARE FOUND IN MANY DISPARATE
PHYLA 49
ORGANS AND ORGAN SYSTEMS ARE FORMED OF TISSUES 49
ORGANISMS ARE BEST UNDERSTOOD AS DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS 50 CLEAVAGE AND
CELL DIFFERENTIATION ARE LINKED IN MOST METAZOAN ONTOGENIES 50
GASTRULATION GIVES RISE TO ECTODERMAL AND ENDODERMAL GERM LAYERS 55
MIDDLE BODY LAYERS RANGE FROM SIMPLE SHEETS OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX TO
MESODERMAL GERM LAYERS 55 PSEUDOCOELS AND HEMOCOELS ARE BODY CAVITIES
THAT LIE ON THE SITE OF THE BLASTOCOEL 59
IMAGE 3
COELOMS ARE BODY CAVITIES THAT LIE WITHIN MESODERM 60
SOME COELOMS FUNCTION AS HYDROSTATIC SKELETONS * SOME COELOMS ARE
ADJUNCTS TO ORGANS LARVAL STAGES COMMONLY POSSESS BODYPLANS OF THEIR OWN
62.
MANY BODYPLAN FEATURES REFLECT LOCOMOTORY TECHNIQUES 64 IN SOFT-BODIED
FORMS, LOCOMOTORY DEVICES RANGE FROM CILIA TO LIMBS 64 "HARD" SKELETONS
MAY COMPLEMENT OR REPLACE THE BIOMECHANICAL FUNCTIONS OF FLUID SKELETONS
65
SYMMETRY AND SERIATION ARE THE PRINCIPAL DESCRIPTORS OF BODY STYLE 66
SYMMETRY IS IMPARTED BY REPETITION OF FARTS ACROSS PLANES OR ALONG RADII
67 ANTEROPOSTERIOR REGIONATION INVOLVES SERIATION, SEGMENTATION, AND
TAGMOSIS 68
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN BODY SIZE OCCUR THROUGHOUT METAZOAN HISTORY 70
AREA/VOLUME RATIOS ARE SENSITIVE TO MOST SIZE CHANGES 70 LIFE IS
DIFFERENT AT HIGH VERSUS LOW REYNOLDS NUMBERS 71
MORPHOLOGICAL COMPLEXITY IS NOT A SIMPLE TOPIC 72
3 DEVELOPMENT AND BODYPLANS 76
THE EVOLUTION OF DEVELOPMENTAL SYSTEMS UNDERPINS THE EVOLUTION OF
BODYPLANS 76
THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND GENOMES BOTH HAVE COMBINATORIAL, HIERARCHICAL
STRUCTURES 77 IN NARRATIVE ENGLISH THE IMMENSITY OF COMBINATIONS
INHERENT IN THE ALPHABET IS CONSTRAINED WITHIN A HIERARCHY 77
HIERARCHICAL CONSTRAINTS ALSO OPERATE WITHIN METAZOAN GENOMES 79
THE METAZOAN GENE IS A COMPLEX OF REGULATORY, TRANSCRIBED, AND
TRANSLATED PARTS 80 TRANSCRIBED GENE REGIONS ARE PROCESSED TO PRODUCE
MRNA 80 CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENTS MEDIATE TRANSCRIPTION 81
REGULATORY SIGNALS ARE PRODUCED BY TRANS-REGULATORY SYSTEMS 83
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS BIND TO ENHANCERS 83 TRANS-REGULATORS ARE
CONTROLLED BY SIGNALS THAT ULTIMATELY ARISE FROM OTHER REGULATORY GENES
85
GENOMIC COMPLEXITY IS A FUNCTION OF GENE NUMBERS AND INTERACTIONS 86
METAZOAN GENOMES DISPLAY SURPRISING PATTERNS OF SIMILARITIES AND
DIFFERENCES AMONG TAXA 88
IMAGE 4
SOME FUNCTIONAL CLASSES OF GENES ARE BROADLY SIMILAR ACROSS METAZOAN
PHYLA 90
BODYPLANS ARE PATTERNED BY SEQUENTIAL EXPRESSIONS OF HIGH-LEVEL
REGULATORY GENES 91 ANTEROPOSTERIOR AXIS SPECIFICATION AND PATTERNING
GENES ARE FOUND THROUGHOUT EUMETAZOA 92
DORSOVENTRAL AXIS SPECIFICATION AND PATTERNING GENES ARE SIMILAR ACROSS
BILATERIA 97 ORGANOGENESIS INVOLVES POSITIONING BY PATTERNING GENES AND
DEVELOPMENT VIA GENE CASCADES CONTROLLED BY SELECTOR GENES 100 SIGNALING
PATHWAYS, LIKE INDIVIDUAL GENES, ARE RECRUITED FOR A VARIETY OF
TASKS 103
DEVELOPMENTAL GENOMES MAY EVOLVE ON MANY, SEMIDECOMPOSABLE LEVELS 103
EVOLUTION OF CIS-REGULATORY ELEMENTS ENTAILS EFFECTS THAT DIFFER FROM
THE EVOLUTION OF TRANSCRIBED GENES 103
REGULATORY VARIATION MAY BE MAINTAINED BY SEVERAL UNIQUE MECHANISMS 105
UNITS OF SELECTION IN DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION INCLUDE SEMI-INDEPENDENT
MODULES 107 BODYPLAN EVOLUTION COMMONLY USES ESTABLISHED GENETIC UNITS
OF SELECTION
FOR NOVELTIES 109 GENES MAY BE RECRUITED OR CAPTURED * CASES OF
HETEROCHRONY AND HETEROTOPY ARE CHANGES IN THE TIME OR PLACE OF GENE
EXPRESSION
REGULATORY GENE SYSTEMS ORGANIZE COMPLEXITY 112 THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENOME
SHOULD BE HIERARCHICAL 112 NETWORKS THAT ORGANIZE THE PRODUCTS OF A TREE
INTO A HIERARCHY ARE HYPOTHESIZED TO BE SCALE-FREE 112
REGULATORY GENES ARE ARBITERS OF DEVELOPMENTAL NARRATIVES 114
4 MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES 115
ASSUMED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES AFFECT MORPHOLOGICALLY BASED PHYLOGENETIC
HYPOTHESES 115
MANY OF THE CLASSIC PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES INVOLVE ASSUMPTIONS AS TO
THE PHYLOGENETIC HISTORY OF THE COELOM 119 DICHOTOMOUS COELOM THEORIES
POSTULATE AN EARLY BRANCHING BETWEEN PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES FROM
A COMMON ANCESTOR 119
ENTEROCOEL THEORIES POSTULATE THAT ENTEROCOELY IS A PRIMITIVE FEATURE OF
BILATERIANS 120 SCHIZOCOEL THEORIES DERIVE "THE COELOM" FROM A SPIRALIAN
ACOELOMATE 122 MORPHOLOGICAL PHYLOGENIES CAN USE SOME HELP 123
IMAGE 5
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES AFFECT MOLECULARLY BASED ESTIMATES OF THE TIMING,
BRANCHING PATTERNS, AND ORDER OF ORIGINS OF PHYLA 123 THE DATING OF DEEP
NODES BY MOLECULAR CLOCKS IS PROBLEMATIC AS YET 123 DATING NODES DOES
NOT DATE THE ORIGIN OF BODYPLANS 126 GENES THAT ARE PHYLOGENETICALLY
INFORMATIVE FOR HIGHER TAXA MUST EVOLVE
SLOWLY BUT NOT TOO SLOWLY 126 VARIATIONS IN THE RATE OF GENE-SEQUENCE
CHANGE AMONG TAXA CAN PRODUCE FALSE MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES 127 HOMOLOGOUS
POSITIONS MUST BE ALIGNED WHEN COMPARING GENE SEQUENCES 130 SOME CLADES
ARE CHARACTERIZED BY A NATURAL BIAS IN NUCLEOTIDE
SUBSTITUTIONS 131
MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES ARE DECOMPOSABLE 131 DURING
EVOLUTION, MORPHOLOGICAL HIERARCHIES ARE DYNAMIC STRUCTURES, AND THE
COMPOSITION OF THEIR ENTITIES IS SOMEWHAT FLUID 131 MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES
DO NOT NECESSARILY MAP ON MORPHOLOGICAL
HOMOLOGIES 131
THERE IS A LARGE VARIETY OF WAYS TO FORM TREES FROM MOLECULAR SEQUENCES
132 DISTANCE METHODS ESTIMATE THE MEAN NUMBER OF CHANGES BETWEEN SPECIES
133
PARSIMONY METHODS FIND TREES THAT MINIMIZE THE AMOUNT OF EVOLUTIONARY
CHANGE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE OBSERVED SEQUENCES 134 INVARIANT METHODS
CONCENTRATE ON REDUCING LONG-BRANCH ATTRACTION 135 LIKELIHOOD METHODS
ESTIMATE ACTUAL CHANGE UNDER A GIVEN EVOLUTIONARY
MODEL 135 SEVERAL METHODS HELP EVALUATE THE QUALITY OF SUPPORT FOR GIVEN
NODES 136 THERE ARE SOME REMEDIES FOR WHAT AILS MOLECULAR TREES 136
ALTHOUGH MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES PRODUCE CONFLICTING TOPOLOGIES, THEY HAVE
ALSO PRODUCED A GROWING CONSENSUS ON MAJOR ALLIANCES OF PHYLA 138 EARLY
STUDIES SUGGESTED SURPRISING ALLIANCES OF PHYLA 138
SUBSEQUENT WORK HAS TENDED TO SUPPORT THE EXISTENCE OF SEVERAL MAJOR
METAZOAN ALLIANCES 141
COMBINED MORPHOLOGICAL/MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES OF PHYLA MAY REQUIRE
IMPROVED ASSESSMENTS OF HOMOLOGIES TO BE SUCCESSFUL 143
STRATIGRAPHIC DATA CAN ADD USEFUL INFORMATION TO PHYLOGENETIC HYPOTHESES
146
THE ALLIANCES OF PHYLA INDICATED BY MOLECULAR METHODS PROVIDE EVIDENCE
FOR EVALUATING THE ORIGIN AND EARLY HISTORY OF PHYLA 148
IMAGE 6
BILATERIAN ALLIANCES CAN BE IDENTIFIED IN A VERY CONSERVATIVE SSU RRNA
TREE 148
THE CONSERVATIVE TREE MAY BE MODIFIED BY OTHER CRITERIA TO PRODUCE A
MORE LIBERAL HYPOTHESIS 149
5 THE FOSSIL RECORD 153
THE STRATIGRAPHIC RECORD IS INCOMPLETE IN A SPOTTY WAY 153 SEDIMENTARY
ROCKS ARE ACCUMULATED AND PRESERVED EPISODICALLY 153 SEDIMENTARY
"COMPLETENESS" VARIES WITH THE RESOLUTION THAT IS DESIRED 157 THE
COMPLETENESS OF SEDIMENTARY SECTIONS IS INDEPENDENT OF THEIR AGES 159
THE MARINE FOSSIL RECORD, WHILE INCOMPLETE, YIELDS USEFUL SAMPLES OF A
RATHER CONSISTENT FRACTION OF THE FAUNA 160 LOCAL FOSSIL ASSEMBLAGES ARE
LARGELY DURABLY SKELETONIZED AND TIME-AVERAGED 160
MANY LOCAL FAUNAS ARE REQUIRED IN ORDER TO ESTIMATE GLOBAL DIVERSITY AT
TIMES OF HIGH ENVIRONMENTAL HETEROGENEITY 162 JUMPING PRESERVATIONAL
GAPS IS POSSIBLE BY EXTRAPOLATION BETWEEN RICH FAUNAL HORIZONS 163
THE KNOWN GEOLOGIC RANGES OF TAXA ARE SENSITIVE TO THEIR FOSSIL
ABUNDANCES 164
THERE ARE WAYS OF COPING WITH INCOMPLETE RECORDS 167 TAXONOMIC
COMPLETENESS INCREASES AT HIGHER LEVELS OF THE TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY 167
TAXONOMIC COMPLETENESS RISES AS LARGER BINS ARE USED TO INCREASE
TIME-AVERAGING 167 PALEOECOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC COMPLETENESS
INCREASE AT HIGHER LEVELS OF THE ECOLOGICAL HIERARCHY 168 DATA FROM
COARSER UNITS MAY BE TESTED BY LOCAL FINE-SCALE STUDIES 168
THE NEOPROTEROZOIC-CAMBRIAN FOSSIL RECORD PROVIDES THE ONLY DIRECT
EVIDENCE OF EARLY METAZOAN BODYPLANS 168 SATISFACTORY DEFINITION AND
DATING OF LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC AND CAMBRIAN ROCKS HAVE BEEN ACCOMPLISHED
ONLY RECENTLY 169
CRITERIA FOR DEFINING THE NEOPROTEROZOIC-CAMBRIAN BOUNDARY HAVE VARIED
OVER THE YEARS * THE AGE OF THE LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC-EARLY CAMBRIAN
SEQUENCE HAS BEEN ESTABLISHED CHIEFLY BY PRECISION DATING OF ZIRCON
CRYSTALS LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC AND EARLY CAMBRIAN GEOGRAPHIES WERE VERY
DIFFERENT FROM TODAY'S 172 KNOWLEDGE OF LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC AND CAMBRIAN
FAUNAS HAS GREATLY INCREASED
IN RECENT DECADES 174
IMAGE 7
LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC FOSSILS INCLUDE ENIGMATIC SOFT-BODIED FORMS AND
TRACES *
EARLIEST CAMBRIAN FAUNAL TRACES INDICATE INCREASES IN BODY SIZE AND IN
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES * NUMBERS OF CROWN PHYLA APPEAR DURING THE
CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION * THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN CONTAINS SPECTACULAR FAUNAS,
BUT NO CROWN PHYLA APPEAR FOR THE FIRST TIME * PHYLA THAT FIRST APPEAR
AFTER THE EXPLOSION ARE SOFT-BODIED WITH ONE
EXCEPTION (BRYOZOA) IF ALL PHYLA WERE PRESENT BY THE CLOSE OF THE
EXPLOSION, THEIR RECORDS AGREE WELL WITH EXPECTATIONS BASED ON THEIR
PRESERVABILITIES 186 THE LACK OF NEOPROTEROZOIC FOSSIL ANCESTORS OF
LIVING PHYLA IS NOT INCONSISTENT
WITH THE QUALITY OF THE FOSSIL RECORD 187
THERE IS A VAST RANGE OF HYPOTHESES THAT ATTEMPT TO EXPLAIN THE CAMBRIAN
EXPLOSION 189 C PERHAPS THERE WAS NO CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION 191 THE
EXPLOSION WAS DUE TO PHYSICAL CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 191
THE EXPLOSION WAS DUE TO BIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE ENVIRONMENT 193 THE
EXPLOSION REFLECTS INTRINSIC EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE 194
IN SUM, THE CAMBRIAN FOSSILS IMPLY AN EXPLOSION OF BODYPLANS, BUT THE
UNDERLYING CAUSES REMAIN UNCERTAIN 194
PART TWO THE METAZOAN PHYLA 197
6 PREBILATERIANS AND EARLIEST CROWN BILATERIANS 201
SPONGES AND SPONGIOMORPHS 201 BODYPLAN OF PORIFERA 201 CELLULARIA *
SYMPLASMA DEVELOPMENT IN PORIFERA 205
CELLULARIA * SYMPLASMA FOSSIL RECORD OF SPONGES AND SPONGIOMORPHS 208
PORIFERA * ARCHAEOCYATHA * RADIOCYATHA * CHANCELLORIIDAE PORIFERAN
ANCESTRY AND EARLY RADIATION OF THE SPONGE GRADE 211
CNIDARIANS AND CNIDARIOMORPHS 214 BODYPLAN OF CNIDARIA 214 DEVELOPMENT
IN CNIDARIA 218 EARLY FOSSIL CNIDARIA AND CNIDARIOMORPHS 219
THE VENDOBIONT HYPOTHESIS 225 CNIDARIAN RELATIONSHIPS AND EARLY
RADIATION OF CNIDARIOMORPHS 226
CTENOPHORA 228 BODYPLAN OF CTENOPHORA 228
IMAGE 8
DEVELOPMENT IN CTENOPHORA 228
FOSSIL RECORD OF CTENOPHORA 230 CTENOPHORAN RELATIONSHIPS 231
PLACOZOA 232
MYXOZOA 233
DIVERSIFICATION OF PREBILATERIAN METAZOA 234
ACOELOMORPHA: EARLIEST CROWN BILATERIANS? 236 BODYPLAN OF ACOELOMORPHA
237 DEVELOPMENT IN ACOELOMORPHA 239 FOSSIL RECORD OF ACOELOMORPHA 240
ACOELOMORPHS AND THE EARLY BILATERIA 240
7 PROTOSTOMES: THE ECDYSOZOA 241
PRIAPULIDA 241 BODYPLAN OF PRIAPULIDA 241 DEVELOPMENT IN PRIAPULIDA 243
FOSSIL RECORD OF PRIAPULIDA 243
KINORHYNCHA 244 BODYPLAN OF KINORHYNCHA 244 DEVELOPMENT IN KINORHYNCHA
246 FOSSIL RECORD OF KINORHYNCHA 246
LORICIFERA 246 BODYPLAN OF LORICIFERA 246 DEVELOPMENT IN LORICIFERA 248
FOSSIL RECORD OF LORICIFERA 248
NEMATOMORPHA 248 BODYPLAN OF NEMATOMORPHA 248 DEVELOPMENT IN
NEMATOMORPHA 249 FOSSIL RECORD OF NEMATOMORPHA 250
NEMATODA 250 BODYPLAN OF NEMATODA 250 DEVELOPMENT IN NEMATODA 252 FOSSIL
RECORD OF NEMATODA 255
PALEOSCOLECIDAE 256
RELATIONSHIPS OF PARACOELOMATE ECDYSOZOANS 257
ONYCHOPHORA 257
IMAGE 9
BODYPLAN OF ONYCHOPHORA 258
DEVELOPMENT IN ONYCHOPHORA 259 ONYCHOPHORA AND FOSSIL LOBOPODS 259
AYSHEAIA, LUOLISHANIA, AND XENUSION * ARMORED LOBOPODS * LATER FORMS
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG LIVING AND FOSSIL ONYCHOPHORANS 262
TARDIGRADA 262 BODYPLAN OF TARDIGRADA 263 DEVELOPMENT IN TARDIGRADA 264
FOSSIL RECORD OF TARDIGRADA 264
ARTHROPODA 264 BODYPLAN OF ARTHROPODA 264 MAJOR CLADES * PENTASTOMIDS
DEVELOPMENT IN ARTHROPODA 271 EARLY FOSSIL RECORD OF ARTHROPODA 275
EARLY FOSSIL RELATIVES (OR PERHAPS BASAL STEM GROUPS)
OF ARTHROPODA 281
SOME BRANCH POINTS WITHIN THE ECDYSOZOA 283 NODES 1, 2, AND 3 283 NODES
4 AND 5 284 ONYCHOPHORA + TARDIGRADA + ARTHROPODA CLADE 284
ONYCHOPHORA * TARDIGRADA * ARTHROPODA ECDYSOZOAN CLEAVAGES 285
EARLY HISTORY OF THE LOBOPODIAN AND ARTHROPODAN CLADES 286
PROTOSTOMES: LOPHOTROCHOZOA 1: EUTROCHOZOANS 288
PLATYHELMINTHES: RHABDITOPHORA AND CATENULIDA 288 BODYPLAN OF
PLATYHELMINTHES 290 FREE-LIVING RHABDITOPHORA * CATENULIDA *
XENOTURBELLA * SOME FLATWORM BODYPLAN VARIATIONS DEVELOPMENT IN MARINE
RHABDITOPHORA 293 FOSSIL RECORD OF FLATWORMS 294 FLATWORM RELATIONSHIPS
294
MOLLUSCA AND MOLLUSKLIKE FORMS 295 BODYPLAN OF MOLLUSCA 295 DEVELOPMENT
IN MOLLUSCA 301 EARLY FOSSIL RECORD OF MOLLUSCA 302
EARLY FOSSIL RECORD OF MOLLUSKLIKE FORMS 308 ACAENOPLAX * PROBIVALVIA OR
STENOTHECOIDA * HYOLITHA * KIMBERELLA MOLLUSCAN RELATIONSHIPS 310
IMAGE 10
ANNELIDA 312
BODYPLAN OF ANNELIDA 314 DEVELOPMENT IN ANNELIDA 319 POGONOPHORA 320
BODYPLAN OF POGONOPHORA * DEVELOPMENT IN POGONOPHORA
ECHIURA 322 BODYPLAN OF ECHIURA * DEVELOPMENT IN ECHIURA FOSSIL RECORD
OF ANNELIDA 324 POGONOPHORA * ECHIURA ANNELID ANCESTRY 326
SIPUNCULA 326 BODYPLAN OF SIPUNCULA 326 DEVELOPMENT IN SIPUNCULA 328
FOSSIL RECORD OF SIPUNCULA 328
SIPUNCULAN RELATIONSHIPS 328
NEMERTEA 328 BODYPLAN OF NEMERTEA 329 DEVELOPMENT IN NEMERTEA 330 FOSSIL
RECORD OF NEMERTEA 331
NEMERTEAN RELATIONSHIPS 331
MESOZOANS: RHOMBOZOA AND ORTHONECTIDA 331 BODYPLANS OF MESOZOANS 332
DEVELOPMENT IN MESOZOANS 332 MESOZCWW RELATIONSHIPS 333
FOSSIL GROUPS THAT MAY BE EUTROCHOZOANS 333 COELOSCLERITOPHORA 333
TURRILEPADIDA 335 FASCIVERMIS 336
OTHER GROUPS OF PROBLEMATICA 336
POSSIBLE BRANCH POINTS WITHIN EUTROCHOZOA 337
9 PROTOSTOMES: LOPHOTROCHOZOA 2: LOPHOPHORATES 339
BRYOZOA 339 BODYPLAN OF BRYOZOA 339 DEVELOPMENT IN BRYOZOA 342 ONTOGENY
* ASTOGENY (COLONY DEVELOPMENT) FOSSIL RECORD OF BRYOZOA 343 BRYOZOAN
RELATIONSHIPS 343
IMAGE 11
PHORONIDA 345
BODYPLAN OF PHORONIDA 345 DEVELOPMENT IN PHORONIDA 346 FOSSIL RECORD OF
PHORONIDA 348 PHORONID RELATIONSHIPS 348
BRACHIOPODA 348 BODYPLAN OF BRACHIOPODA 350 DEVELOPMENT IN BRACHIOPODA
353 FOSSIL RECORD OF BRACHIOPODA 354 EXTINCT BRACHIOPOD-LIKE FORMS 354
BRACHIOPOD RELATIONSHIPS 355
LOPHOPHORATE RELATIONSHIPS 356
10 PROTOSTOMES: PARACOELOMATES 360
GASTROTRICHA 361 BODYPLAN OF GASTROTRICHA 361 DEVELOPMENT IN
GASTROTRICHA 361 FOSS»7 RECORD OF GASTROTRICHA 363
GASTROTRICH RELATIONSHIPS 363
ROTIFERA 363 BODYPLAN OF ROTIFERA 363 DEVELOPMENT IN ROTIFERA 364 FOSS7
RECORD OF ROTIFERA 365
ROTIFERAN RELATIONSHIPS 365
ACANTHOCEPHALA 365 BODYPLAN OF ACANTHOCEPHALA 365 DEVELOPMENT IN
ACANTHOCEPHALA 366 FOSSIL RECORD OF ACANTHOCEPHALA 367
ACANTHOCEPHALAN RELATIONSHIPS 367
ENTOPROCTA 368 BODYPLAN OF ENTOPROCTA 368 DEVELOPMENT IN ENTOPROCTA 369
FOSS7 RECORD OF ENTOPROCTA 370
ENTOPROCTAN RELATIONSHIPS 370
CYCLIOPHORA 370 BODYPLAN OF CYCLIOPHORA 371 DEVELOPMENT IN CYCLIOPHORA
372 FOSSIL RECORD OF CYCLIOPHORA 372
CYCLIOPHORAN RELATIONSHIPS 372
IMAGE 12
GNATHOSTOMULIDA 372
BODYPLAN OF GNATHOSTOMULIDA 372. DEVELOPMENT IN GNATHOSTOMULIDA 373
FOSSIL RECORD OF GNATHOSTOMULIDA 373 GNATHOSTOMULID RELATIONSHIPS 373
CHAETOGNATHA 374 BODYPLAN OF CHAETOGNATHA 374 DEVELOPMENT IN
CHAETOGNATHA 375 FOSSIL RECORD OF CHAETOGNATHA 376
CHAETOGNATH RELATIONSHIPS 376
PHYLOGENETIC SCHEMES FOR PARACOELOMATES 377 MAJOR SCHEMES FOR VERMIFORM
PARACOELOMATES 377 THE FOSSIL RECORD AND PARACOELOMATE HISTORIES 378
11 DEUTEROSTOMES 381
HEMICHORDATA 383 BODYPLAN OF ENTEROPNEUST HEMICHORDATA 383 BODYPLAN OF
PTEROBRANCH HEMICHORDATA 385 DEVELOPMENT IN HEMICHORDATA 387
FOSSIL RECORD OF HEMICHORDATA 388 ENTEROPNEUSTA * PTEROBRANCHIA *
GRAPTOLITHINA HEMICHORDATE RELATIONSHIPS AND ANCESTRY 390
ECHINODERMATA 391 BODYPLAN OF ECHINODERMATA 391 DEVELOPMENT IN
ECHINODERMATA 394 FOSSIL RECORD OF ECHINODERMATA 397
CRINOZOA * BLASTOZOA * ECHINOZOA * HOMALOZOA * THE ECHINODERM SKELETON
ECHINODERM ANCESTRY 404
VETULICOLIA 406
INVERTEBRATE CHORDATA 406 UROCHORDATA 406 BODYPLAN OF ASCIDIACEA *
DEVELOPMENT IN ASCIDIACEA * BODYPLAN OF APPENDICULARIA (LARVACEA) *
DEVELOPMENT IN APPENDICULARIA * FOSSIL RECORD OF UROCHORDATA *
UROCHORDATE ANCESTRY CEPHALOCHORDATA 413 BODYPLAN OF CEPHALOCHORDATA *
DEVELOPMENT IN CEPHALOCHORDATA * FOSSIL RECORD OF CEPHALOCHORDATA OTHER
POSSIBLE INVERTEBRATE CHORDATES 417
IMAGE 13
EARLY VERTEBRATA 418
EARLIEST AGNATHANS 418 EUCONODONTA 418 PARACONODONTA 421
CHORDATE ANCESTRY 421 OLDER SCENARIOS 421 REVISED SCENARIOS 422
PART THREE EVOLUTION OF THE PHYLA 425
12 PHANEROZOIC HISTORY OF PHYLA 429
DIVERSIFICATION PATTERNS OF HIGHER TAXA WITH MINERALIZED SKELETONS CAN
BE EVALUATED BY RICHNESSES AND DISPARITIES 431 TAXONOMIC DISPARITY
COMMONLY REACHED HIGH LEVELS EARLY IN CLADE HISTORY 431
BRYOZOA RADIATED AT THE ORDINAL LEVEL WHILE AT LOW DIVERSITY *
BRACHIOPODA ALSO RADIATED AT THE ORDINAL LEVEL WHILE AT LOW DIVERSITY *
MOLLUSCA PRODUCED DISPARATE STEM GROUPS IN THE EARLY CAMBRIAN *
ECHINODERMATA DIVERSIFIED INTO DISPARATE CLADES FROM EARLY CAMBRIAN TO
MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN TIME * OTHER DURABLY
SKELETONIZED PHYLA SHOW HIGH EARLY DISPARITY, AND THE RECORDS OF
SOFT-BODIED FORMS ARE NOT INCONSISTENT WITH SUCH A PATTERN
MORPHOMETRIC DISPARITY HAS BEEN EVALUATED ONLY WITHIN PHYLUM SUBCLADES,
WHICH SOMETIMES REACH HIGH LEVELS EARLY IN CLADE HISTORY 438 WITHIN
BLASTOZOA AND CRINOIDEA (ECHINODERMATA) HIGH MORPHOLOGICAL DISPARITY IS
ACHIEVED EARLY * AMONG MOLLUSCA, GASTROPODA SHOWS LARGER EARLY
MORPHOLOGICAL
DISPARITIES WHILE ROSTROCONCHA SHOWS A COMPLICATED PATTERN * TRILOBITA
ARE MOST DISPARATE WELL AFTER THEIR FIRST APPEARANCE WITHIN PHYLA,
DISPARITY AND DIVERSITY SEEM TO BE INDEPENDENT 443
MACROEVOLUTIONARY DYNAMICS OF PHYLA RUN THE GAMUT FROM STABILITY TO
VOLATILITY 445 CLADE DYNAMICS REFLECT SPECIATION AND EXTINCTION RATES
445 MACROEVOLUTIONARY "COMPETITION" ARISES FROM DIFFERENTIAL SPECIATION
AND
EXTINCTION RATES 447 LINNEAN TAXA MAY FORM MACROEVOLUTIONARILY DYNAMIC
UNITS 448 SORTING STRATEGIES ARISE FROM SELECTION AMONG INDIVIDUALS 449
CLADE HISTORIES OF INVERTEBRATE TAXA WITH MINERALIZED SKELETONS REFLECT
TURNOVER DYNAMICS 452 THERE ARE HINTS THAT THE ORIGIN OF MARINE CLADES
IS FAVORED IN SHALLOW TROPICAL WATERS 452
IMAGE 14
TURNOVER KATES INFLUENCE CLADE "SHAPE" OVER TIME 453
THE EARLY HISTORY OF PHYLA IS CONSISTENT WITH THE EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS
SHOWN FOLLOWING THE CAMBRIAN 458
IS THE NUMBER OF PHYLA RELATED TO THE GROSS HETEROGENEITY OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT? 460
THE LATE NEOPROTEROZOIC AND EARLY CAMBRIAN PATTERN OF APPEARANCES IS
CONSISTENT WITH PATTERNS FOUND THROUGHOUT THE PHANEROZOIC 463
13 METAZOAN EVOLUTION DURING THE PRELUDE TO THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION 465
METAZOAN MULTICELLULARITY EVOLVED FROM PROTISTAN PLURICELLULARITY 466
PROTISTANS SET THE STAGE 466 A NOVEL BODYPLAN INVOLVING DIFFERENTIATED
CELL TYPES FOUNDED THE KINGDOM METAZOA 467
THE COMPLEXITY OF METAZOAN BODIES LED TO THE EMERGENCE OF A HIERARCHICAL
SOMATIC ORGANIZATION AND TO HIERARCHICAL, SCALE-FREE NETWORKS WITHIN THE
DEVELOPMENTAL GENOME 469
DIPLOBLASTIC SOMATIC ARCHITECTURE EVOLVED FROM SPONGES 471 DIPLOBLASTIC
BODYPLANS EMPLOY EPITHELIA 471 THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENOMES OF
PREBILATERIANS ARE FORESHADOWED IN THEIR PROTISTAN ANCESTORS 473
THE NATURE OF EARLY BILATERIA IS WIDELY DEBATED 475 THE
PREBILATERIAN/BILATERIAN GAP IS WIDE 475 THE EARLIEST BILATERIANS MAY
DESCEND FROM STEM DIPLOBLASTIC LARVAE 476 THE TROCHAEA HYPOTHESIS
PROPOSES EVOLUTION IN THE PLANKTON * THE SET-ASIDE
HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES EVOLUTION VIA DEFERRED COMPLEXITY * THE COLONIAL
HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES EVOLUTION VIA ROUNDS OF INDIVIDUATION * THE
PLANULOID HYPOTHESIS PROPOSES BENTHIC EVOLUTION WITH COMPLEXITY
INCREASES WITHIN THE SOMATIC HIERARCHY
A BENTHIC HYPOTHESIS CAN EXPLAIN BOTH FOSSIL AND MOLECULAR DATA AND IS
NOT INCOMPATIBLE WITH DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERNS 484 MOLECULAR NORMS OF
METAZOAN DEVELOPMENT WERE ESTABLISHED IN PREBILATERIAN GENOMES 484
THE EARLY BILATERIANS PRESUMABLY RADIATED DURING THE PRELUDE TO PRODUCE
A DIVERSE PARACOELOMATE FAUNA 485 CLEAVAGES AND LARVAL MODES ARE RELATED
IN EXTANT BILATERIANS, AND SUGGEST MODELS FOR THE FAUNA OF THE PRELUDE
487
IMAGE 15
LARVAL MODES AND THEREFORE CLEAVAGE PATTERNS ARE RELATED TO
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS 488 CLEAVAGE PATTERNS AMONG LIVING CLADES MAY REFLECT THE
HISTORY OF THEIR LARVAL MODES 490
ECTODERM, ENDODERM, AND ENDOMESODERM ARE PROBABLY HOMOLOGOUS THROUGHOUT
THE EUMETAZOA 492
CROWN PARACOELOMATE BODYPLANS LARGELY REPRESENT A RADIATION OF
SMALL-BODIED PROTOSTOMES 493
METAZOAN COMPLEXITY INCREASED BEFORE THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION, PERHAPS
CHIEFLY DURING THE EARLY CAMBRIAN 493
14 METAZOAN EVOLUTION DURING THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION AND ITS AFTERMATH
497
INDEPENDENT TRENDS IN BODY-SIZE INCREASES PRODUCED THE MAJOR BILATERIAN
ALLIANCES 497 THE DEGREE OF DISPARITY AMONG NEOPROTEROZOIC
PARACOELOMATES IS ENTIRELY CONJECTURAL 497
CAMBRIAN SELECTION FOR BODY-SIZE INCREASES INVOLVED REGULATION OF
CELL-DIVISION CYCLES 497
THE HOMOLOGY OF BODY CAVITIES ACROSS BILATERIA IS UNLIKELY 498 PRIMARY
BODY CAVITIES-PSEUDOCOELS AND HEMOCOELS-HAVE BEEN LOST IN SOME LINEAGES
BUT ARE MAIN BODY SPACES IN OTHERS 498 SECONDARY BODY CAVITIES - COELOMS
- ARE HIGHLY FUNCTIONAL AND ARE NOT LIKELY
TO BE HOMOLOGOUS ACROSS BILATERIA 499
SYSTEMS ASSOCIATED WITH BODY CAVITIES, SUCH AS BLOOD VASCULAR AND
NEPHRIDIAL SYSTEMS, MAY BE HOMOPLASTIC 500
BODY-SIZE INCREASES ARE CONSISTENT WITH THE EARLY CAMBRIAN EVOLUTION OF
PLANKTOTROPHY AND DIVERGENCES IN EARLY DEVELOPMENT 503
THERE ARE SIMILARITIES IN THE GROSS MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS OF SOME
PHYLA IN THE SEPARATE ALLIANCES 505 DEUTEROSTOMES RADIATED IN TWO MAJOR
CLADES, ONE OF WHICH EVOLVED A NOTOCHORD, AND THE REST IS HISTORY 506
ADAPTIVE TRENDS WITHIN ECDYSOZOA IMPLICATE THE MOLTING HABIT AS
PROVIDING BOTH MAJOR OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS 508 LOPHOTROCHOZOAN
PHYTOGENY IS PROBLEMATIC, SUGGESTING A RAPID RADIATION FROM THE CROWN
ANCESTOR 510
THE REMAINING PROTOSTOMES ARE STILL A TROUBLESOME GROUP 513
IMAGE 16
THE CAMBRIAN EXPLOSION PRODUCED WIDESPREAD HOMOPLASY:
A SUMMARY 513
MUCH EVOLUTION OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL GENOME OCCURRED IN THE SERVICE OF
BODYPLAN ORIGINATIONS: A SUMMARY 514
WHY ARE PROBLEMS OF EARLY METAZOAN EVOLUTION SO HARD? 516 IF ONLY IT
WERE JUST THE DATA 516 THE INCREDIBLE RICHNESS OF CHOICE 517 CLOSING
THOUGHTS 518
APPENDIX: THE GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE 521 GLOSSARY 5Z5 REFERENCES 533 INDEX
607 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Valentine, James W. 1926- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)119524651 |
| author_facet | Valentine, James W. 1926- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Valentine, James W. 1926- |
| author_variant | j w v jw jwv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019626192 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH367 |
| callnumber-raw | QH367.5 |
| callnumber-search | QH367.5 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3367.5 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WH 7200 |
| classification_tum | BIO 175f BIO 745f BIO 800f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)727906568 (DE-599)BVBBV019626192 |
| dewey-full | 591.3/8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 591 - Specific topics in natural history of animals |
| dewey-raw | 591.3/8 |
| dewey-search | 591.3/8 |
| dewey-sort | 3591.3 18 |
| dewey-tens | 590 - Animals |
| discipline | Biologie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV019626192 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T07:52:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0226845486 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003016601 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012955446 |
| oclc_num | 727906568 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-B16 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-B16 |
| physical | XXIV, 614 S. ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | University of Chicago Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Valentine, James W. 1926- Verfasser (DE-588)119524651 aut On the origin of phyla James W. Valentine Chicago [u.a.] University of Chicago Press 2004 XXIV, 614 S. ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "On the Origin of Phyla will affect the work of paleontologists, morphologists and developmental, molecular, and evolutionary biologists."--BOOK JACKET. Evolution Evolution (Biology) Phylogeny Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 gnd rswk-swf Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd rswk-swf Stamm Phylum (DE-588)4182865-3 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd rswk-swf Stamm Phylum (DE-588)4182865-3 s Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 s Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 s DE-604 Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip047/2003016601.html Table of contents OEBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012955446&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Valentine, James W. 1926- On the origin of phyla Evolution Evolution (Biology) Phylogeny Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Stamm Phylum (DE-588)4182865-3 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4076110-1 (DE-588)4071050-6 (DE-588)4182865-3 (DE-588)4060087-7 |
| title | On the origin of phyla |
| title_auth | On the origin of phyla |
| title_exact_search | On the origin of phyla |
| title_full | On the origin of phyla James W. Valentine |
| title_fullStr | On the origin of phyla James W. Valentine |
| title_full_unstemmed | On the origin of phyla James W. Valentine |
| title_short | On the origin of phyla |
| title_sort | on the origin of phyla |
| topic | Evolution Evolution (Biology) Phylogeny Phylogenie (DE-588)4076110-1 gnd Evolution (DE-588)4071050-6 gnd Stamm Phylum (DE-588)4182865-3 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Evolution Evolution (Biology) Phylogeny Phylogenie Stamm Phylum Tiere |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip047/2003016601.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012955446&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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