Rural India facing the 21st century: essays on long term village change and recent development policy
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London
Anthem Press
2004
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| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Anthem South Asian studies
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXV, 539 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1843310872 1843310880 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Harriss-White, Barbara |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Rural India facing the 21st century |b essays on long term village change and recent development policy |c [ed. by] Barbara Harriss-White and S. Jankarajan |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London |b Anthem Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXV, 539 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a Anthem South Asian studies | |
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rural development |x Government policy |z India, South | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Rural development |z India, South | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Village communities |z India, South | |
| 651 | 4 | |a India, South |x Economic conditions |y 20th century | |
| 651 | 4 | |a India, South |x Rural conditions | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Janakarajan, S. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804132906597089280 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Tables vii
List of Figures xiv
Preface, Acknowledgements and Dedication xv
PART ONE: LONG TERM CHANGE
1 1 Introduction: Heavy Agriculture and Light Industry in
South Indian Villages 3
Barbara Harriss White, S Janakarajan and Diego Colatei
Appendix 1: The Selection of Villages and Sampled Households 47
Appendix 2: Production Statistics 52
1 2 Irrigation: The Development of an Agro Ecological Crisis 59
S Janakarajan
1 3 Time and Space: Intervillage Variation in the North Arcot
Region and its Dynamics, 1973 95 78
MVSrinivasan
Appendix: Analysis of clusters 114
1 4 Social Stratification and Rural Households 115
Diego Colatei and Barbara Harriss White
1 5 Labour, Gender Relations and the Rural Economy 159
Barbara Harriss White
1 6 Social Institutions and the Structural Transformation of the
Non Farm Economy 175
DJayaraj
part two: production policy and pillage perspectives
2 1 Policy and the Agricultural Development Agenda 195
Barbara Harriss White
2 2 Rural Infrastructure and Local Utilities: Institutions and Access 213
Barbara Harriss White
2—3 Populism and Electricity in Rural Tamil Nadu 231
S Janakarajan
vi Contents
2 4 Rural Credit and the Collateral Question 252
Barbara Harriss White and Diego Colatei
2 5 Fertilizer Reforms and Nutrient Balances 284
Barbara Harriss White
Appendix 1 296
Appendix 2 298
PART THREE . SOCIAL WELFARE IN THE VILLAGES
3 1 Introduction: Village Studies and Welfare 305
3 2 Antipoverty Policy: Targeting and Screening for Eligibility 308
Ruhi Saith and Barbara Harriss White
Appendix: Details of Class Probability Tree Analysis 324
3 3 Life Chances: Development and Female Disadvantage 328
PaulHL Nillesen and Barbara Harriss White
3 4 Incapacity and Disability 349
Susan Erb and Barbara Harriss White
3 5 Food, Nutrition and the State in Northern Tamil Nadu 373
Barbara Harriss White
Appendix 1: Nutrition Data 1973 4 to 1982 4 397
AppendixT. Income, Prices and Household Factors in
Household level Calorie Availability, 1994 401
Appendixy The Public Distribution Scheme (PDS) 405
Appendix^. Noon Meal Scheme (NMS) 408
3 6 No End to the Betrayal? Primary Education in its Social Context:
Evidence from Rural Tamil Nadu 411
Lisa Gold and Barbara Harriss White
Appendix: Summary Statistics for Probit Model Variables 428
3 7 Socially Inclusive Social Security: Social Assistance in
the Villages 429
Barbara Harriss White
3 8 So What for Policy? The Rural Development in a Poor State 447
Barbara Harriss White
Notes 467
References 505
Index 537
List of Tables
1 1: introduction: heavy agriculture and light industry in
south indian villages
1. Seasonality of paddy cultivation, 1972 3 to 1993 4 6
2. Paddy yields kg/ha, 1973 4 to 1993 4 by season 7
3. Paddy and groundnut yields, kg/ha. 1973 4 to 1993 4 by holding size 8
4. Electricity consumption per electric well in Tamil Nadu 10
5. Assets by village (Rs), 1993 12
6. Gini coefficients for the ownership of land and the value of assets 12
7. Size distributions of land ownership (acres) 14
8. Changes in distribution of land ownership 15
9. Average land area owned by quartile of landed households (ha) 16
10. Land classification (acres) 17
11. HYVs of rice and groundnuts recommended for northern Tamil Nadu 19
12. Weighted mean paddy yields (kg/ha), 1993 4, by villages, seasons
and generations of HYVs 20
13. Cropping patterns by farm size group (ha) 21
14. Land use, three villages, 1993 4 21
15. Average cropped area, yield and production of paddy and
groundnuts by farm size group 23
16. Costs and returns from HYV paddy (1973 4 prices) 25
17. Paddy, groundnuts: labour inputs and costs per ha, 1993 4 26
18. Average agrochemicals inputs and costs per ha, 1993 4 28
19. Paddy production, costs and marketed surplus 30
20. Adult employment per paddy farm in crop production by type of labour (days) 32
21. Real casual wage rates by gender and village 1973 93 35
22. Income, expenditure and poverty, 1993 4 36
23. Wage price relations for agricultural labour in the three villages,
1973 4 to 1993 4 37
24. Asset holding in the three villages 41
Appendix 1
1 Census households classified by village and cluster 50
2 Sampled households by village and cluster 50
3 Weights for sample 50
viii List of Tables
Appendix2
1 Basic statistics on agricultural production in former North Arcot District,
1982 3 to 1992 3 52
2 Paddy production by variety, village and season 54
3 Agricultural production by village and season, 1993 4 57
4 Average holding size (ha) by village per landed household 58
1 2: irrigation: the development of an agro ecological crisis
1. Traditional sources of irrigation in the selected villages 62
2. Number ofwells in the villages, 1973 93 69
3. Distribution of the wells in Nesal by depth, 1995 70
4. Distribution of the wells in Vinayagapuram by depth, 1995 71
5. Distribution of the wells in Veerasambanur by depth, 1995 71
6. Extent of decline in the water table (in feet) 72
7. The average original and the current depths of the sample wells which
were dug before 1975 73
8. Yield of paddy in the study villages, 1993 4 74
1—3: TIME AND SPACE: INTERVILLAGE VARIATION IN THE NORTH ARCOT
REGION AND ITS DYNAMICS, 1973 95
1. Intervillage variation 80
2. Population from survey and census 83
3. Decadel growth of literacy rates by sex and village, 1971 91 84
4. Other demographic trends in N. A. District 86
5. Correlation matrix of some demographic variables in the study villages 87
6. Composition of households in the study villages, 1993 88
7. Details about land holdings by villages (in percentages) 89
8. Details of cropping intensities 90
9. Trends in irrigation infrastructure in NAR 92
10. Cropping pattern in the study villages (area in acres) 93
11. Agricultural labourers by village, 1973 95 94
12. Distribution of workers in North Arcot, 1971 91 96
13. Distribution of workforce by sex and major industrial categories, 1993 5 97
14. Distribution of workers by major classification and sex (in %), 1995 98
15. Wage data 100
16. Changes in wages paid in kind 102
17. Trends in wages for major agriculture operations, 1973 95 104
18. Per capita income of village households by category (in Rs) 105
19. Liabilities of village households and per capita income by category, 1995. 107
20. Distribution of assets in the North Arcot villages (recensus) 108
21. Village classification, 1993 5 nl
1 4: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
1. Two cluster classification 123
2. Six cluster analysis 126
List of Tables ix
3. Ten cluster analysis 131
4. The reclassified household groups 135
5. Land distribution by household groups 137
6. Caste groups in the villages 141
7. Nesal: caste by household groups 142
8. Vinayagapuram: caste by household groups 143
9. Veerasambanur: caste by household groups 144
10. Average value of assets by caste (Rs) 145
11. Nesal: distribution of land by caste 147
12. Vinayagapuram: distribution of land by caste 149
13. Veerasambanur: distribution of land by caste 151
14. Nesal: female headed households and clusters 154
15. Nesal: female headed households and land ownership 154
16. Vinayagapuram: female headed households and clusters 155
17. Vinayagapuram: female headed households and land ownership 155
18. Veerasambanur: female headed households and clusters 156
19. Veerasambanur: female headed households and land ownership 156
20. Average value of assets by household head (Rs) 157
I 5: LABOUR, GENDER RELATIONS AND THE RURAL ECONOMY
1. Percentage of labour days spent in crop production by male and
female labour, 1973 93 162
2. Percentage of income earned by poor peasant cluster in
agricultural wage work, by operation 163
3. Percentage of income earned by elite cluster in agricultural wage
work, by operation 164
4. Daily agricultural wages and trends, 1973 93 (constant 1973 Rs) 166
5. Gender division of the proportion of total days spent working in
non agricultural production, by village and cluster 167
6. Gender differentials in proportion of total household wage
earnings from non agricultural work 168
7. Wage differentials by gender and occupation for non agricultural wage work 168
8. Activity patterns (mins/day) by gender 169
9. Gender distribution of labour input for livestock upkeep, by village
and cluster 170
10. The gender division of tasks in livestock upkeep 170
11. Expenditure on male goods and on cosmetics as a percentage of total
food expenditure (TFE), by season and village poor peasant cluster 171
12. Expenditure on male goods and on cosmetics as a percentage of total
food expenditure (TFE), by season and village elite cluster 171
1 6: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE
NON FARM ECONOMY
1. Distribution of households by access to land and access to non agricultural
employment 182
x List of Tables
2. Distribution of agricultural and non agricultural households by
access to land and by caste 183
3. Indices of excess access to land and non agricultural employment by caste 184
4. Industrial distribution of male workers by primary occupation 185
5. Industrial distribution of female workers by primary occupation 186
6. Employment in the non agricultural sector (% of total population) 187
7. Distribution of workers literate and having completed primary
education by sector of employment 188
8. Distribution of workers who have completed middle school by sector
of employment 189
9. Distribution of workers who have completed secondary school by
sector of employment 190
10. Distribution of workers who have education above secondary by
sector of employment 191
2—1: POLICY AND THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AGENDA
1 Agriculture Department spending, Tamil Nadu (Rs crores [10 million]) 206
2 Patronage of small farmers, 1995 206
3 Agricultural and welfare subsidies 209
2 2: RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND LOCAL UTILITIES: INSTITUTIONS
AND ACCESS
1. Drinking water: sources and collection 219
2. Access to drinking water in the three villages 222
3. Water, sanitation, drainage and garbage: Ami and Thanjavur compared 225
2 3: POPULISM AND ELECTRICITY IN RURAL TAMIL NADU
1. Installed capacity, peak demand and per capita consumption of power
in Tamil Nadu as seen in the plan period, 1950 51 to 1996 7 233
2. Consumer category wise energy consumption in Tamil Nadu,
1970 71 to 1995 6 (in million units mu) 235
3. Electricity balance in Tamil Nadu 236
4. Electricity consumption per pump set and changes in the tariff
structure in Tamil Nadu 1970 71 to 1996 7 238
5. Gross receipts and net of payments (in Rupees) well owning
farmers (total for three villages Nesal, Vinayagapuram and
Veerasambanur), 1993 5 242
6. Investment in well irrigation calculated per hectare of GIA and NIA
by sample wells in the Palar Basin, 1997 8 246
2 4: RURAL CREDIT AND THE COLLATERAL QUESTION
1 Crop loans, 1991 2 (Rs lakhs) 257
2 Summary of formal and informal Credit 260
3 Social characteristics of borrowers: 3 villages 261
4 Land holding and access to formal and informal credit 262
List of Tables xi
5 Access to formal and informal credit according to the landholding
classification of Hazeh and Ramasamy (1991) 262
6 Access to formal and informal credit by class 263
7 Class, land holding and loan sizes 264
8 Sources of money by social characteristics 267
9 Sources of money by economic characteristics 268
10 Credit by intended purpose 270
11 Use of credit by economic characteristics 272
12 Financial sources and collateral 274
13 Social characteristics and collateral 276
14 Economic characteristics and collateral 277
15 Annualized interest by source and collateral 278
2 5: FERTILIZER REFORMS AND NUTRIENT BALANCES
1. Nutrient balances, India, Tamil Nadu and three villages 287
2. Value Rs of natural manure, commercial fertilizer and pesticides 290
3. Nutrients in paddy cultivation, 1993—4 (av. kg/acre cultivated) 291
4. Paddy production, by agrarian class, 1973 4 (Rs/acre) 292
5. Agrochemical uses, 1973 4t01993 4 292
6. Fertilizer nutrients elasticities three village pooled subsamples plot level 294
Appendix 1
1.2 Nutrient content of common fertilizers and manures 296
3 2: ANTIPOVERTY POLICY: TARGETING AND SCREENING FOR ELIGIBILITY
1. Groups of variables describing each household 297
2. 2x2table 313
3. Leave 10 out cross validation 2 x 2 table on training set 315
4. 2 x 2 table obtained on the test set 315
Appendix
1. Example of cases for constructing a class probability tree 324
3 3: life chances: development and female disadvantage
1. Female male ratio for India, 1901 91 328
2. Estimated age specific death rates by sex per thousand, rural India, 1996 334
3. Child and infant mortality indicators, India, 1996 335
4. Juvenile population sex ratios for Tamil Nadu and India, 1941 2001 336
5. Gender specific infant mortality rates per thousand for Ambedkar,
Tiruvannamalai and Tamil Nadu, 1995 338
6. Child sex ratios in villages in Ambedkar and Tiruvannamalai districts
(girls under 7 per thousand boys), 1993 4 338
7. Variable means and standard deviations, landed and landless
households, Tamil Nadu, 1993 4 341
8. Summary of hypotheses 343
9. Ordinary least squares regression: survival differential total sample
rural Tamil Nadu, 1993 94, with robust standard errors 344
xii List of Tables
10. Comparison of OLS results on landless and landed households,
Tamil Nadu, 1993 4 345
3 4: INCAPACITY AND DISABILITY
1. Aggregate results of the NSS survey: number of disabled persons
in India (millions) (1981 3) 351
2. Households with and without disabled members, Tamil Nadu, 1993 4 353
3. Rural adult disability 1995: populations 358
4. The cost of treatment of disability (1995) 36o
5. Services received by gender (1995) 360
6. Costs of disability to a household, 1995 363
7. Differentiating impact of disability: full costs, 1995 363
8. Costs of disability to rural economy, 1995. (Based on Three Villages
and Colonies) 363
9. Treatment and restorative aids sought by disabled adults, 1995 367
3 5: FOOD, NUTRITION AND THE STATE IN NORTHERN TAMIL NADU
1 The noon meal scheme in Tamil Nadu, 1982 3 to 1990 91 375
2 Malnutrition by sex over time (%) 375
3 Public distribution system, Tamil Nadu, 1980 91 (lakh tonnes) 376
4 Fair Price Shop entitlements under the Essential Commodities
Act and prices 1983 4 to 1992, rural North Arcot, Tamil Nadu 377
5 Characteristics of study households (1993 4) 380
6 Annual consumption expenditure, income and food as percentage of
total expenditure (in 1974 Rs per capita) 381
7 Rice prices and the calorie cost of the total diet 382
8 Daily energy and protein consumption 383
9 Energy obtained from rice consumption 384
10 Mean daily energy consumption by food items 385
11 Mean daily protein consumption by food items 386
12 Undernutrition and food stress, 1993 4 388
13 Poverty and alcohol consumption 388
Appendix 1
1. Characteristics of study households 397
2. Total annual consumption, expenditures and incomes (1974 Rs/capita) 398
3. Rice prices and the calorie cost of the total diet 398
4. Daily energy and protein consumption 399
5. Mean daily energy consumption, resurvey villages (per cent of total calories) 400
Appendix 2
1. Landed poor peasants 401
2. Landed poor peasants 402
3. Landless agricultural labourers 403
4. Landless agricultural labourers 404
List of Tables xiii
Appendix3
1. Average monthly offtake from the PDS 405
2. Average monthly PDS subsidy on rice per HH, 1993 4 406
3. Qualitative data analysis of PDS 406
4. Qualitative data analysis of PDS 407
Appendix4
1. Total number of children participating in noon meal scheme, 1993 4 408
2. Nutritional effects of NMS and monthly government subsidy for
participating HHs 409
3. Qualitative data for NMS, percentage of participating HHs 410
3 6: no end to the betrayal? primary education in its social
context: evidence from rural tamil nadu
1. Mean years of schooling, Tamil Nadu, 1981 7 413
2. Relative educational deprivation in Tamil Nadu, 1981 7 413
3. Completion of primary education, by village 417
4. Distribution of village populations across castes 418
5. Caste and household income and land holding 418
6. Caste and educational achievement among workers 419
7. Agrarian class and educational achievement in the over 12 population
(% not completing 5 years) 420
8. Probability (%) of completing primary education, parents education 420
9. Primary completion rates across the 3 villages (restricted sample
plus total population over 12 years) 423
10. Significant individual, family and structural factors affecting primary
completion 424
3 7: SOCIALLY INCLUSIVE SOCIAL SECURITY: SOCIAL ASSISTANCE IN
THE VILLAGES
1 Estimated coverage of old age pensions 438
2 Demographic position of the 65+ 438
3 Household composition and extreme poverty 441
4 Old age and poverty 441
5 Analysis of cases of old age pension 442
6 Analysis of old age pension cases according to eligibility and need 444
7 Political affiliation of beneficiaries 445
3—8 SO WHAT FOR POLICY? RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN A POOR STATE
1 Municipal receipts and expenditure 457
!
List of Figures
CHAPTER 1 4: SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS
Fig. 1 Stepwise fusion, Nesal: loss of information 121
Fig. 2 Landlessness within household groups 135
Fig. 3 Intervillage variations: village averages (%ages of 3 village means) 139
Fig. 4 Lorenz curves for assets distribution by caste 146
Fig. 5 Lorenz curves for assets distribution by household head 157
CHAPTER 1 6: SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND THE STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION
OF THE NON FARM ECONOMY
Fig. 1 Structural transformations 176
Fig. 2 Generation of surplus labour 178
Fig. 3 Factors affecting demand for goods and services of rural origin 180
chapter 3 1, Appendix
Fig. l Hypothetical class probability tree 325
CHAPTER 3 5 FOOD, NUTRITION AND THE STATE IN NORTHERN TAMIL NADU
Fig. 1 Factors affecting the social background to primary education 415
Fig. 2 Age sex distribution for total combined population 421
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| geographic | India, South Economic conditions 20th century India, South Rural conditions |
| geographic_facet | India, South Economic conditions 20th century India, South Rural conditions |
| id | DE-604.BV019442702 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:00:16Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1843310872 1843310880 |
| language | English |
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| owner_facet | DE-20 |
| physical | XXV, 539 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
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| publisher | Anthem Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Anthem South Asian studies |
| spelling | Harriss-White, Barbara Verfasser aut Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy [ed. by] Barbara Harriss-White and S. Jankarajan 1. publ. London Anthem Press 2004 XXV, 539 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Anthem South Asian studies Geschichte 1900-2000 Politik Wirtschaft Rural development Government policy India, South Rural development India, South Village communities India, South India, South Economic conditions 20th century India, South Rural conditions Janakarajan, S. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012896123&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Harriss-White, Barbara Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy Politik Wirtschaft Rural development Government policy India, South Rural development India, South Village communities India, South |
| title | Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy |
| title_auth | Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy |
| title_exact_search | Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy |
| title_full | Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy [ed. by] Barbara Harriss-White and S. Jankarajan |
| title_fullStr | Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy [ed. by] Barbara Harriss-White and S. Jankarajan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Rural India facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy [ed. by] Barbara Harriss-White and S. Jankarajan |
| title_short | Rural India facing the 21st century |
| title_sort | rural india facing the 21st century essays on long term village change and recent development policy |
| title_sub | essays on long term village change and recent development policy |
| topic | Politik Wirtschaft Rural development Government policy India, South Rural development India, South Village communities India, South |
| topic_facet | Politik Wirtschaft Rural development Government policy India, South Rural development India, South Village communities India, South India, South Economic conditions 20th century India, South Rural conditions |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012896123&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT harrisswhitebarbara ruralindiafacingthe21stcenturyessaysonlongtermvillagechangeandrecentdevelopmentpolicy AT janakarajans ruralindiafacingthe21stcenturyessaysonlongtermvillagechangeandrecentdevelopmentpolicy |