From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Budapest
Akadémiai Kiadó
c2003
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxv, 335 p. ill. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 9630579685 |
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE MATERIAL XVII
CONVENTIONAL SIGNS IN TABLES XX
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXI
FOREWORD XXIII
INTRODUCTION 1
SUBJECT MATTER MORE NARROWLY DEFINED 1
THE BOOK S TIME FRAME 2
COMMUNIST - SOCIALIST 3
MARKET VS. COMMAND ECONOMY 4
PART ONE: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 7
1. THE INTELLECTUAL ENVIRONMENT 9
DOMESTIC ENVIRONMENT 9
THE LEGACY OF SOCIALISM 10
RESPECT FOR AUTHORITY 10
DOGMAS, IDEOLOGY AND TABOOS 10
POLITICAL LOYALTY 12
QUALITY OF ECONOMIC STUDIES 12
LACK OF ECONOMIC DEBATE 13
ECONOMIC PROGRAMMES 13
IGNORANCE OF THE PUBLIC 14
PARLIAMENT 15
SPECIAL HUNGARIAN CHARACTERISTICS 15
ILLUSIONS 15
NEGLECT OF SELF-INTEREST 16
THE MEANS IS THE END 16
WANT OF THOROUGHNESS 16
INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT 17
MONETARISM 17
GLOBALIZATION 19
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION 20
CAPITAL FLOWS 20
SPECULATIVE SHORT-TERM CAPITAL FLOWS 21
MULTI-NATIONAL CORPORATIONS 23
ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION IN HUNGARY DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD.25
GLOBALIZATION AND THE TRANSITION 25
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS DUE TO GLOBALIZATION 25
DC
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2. GUIDES OF TRANSITION: THE IMF 29
A SHORT HISTORY 29
1945-1971: A SUCCESS STORY 29
CAUSES OF COLLAPSE OF THE BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM: DOLLAR OUTFLOW ..29
RULES OF THE GAME: POLITICALLY TOO COSTLY 30
HOT MONEY 30
1971-1982: JOB-HUNTING 31
FROM 1982: IMPORTANT TASKS - QUESTIONABLE PERFORMANCE 33
MANAGEMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEBT CRISIS 33
DIMENSIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEBT CRISIS 34
PERFORMANCE OF THE IMF IN MANAGING THE CRISIS 35
GUIDING THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE CENTRAL AND EAST-EUROPEAN
ECONOMIES 41
CRISIS MANAGEMENT 42
SHORTCOMINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND 42
HISTORY OF HUNGARY S RELATIONSHIP WITH THE IMF
1982-1998 45
HOWTHE IMF DIRECTED ECONOMIC POLICIES IN HUNGARY 50
SECRECY, GOSSIP, HUGE PUBLIC DEBT 50
MASSIMO RUSSO S LETTER 50
3. GUIDES OF TRANSITION: THE WORLD BANK 57
THE WORLD BANK SEEN FROM HUNGARY 57
THE WORLD BANK IN HUNGARY 1982-2001 58
BRIEF HISTORY 58
1982-1989: THE EARLY YEARS 58
1990-1998: THE TRANSITION PERIOD 60
FROM 1998: ASSISTING THE PREPARATION OF EU ACCESSION 60
ASSESSMENT OF WORLD BANK ACTIVITIES IN HUNGARY 61
OVERVIEW 61
THE SAPRI PROJECT 62
SELF-CRITICISM BY THE WORLD BANK 62
FUNDAMENTAL POLICY ERROR 63
PUBLIC HEALTH REFORM 64
EDUCATION 64
FAMILY ALLOWANCES 64
SOCIAL POLICY, IN GENERAL 64
CRITICISM BY NGOS 65
PRIVATIZATION 65
PUBLIC UTILITIES 65
PENSION REFORM 65
RESPONSIBILITY OF THE WORLD BANK 66
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: A EULOGY 66
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EPILOGUE TO PART ONE 69
THE STATE OF THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMY IN 1989
AND IN 1996 69
STATE OF THE ECONOMY IN 1989 69
ASSESSMENT OF THE 1989 ECONOMIC SITUATION BY THE IMF 71
AIMS, METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS OF ECONOMIC POLICY 72
CONSEQUENCES OF APPLIED POLICIES 73
PART TWO: AIMS OF HUNGARY S ECONOMIC POLICY
DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD 75
4. BRINGING INFLATION UNDER CONTROL 77
THE NATURE OF PRICE RISES AND INFLATION
IN A TRANSITION ECONOMY 77
PRICE INCREASES, INFLATION AND ANTI-INFLATIONARY
POLICIES IN HUNGARY 78
THE PRICE LEVEL DURING THE COMMUNIST ERA 78
1988-1992 79
1993-1996 81
FROM SEPTEMBER 1996 83
SUMMARY 84
5. THE SERVICING OF THE EXTERNAL DEBT 87
TECHNICALITIES ABOUT HUNGARY S EXTERNAL DEBT 87
EMERGENCE AND PROPORTIONS OF THE EXTERNAL DEBT 88
THE PROCESS OF INDEBTEDNESS 88
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 88
FIRST WAVE OF INCREASING INDEBTEDNESS: 1974-1979 89
CONSOLIDATION: 1980-1984 91
SECOND WAVE OF INCREASING INDEBTEDNESS: 1985-1987 92
ONE OF THE MOST HEAVILY INDEBTED COUNTRIES IN THE WORLD 93
THE EXTERNAL DEBT POLICY OF THE HUNGARIAN
GOVERNMENT 97
TACTICS 97
ARGUMENTS AGAINST DEBT-RELIEF 98
DISASTROUS CONSEQUENCES 98
WE WILL LOSE OUR CREDITWORTHINESS 99
DETERRENT TO FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT 101
THE EXAMPLE OF POLAND 103
IMMEDIATE INCREASE OF THE DEBT BURDEN 105
POLAND S EXAMPLE CANNOT BE FOLLOWED 107
ONE CANNOT NEGOTIATE WITH THOUSANDS OF CREDITORS 107
HUNGARY IS TOO SMALL TO MATTER 109
WE WOULD LOSE THE BACKING OF THE IMF 109
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE BURDEN OF DEBT IS DECREASING 110
IT WOULD BE IMMORAL 110
PACTA SUNT SERVANDA ILL
IT WOULD BE UNFAIR ILL
HUNGARIAN PANACHE ILL
THE DEBT-RELIEF HAS TO BE OFFERED BY THE CREDITORS 112
WE HAVE MISSED A UNIQUE OPPORTUNITY 112
IT HAS TO BE TAKEN OFF THE AGENDA 112
CONCLUDING REMARKS 113
OVERVIEW OF THE ARGUMENTS 113
POLICY PROMOTED BY THE IMF 113
DEBT-RELIEF: STANDARD INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE 114
ECONOMIC POLICY DETERMINED BY DEBT-SERVICING
OBLIGATIONS 114
THE DEBT TRAP 114
RESTRICTION IN ORDER TO MEET DEBT-SERVICING OBLIGATIONS 116
FOUR PERIODS 116
1990-1992: INTEREST PAYMENTS AND RESOURCE OUTFLOW 116
1993-1995: INCREASING INDEBTEDNESS 118
WORSENING OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 118
COMPARISON WITH MEXICO 118
1988 118
1994 120
DETERIORATING CREDITWORTHINESS 120
COSTS OF THE DETERIORATION OF CREDITWORTHINESS 123
THE EXTRA COSTS OF HOLDING SUPPLEMENTARY RESERVES 123
1996-1997: NET DEBT REPAYMENTS: WHY? HOW? 127
1998-2000: INCREASING DEBT, DEBT TRAP, BUT IMPROVING DEBT INDICATORS....
129
STRUCTURE, QUALITY AND MANAGEMENT OF HUNGARY S
EXTERNAL DEBT 131
STRUCTURE BY TYPE OF BORROWER 131
BURDEN OF THE DEBT, DEBT-SERVICING ABILITY 133
QUALITY OF THE DEBT 135
QUALITY OF DEBT-MANAGEMENT 138
SUMMARY 139
COMPLETE SUCCESS 139
THE PRICE OF SUCCESS 140
APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 5: QUALITY OF THE DATA SUPPLIED
BY THE NATIONAL BANK OF HUNGARY 142
GAPS 142
OVERSUPPLY OF DATA 143
ERRORS 144
DELAYS ; 145
XII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE ENGLISH OF THE NBH 146
STATISTICAL ANNEX TO CHAPTER FIVE 147
6. JOINING THE EUROPEAN UNION 151
SHORT HISTORY OF THE RELATIONS 152
THE ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT 152
OFFICIAL APPLICATION AND EU PROCRASTINATION 153
PREPARATION OF ACCESSION 155
THE MAASTRICHT CRITERIA 155
THE PHARE-PROGRAMME 156
1990-1998 156
THE NEW ORIENTATION 157
OTHER PRE-ACCESSION PROGRAMMES 157
SUCCESSES AND SHORTCOMINGS OF THE EUROPEAN
UNION 161
SUCCESS STORY 161
SHORTCOMINGS 162
MONETARISM 162
COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY 163
BUREAUCRACY 164
CORRUPTION 166
ABSENCE OF LONG-TERM ECONOMIC STRATEGY 166
THE QUESTION OF HUNGARY S ACCESSION -
COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 167
ACCELERATION OF ECONOMIC GROWTH? 167
INDUSTRY-BY-INDUSTRY ANALYSIS 168
THE LOSS OF SOVEREIGNTY, IN GENERAL 168
NO DEBATE, NO COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS 171
PART THREE: INSTRUMENTS OF COUNTERCYCLICAL
POLICIES 173
7. MONETARY POLICY 1989-1999 175
THE HUNGARIAN BANKING SECTOR 175
SHORT HISTORY 175
MAIN CHARACTERISTICS 176
METHODS AND INSTRUMENTS OF MONETARY POLICY 178
CREDIT RATIONING: JANUARY 1990-SEPTEMBER 1993 179
USE OF MARKET-CONFORM POLICY INSTRUMENTS: SEPTEMBER 1993 ONWARD.... 181
CAPITAL INFLOWS 181
STERILIZATION 184
COSTS TO THE TAXPAYER 188
CREDIT SUPPLY TO THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMY 1990-1999 189
FOUR PERIODS 189
XIII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SEVERE CREDIT RESTRICTION: JANUARY 1990-DECEMBER 1993 189
RELAXATION: JANUARY 1994-APRIL 1995 189
RENEWED MONETARY STRINGENCY: MAY 1995-AUGUST 1996 191
ABUNDANT CREDIT SUPPLY: SEPTEMBER 1996 ONWARD 191
SUMMARY -JANUARY 1990-AUGUST 1996 193
8. FISCAL POLICY AND GOVERNMENT DEBT 195
THE HUNGARIAN BUDGET 195
COUNTERCYCLICAL FISCAL POLICY 199
GROWTH OF THE PUBLIC DEBT 200
ORIGIN OF THE DEBT 201
DEBT CONSOLIDATION 202
DEBT CONVERSION 203
OTHER FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE INCREASE OF GOVERNMENT DEBT
-THE DEBT TRAP 206
PROPORTIONS OF THE DEBT 208
DECLINE OF GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE 211
SYSTEMIC CHANGE AND GLOBALIZATION 211
INCREASED INTEREST PAYMENTS 213
REAL EXPENDITURE ON HUMAN INFRASTRUCTURE 214
SUMMARY 218
9. INCOMES POLICY 221
CYCLICAL VS. STRUCTURAL INCOMES POLICY 221
COUNTERCYCLICAL INCOMES POLICY 221
IT IS POSSIBLE IN HUNGARY 221
HOW AND BY HOW MUCH INCOMES WERE LOWERED 224
STRUCTURAL INCOMES POLICY 226
INCOME REALLOCATION FROM LOW- TO HIGH-INCOME GROUPS PUBLICLY
ANNOUNCED 226
REALLOCATION THROUGH CYCLICAL INCOMES POLICY 226
THE TAX SYSTEM AND THE MODERATION OF INCOME INEQUALITIES 227
GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURE AND THE MODERATION OF INCOME INEQUALITIES... 229
PROPORTIONS OF INCOME REALLOCATION 232
10. EXCHANGE RATE POLICY 237
PART FOUR: CONSEQUENCES OF ECONOMIC POLICIES 241
11. EXTERNAL EQUILIBRIUM 243
CHARACTERISTICS OF HUNGARY S BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 243
FOUR PERIODS OF HUNGARY S CURRENT BALANCE
OF PAYMENTS 243
1990,1991,1992: EQUILIBRIUM 243
1993,1994: UNSUSTAINABLE DEFICITS 244
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1995-1996: MEASURES TO MODERATE THE DEFICIT 248
MAIN FEATURES OF THE BOKROS PACKAGE 249
RESTRICTION OF DEMAND 249
IMPROVEMENT OF THE COMPETITIVE POSITION 250
STIMULATION OF SUPPLY: ACCELERATED PRIVATIZATION 250
FROM 1997: SUSTAINABLE DEFICITS 251
12. EMPLOYMENT 255
TECHNICAL PROGRESS VS. EMPLOYMENT 255
EMPLOYMENT POLICY IN HUNGARY 1990-1999 257
UNCRITICAL ADOPTION OF THE WESTERN MODEL 257
SLIMMING AND REDUNDANCY DUE TO THE DEPRESSION 257
EMPLOYMENT VS. UNEMPLOYMENT 258
JOBS LOST THROUGH SLIMMING DOWN AND DUE TO DEPRESSION 259
INCREASE IN PRODUCTIVITY IN ORDER TO INCREASE PROFITS 261
CHARACTERISTICS OF UNEMPLOYMENT 263
LABOUR STATISTICS IN HUNGARY 263
DECREASING UNEMPLOYMENT? 264
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UNEMPLOYED POPULATION 264
DEPRESSED VS. SLIMMED BUT RECOVERING INDUSTRIES 268
DEPRESSED AREAS 270
DEALING WITH UNEMPLOYMENT 272
PENSION, STATE SUPPORT, SUPPORT WITHIN THE FAMILY 272
THE OUTLOOK 274
APPENDIX ONE TO CHAPTER 12: CRIMINALITY
IN HUNGARY DURING THE TRANSITION PERIOD 275
APPENDIX TWO TO CHAPTER 12: THE HOUSING SITUATION
IN HUNGARY 1945-2000 277
13. SUSTAINABLE GROWTH 281
DECLINE INSTEAD OF GROWTH 281
PROPORTIONS OF THE CRISIS 282
UNPRECEDENTED IN HUNGARY 282
THE CRISIS BY ECONOMIC SECTOR 283
BYUSESOFGDP 285
LOSS OF 3-YEAR GDP 285
FALLING EVEN MORE BEHIND EUROPE 287
EXPLANATIONS FOR THE CRISIS 289
TRANSFORMATIONAL RECESSION? 289
TRANSFORMATION IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE AND IN CHINA 290
OFFICIAL EXPLANATIONS 293
REAL CAUSE OF THE CRISIS: WRONG ECONOMIC POLICIES 294
SMALLER POLICY ERRORS 294
INDUSTRY 294
XV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
AGRICULTURE 295
THE MAIN CAUSE OF THE CRISIS 301
POSTSCRIPT . 303
LASTING CONSEQUENCES OF MISGUIDED ECONOMIC
POLICIES 303
LASTING CONSEQUENCES OF IMF-INSPIRED POLICIES 303
SOCIAL 303
ECONOMIC 303
LASTING CONSEQUENCES OF MADE-IN-HUNGARY POLICIES 303
FUNDAMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE HUNGARIAN ECONOMY 304
CORRUPTION 304
DISHONESTY IN BUSINESS 305
BUREAUCRACY 306
WHITHER HUNGARY? 309
HUNGARY 1920-1999 311
COMPENDIUM OF HISTORY 1920-1989 311
1920-1944: THE HORTHY REGIME - HUNGARY IN THE 2ND WORLD WAR 311
1945-1947 DEMOCRATIC INTERLUDE 313
1947-1956: SOVIETIZATION, TERROR, REVOLUTION 314
1956-1988: THE KADAR REGIME 318
1989: YEAR OF THE TRANSITION 323
CHRONOLOGY OF THE TRANSITION PERIOD 1990-1999 324
1990 325
1991 326
1992 328
1993 328
1994 329
1995 330
1996 331
1997 332
1998 333
1999 333
INDEX OF NAMES 335
XVI
|
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| geographic | aHungary xEconomic policy y1989- aHungary xEconomic conditions y1989- Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | aHungary xEconomic policy y1989- aHungary xEconomic conditions y1989- Ungarn |
| id | DE-604.BV019400600 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:59:26Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9630579685 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2004363300 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012862907 |
| oclc_num | 53032109 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | xxv, 335 p. ill. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Akadémiai Kiadó |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nagy, Pongrác Verfasser aut From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF Pongrác Nagy Budapest Akadémiai Kiadó c2003 xxv, 335 p. ill. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index aInternational Monetary Fund zHungary aWorld Bank zHungary Internationaler Währungsfonds (DE-588)1013082-2 gnd rswk-swf aPost-communism xEconomic aspects zHungary Marktwirtschaft (DE-588)4037653-9 gnd rswk-swf Systemtransformation (DE-588)4060633-8 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaftssystem (DE-588)4117663-7 gnd rswk-swf Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 gnd rswk-swf aHungary xEconomic policy y1989- aHungary xEconomic conditions y1989- Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 gnd rswk-swf Ungarn (DE-588)4078541-5 g Wirtschaftssystem (DE-588)4117663-7 s Systemtransformation (DE-588)4060633-8 s Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 s Marktwirtschaft (DE-588)4037653-9 s Internationaler Währungsfonds (DE-588)1013082-2 b DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012862907&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nagy, Pongrác From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF aInternational Monetary Fund zHungary aWorld Bank zHungary Internationaler Währungsfonds (DE-588)1013082-2 gnd aPost-communism xEconomic aspects zHungary Marktwirtschaft (DE-588)4037653-9 gnd Systemtransformation (DE-588)4060633-8 gnd Wirtschaftssystem (DE-588)4117663-7 gnd Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1013082-2 (DE-588)4037653-9 (DE-588)4060633-8 (DE-588)4117663-7 (DE-588)4046242-0 (DE-588)4078541-5 |
| title | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF |
| title_auth | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF |
| title_exact_search | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF |
| title_full | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF Pongrác Nagy |
| title_fullStr | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF Pongrác Nagy |
| title_full_unstemmed | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF Pongrác Nagy |
| title_short | From command to market economy in Hungary under the guidance of the IMF |
| title_sort | from command to market economy in hungary under the guidance of the imf |
| topic | aInternational Monetary Fund zHungary aWorld Bank zHungary Internationaler Währungsfonds (DE-588)1013082-2 gnd aPost-communism xEconomic aspects zHungary Marktwirtschaft (DE-588)4037653-9 gnd Systemtransformation (DE-588)4060633-8 gnd Wirtschaftssystem (DE-588)4117663-7 gnd Planwirtschaft (DE-588)4046242-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | aInternational Monetary Fund zHungary aWorld Bank zHungary Internationaler Währungsfonds aPost-communism xEconomic aspects zHungary Marktwirtschaft Systemtransformation Wirtschaftssystem Planwirtschaft aHungary xEconomic policy y1989- aHungary xEconomic conditions y1989- Ungarn |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012862907&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nagypongrac fromcommandtomarketeconomyinhungaryundertheguidanceoftheimf |