Geology of Iraq:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Prague
Dolin [u.a.]
2006
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 341 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 8070282878 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Geology of Iraq |c ed. by Saad Z. Jassim ... |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Prague |b Dolin [u.a.] |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 341 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Geologie - Irák |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Geology - Iraq |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Hydrogeologie - Irák |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Hydrogeology - Iraq |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Stratigrafie - Irák |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Stratigraphy - Iraq |2 czenas | |
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| 655 | 7 | |a Monography |2 czenas | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804132844422823936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Geology of Iraq
Autor: Jassim, Saad Z
Jahr: 2006
CONTENTS
PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................................... 15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ......................................................................................................................................... 17
ABOUT THE AUTHORS ....................................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION (Saad Z. Jassim) ........................................................................................................................... 21
1.1 History of geological investigations in Iraq ................................................................................................. 21
1.2 Morphology ..................................................................................................................................................... 22
1.3 Surface geology ............................................................................................................................................... 23
1.4 Outline of the book ........................................................................................................................................ 24
1.5 Data used ......................................................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 2
LATE PRECAMBRIAN DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARABIAN PLATE (Saad Z. Jassim) ..................................... 27
2.1 Tectonostratigraphy of the Late Precambrian ............................................................................................. 27
2.2 Precambrian Terranes .................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.1 Western Terranes ...................................................................................................................................... 28
2.2.2 Eastern Terranes ...................................................................................................................................... 28
2.3 The buried Precambrian basement in Iraq .................................................................................................. 29
2.4 Summary of Precambrian evolution ............................................................................................................. 31
2.4.1 Oceanic accretion and subduction .......................................................................................................... 31
2.4.2 Orogenesis ................................................................................................................................................ 31
2.4.3 Extension .................................................................................................................................................. 31
CHAPTER 3
PHANEROZOIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE NORTHERN ARABIAN PLATE (Saad Z. Jassim
and Jeremy C. Goff) ...................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 32
3.2 Late Precambrian-Carboniferous basin formation and inversion ............................................................. 34
3.2.1 Late Precambrian-Early Cambrian Rifting ........................................................................................... 34
3.2.2 Mid Cambrian-Silurian Intracratonic Subsidence ................................................................................ 34
3.2.3 Latest Silurian-Early Late Devonian Uplift ........................................................................................... 34
3.2.4 Late Devonian-Early Late Carboniferous Intracratonic Subsidence ................................................... 35
3.2.5 Late Carboniferous Hercynian Compression ..................................................................................... 35
3.3 Extension and passive subsidence associated with the opening of the Neo-Tethys Ocean ...................... 37
3.3.1 Early- Mid Permian rifting .................................................................................................................. 37
3.3.2 Late Permian-Early Triassic passive margin development .................................................................... 37
3.3.3 Mid Triassic-Norian rifting ..................................................................................................................... 37
3.3.4 Norian-Mid Toarcian passive subsidence ............................................................................................... 38
3.3.5 Late Toarcian-Early Tithonian Differential Subsidence and Rifting ................................................... 38
3.3.6 Late Tithonian-Cenomanian opening ofthe Southern Neo-Tethys ...................................................... 39
3.4 T ironian-Eocene foreland basin formation and closure of the Neo-Tethys .............................................. 41
3.4.1 Turonian-Early Campanian Closure ofthe Southern Neo-Tethys ......................................................... 41
3.4.2 Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian Ophiolite Obduction ................................................................. 42
3.4.3 Late Maastrichtian-Danian ...................................................................................................................... 42
3.4.4. Palaeocene-Eocene closure ofthe Neo-Tethys ...................................................................................... 42
3.5 Oligocene-Recent compression and Continental collision .............................................................................. 44
CHAPTER4
TECTONIC FRAMEWORK (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ................................................................................ 45
4.1 Bouguer gravity field ...................................................................................................................................... 45
4.2 Total magnetic field map ................................................................................................................................ 45
4.3 Crustal thickness ............................................................................................................................................. 45
4.4 Precambrian Basement Depth ....................................................................................................................... 47
4.5 Fault Systems................................................................................................................................................... 48
4.5.1 Nabitah (Idsas) Fault System .................................................................................................................. 49
4.5.2 Najd Fault System .................................................................................................................................... 49
4.5.3 Transversal Fault System and transversal blocks .................................................................................. 53
4.6 Basic structural units of Iraq and basis of zonation .................................................................................... 54
4.7 Longitudinal Zones ......................................................................................................................................... 55
( 7/ i l r;-: .
UNITS OF THE STABLE SHELF (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ...................................................................... 57
5.1 Outline of major divisions .............................................................................................................................. 57
5.2 The Rutba-Jezira Zone ................................................................................................................................... 57
5.2.1 The Rutba Subzone .................................................................................................................................. 57
5.2.1.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics .......................................................................... 57
5.2.1.2 Structures ......................................................................................................................................... 61
5.2.2 The Jezira Subzone .................................................................................................................................. 63
5.2.2.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics ...................................................................... 63
5.2.2.2 Structures ...................................................................................................................................... 63
5.3 Salman Zone .................................................................................................................................................... 63
5.3.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics ................................................................................. 64
5.3.2 Structures ................................................................................................................................................. 66
5.4 Mesopotamian Zone ........................................................................................................................................ 67
5.4.1 Geological and geomorphological characteristics ................................................................................ 67
5.4.2 Structures ................................................................................................................................................. 69
5.4.3 Zubair Subzone ........................................................................................................................................ 69
5.4.4 Tigris Subzone .......................................................................................................................................... 70
5.4.5 Euphrates Subzone .................................................................................................................................. 70
dl PU R n
UNITS OF THE UNSTABLE SHELF AND THE ZAGROS SUTURE (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ........... 71
6.1 Units ofthe Unstable Shelf ............................................................................................................................. 71
6.1.1 The Foothill Zone .................................................................................................................................... 71
6.1.1.1 Hemrin-Makhul Subzone .................................................................................................................. 73
6.1.1.2 Butmah-Chemchemal Subzone ......................................................................................................... 73
6.1.2 The High Folded Zone ............................................................................................................................. 75
6.1.3 The Imbricated Zones .............................................................................................................................. 77
6.1.3.1 The Balambo-Tanjero Zone .............................................................................................................. 77
6.1.3.2 The Northern (Ora) Thrust Zone ..................................................................................................... 78
6.2 Units ofthe Zagros Suture ............................................................................................................................. 78
6.2.1 Qulqula-Khwakurk Zone ................................................................................................................... 80
6.2.2 Penjween-Walsh Zone ........................................................................................................................ 82
6.2.3 Shalair (Sanandaj-Sirjan) Zone ........................................................................................................ 83
CHAH LR
SEISMICITY (Sahil A. Alsinawi) ................................................................................................................................. 84
7.1 Seismic monitoring in Iraq ............................................................................................................................. 84
7.2 Geodynamic considerations ............................................................................................................................ 84
7.3 The crust and Moho ........................................................................................................................................ 85
7.4 Historical seismicity ........................................................................................................................................ 86
7.5 Macro and microseismicity ............................................................................................................................ 86
7.5.1 Regional seismicity .................................................................................................................................. 86
7.5.2 Macroseismicity of Iraq ........................................................................................................................... 86
7.5.3 Microseismicity of Iraq ............................................................................................................................ 87
7.5.4 Focal mechanism studies ......................................................................................................................... 87
7.5.5 Induced seismicity investigations ............................................................................................................ 87
7.6 Seismotectonics of Iraq ................................................................................................................................... 88
7.7 Seismic hazards ............................................................................................................................................... 88
7.7.1. Seismic zoning ........................................................................................................................................ 88
7.7.2 Seismicity index ST ............................................................................................................................. 89
7.7.3 lsoacceleration map ................................................................................................................................. 89
7.7.4 Probabilistic hazard assessment .............................................................................................................. 89
7.7.5 Seismic wave attenuation ........................................................................................................................ 89
7.7.6 Strong motion seismology ...................................................................................................................... 90
7.8 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................................... 90
77 M I I-.K S
PALAEOZOIC MEGASEQUENCES (AP1-AP-5) (Saad Z. Jassim) ......................................................................... 91
8.1 The Vendian-late Late Cambrian Megasequence API (Infracambrian Megasequence) ......................... 91
8.1.1 Palaeogeographic considerations and regional distribution .................................................................. 91
8.2 The late early Cambrian-early Ashgill Megasequence AP2
(Cambro-Ordovician Megasequence) ............................................................................................................ 94
8.2.1 Late Early Cambrian-Late Cambrian Sequence .................................................................................... 94
8.2.1.1 Salib Formation ................................................................................................................................ 94
8.2.1.2 Burj Limestone Formation ............................................................................................................... 94
8.2.1.3 Ajram Formation .............................................................................................................................. 95
8.2.2 Late Cambrian-Early Ordovician Sequence .......................................................................................... 95
8.2.3 Mid-Late Ordovician Sequence .............................................................................................................. 95
8.2.3.1 Khabour Formation .......................................................................................................................... 96
8.3 The late Ashgill-Frasnian Megasequence AP3 ............................................................................................. 96
8.3.1 Late Ashgill Saharan Glaciation Sequence (445-443 Ma) ................................................................ 96
8.3.2 Silurian Sequence .................................................................................................................................... 97
8.3.2.1 Akkas Formation .............................................................................................................................. 98
8.3.3 Late Silurian (Pridoli)-early Late Devonian (Frasnian) Sequence ...................................................... 98
8.3.3.1 The Caledonian disturbance ....................................................................................................... 98
8.3.3.2 Stratigraphy ..................................................................................................................................... 99
8.4 The Frasnian-Namurian modified Megasequence AP4 ............................................................................... 99
8.4.1 Pirispiki Formation (including Chalki Volcanics) ................................................................................. 100
8.4.2 Ora Formation (Famennian-L Tournasian) .......................................................................................... 100
8.4.3 HarurFormation ..................................................................................................................................... 100
8.5 The Modified Westphalian-Ufimian (Syn-Hercynian) Megasequence AP5 .............................................. 101
8.5.1 Bir El Rah Formation ............................................................................................................................... 102
8.5.2 Ga ara Formation (Early Permian-early Late Permian /Ufimian/) ..................................................... 102
CHARTER V
LATE PERMIAN-LIASSIC MEGASEQUENCE AP6 (Saad Z. Jassim, Tibor Buday, Ivan Cicha
and Vladimir Prouza) .................................................................................................................................................... 104
9.1 Late Permian-Mid Triassic Sequence ........................................................................................................... 104
9.1.1 Chia Zairi Formation ............................................................................................................................. 104
9.1.2 Mirga Mir Formation .............................................................................................................................. 107
9.1.3 Beduh Formation ..................................................................................................................................... 107
9.1.4 Geli Khana Formation ............................................................................................................................ 107
9.2 Late Triassic Sequence .................................................................................................................................... 108
9.2.1 Carbonate-clastic inner shelf ................................................................................................................. 108
9.2.1.1 Mulussa Formation .......................................................................................................................... 108
9.2.1.2 Zor Hauran Formation ..................................................................................................................... 110
9.2.2 Carbonate-evaporite inner shelf and restricted lagoons ....................................................................... 110
9.2.2.1 Kurra Chine Formation .................................................................................................................... 110
9.2.2.2 Baluti Formation .............................................................................................................................. 111
9.3 Liassic Sequence .............................................................................................................................................. 111
9.3.1 The Clastic-carbonate inner shelf ........................................................................................................... 112
9.3.1.1 Ubaid Formation .............................................................................................................................. 112
9.3.1.2 Hussainiyat Formation ..................................................................................................................... 113
9.3.1.3 Amij Formation ................................................................................................................................ 113
9.3.2 Carbonate-evaporite inner shelf .............................................................................................................. 114
9.3.2.1 Butmah Formation ............................................................................................................................ 114
9.3.2.2 Adaiyah Formation ........................................................................................................................... 114
9.3.2.3 Mus Formation ................................................................................................................................. 115
9.3.2.4 Alan Formation ................................................................................................................................ 115
9.3.3 Restricted lagoons ..................................................................................................................................... 115
9.3.3.1 Sarki Formation ................................................................................................................................ 115
9.3.3.2 Sehkaniyan Formation ...................................................................................................................... 116
CHAPTER ll)
LATE TOARCIAN-EARLY TITHONIAN (MID-LATE JURASSIC) MEGASEQUENCE AP7
(Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ................................................................................................................................ 117
10.1 The Mid Jurassic (Late Toarcian-Callovian) Sequence ............................................................................. 117
10.1.1 Inner shelf clastic-carbonate platform (Muhaiwir Formation) ........................................................... 118
10.1.2 Restricted outer shelf and basinal (Sargelu Formation) ...................................................................... 119
10.2 Late Jurassic Sequence ................................................................................................................................. 120
10.2.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf (Najmah Formation) ............................................................................. 120
10.2.2 Evaporite-carbonate lagoons and sabkha (Gotnia Formation) ........................................................... 121
10.2.2.1 Gotnia Formation ........................................................................................................................... 121
10.2.2.2 Saggar Formation ........................................................................................................................... 122
10.2.3 Euxinic basin ......................................................................................................................................... 122
10.2.3.1 Naokelekan Formation ................................................................................................................... 122
10.2.3.2 Barsarin Formation .......................................................................................................................... 123
CHAPTER II
LATE TITHONIAN-EARLY TURONIAN MEGASEQUENCE AP8 (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ................ 124
11.1 Upper Tithonian-Aptian Thamama Group ................................................................................................. 125
11.1.1. Late Tithonian-Hauterivian Sequence ................................................................................................ 126
11.1.1.1 Inner shelf and deep inner shelf facies .......................................................................................... 126
11.1.1.2 Outer shelf and basinal .................................................................................................................. 128
11.1.2 Barremian-Aptian Sequence .................................................................................................................. 129
11.1.2.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf ......................................................................................................... 130
11.1.2.2. Outer shelf and Basinal .................................................................................................................. 131
11.2 Albian-Early Turonian Sequence (Wasi a Group) ....................................................................................... 131
11.2.1 TheAlbian Sequence ............................................................................................................................. 131
11.2.1.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf (Nähr Umr Formation, including Rim Siltstone) ........................... 132
11.2.1.2 Carbonate ramp (Mauddud Formation, including U Qamchuqa) ................................................. 133
11.2.1.3 Inner shelf lagoons .......................................................................................................................... 134
11.2.2 The Cenomanian-Early Turonian Sequence ......................................................................................... 134
11.2.2.1 Clastic-carbonate inner shelf facies ............................................................................................... 135
11.2.2.2 Deep inner shelf facies (Rumaila Formation) ................................................................................ 137
11.2.2.3 Rudist reefs (Mishrif Formation, including Gir Bir) ...................................................................... 137
11.2.2.4 Evaporitic inner shelf lagoonal facies (Kifl Formation) ................................................................ 138
11.2.2.5 Restricted deep basin facies (Dokan and Gulneri formations) ..................................................... 139
11.2.2.6 Open marine facies (Upper Balambo Formation) ......................................................................... 139
CHAPTER 12
LATE TURONIAN-DANIAN MEGASEQUENCE AP9 (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) .................................... 141
12.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 141
12.2 Late Turonian-Early Campanian Sequence ............................................................................................... 141
12.2.1 Deep inner shelf and lagoons ................................................................................................................ 143
12.2.1.1 Khasib Formation ........................................................................................................................... 143
12.2.1.2 Tanuma Formation ......................................................................................................................... 144
12.2.1.3 Sa di Formation .............................................................................................................................. 144
12.2.2 Outer shelf and basinal (Kometan Formation) .................................................................................... 144
12.3 Upper Campanian-Maastrichtian Sequence .............................................................................................. 145
12.3.1 Carbonate inner shelf (Hartha and Tayarat formations) ................................................................... 146
12.3.1.1 Hartha Formation .......................................................................................................................... 146
12.3.1.2 Tayarat Formation .......................................................................................................................... 147
12.3.2 Phosphatic inner and outer shelf (Digma Formation) ......................................................................... 148
12.3.3 Carbonate ramp (Bekhme andAqra Formation) ................................................................................. 149
12.3.4 Outer shelf-basinal (Shiranish Formation) .......................................................................................... 150
12.3.5 Isolated basin ofthe Balambo-Tanjero Zone (Tanjero Formation) .................................................... 150
12.3.6 Isolated basin ofthe Northern Thrust Zone (Hadiena Formation) .................................................... 151
12.4 Danian sequence ............................................................................................................................................ 151
12.4.1 Phosphatic outer shelf (Tarfawi Member of Akashat Formation) ...................................................... 151
( IIARIR.R 1.1
MIDDLE PALAEOCENE-EOCENE MEGASEQUENCE (AP10) (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ..................... 155
13.1 Mid Palaeocene-Early Eocene Sequence ..................................................................................................... 155
13.1.1 Carbonate-Evaporite inner shelf ........................................................................................................... 157
13.1.1.1 Umm Er Radhuma Formation ........................................................................................................ 157
13.1.1.2 Rus (Jil) Formation ........................................................................................................................ 157
13.1.2. Phosphatic inner shelf ......................................................................................................................... 159
13.1.2.1 Akashat Formation (M-U Palaeocene part only) .......................................................................... 159
13.1.2.2 Ratga Formation (Swab Member) ................................................................................................. 160
13.1.3 Outer shelf-basinal ................................................................................................................................. 160
13.1.3.1 Aaliji Formation ............................................................................................................................. 160
13.1.3.2 Kolosh Formation ........................................................................................................................... 161
13.1.4 Carbonate ramp (Sinfar Formation) ..................................................................................................... 162
13.1.5 Carbonate inner shelf (Khurmala Formation) ..................................................................................... 162
13.2Mid-Late Eocene Sequence .......................................................................................................................... 163
13.2.1 Carbonate inner shelf lagoons and shoals ........................................................................................... 164
13.2.1.1 Dammam Formation ....................................................................................................................... 164
13.2.1.2 Avanah Formation .......................................................................................................................... 165
13.2.1.3 Pila Spi Formation ......................................................................................................................... 165
13.2.2 Phosphatic deep inner shelf-inner shelf (Damlouk and Mugur members of Ratga Formation) ...... 166
13.2.3 Outer shelf-basinal (Jaddala Formation) ............................................................................................. 166
13.2.4 Fluvial and fluviomarine (Gercus Formation) ..................................................................................... 167
CHARTER 14
LATEST EOCENE-RECENT MEGASEQUENCE API 1 (Saad Z. Jassim and Tibor Buday) ................................... 169
14.1 Latest Eocene-OIigocene Sequence .............................................................................................................. 169
14.1.1 Lower Sequence ..................................................................................................................................... 171
14.1.1.1 Basinal (Palani and Tat jil formations) ......................................................................................... 171
14.1.1.2 Reef-backreef and forereef ............................................................................................................ 172
14.1.2 Upper Sequence ..................................................................................................................................... 172
14.1.2.1 Basinal (Ibrahim Formation) ........................................................................................................ 172
14.1.2.2 Reef, backreef and forereef ............................................................................................................. 173
14.2 Early-Mid Miocene Sequence ...................................................................................................................... 174
14.2.1 Early Miocene Sequence ........................................................................................................................ 175
14.2.1.1 Ciastic inner shelf (Ghar Formation) ............................................................................................ 175
14.2.1.2 Carbonate inner shelf (Euphrates Formation) .............................................................................. 176
14.2.1.3 Basinal (Serikagni Formation) ....................................................................................................... 177
14.2.1.4 Evaporite lagoons (Dhiban Formation) ......................................................................................... 178
14.2.2 Middle Miocene Sequence ..................................................................................................................... 178
14.2.2.1 Carbonate inner shelf and shaols (Jeribe Formation) ................................................................... 178
14.2.2.2 Evaporite lagoons (Fatha/Lower Fars/Formation) ...................................................................... 179
14.3 Late Miocene-PIiocene Sequence ................................................................................................................. 181
14.3.1 Fluvio-lacustrine and karst fillfacies (Zahra Formation) .................................................................. 182
14.3.2 Alluvial Fans ofthe Stahle Shelf (Dibdibba Formation) ..................................................................... 182
14.3.3 Fluvial System ........................................................................................................................................ 183
14.3.3.1 Injana (Upper Fars Formation) ..................................................................................................... 183
14.3.3.2 Mukdadiya and Bai Hassan (Lower and Upper Bakhtiari) formations ........................................ 184
CHAPTER 15
QUATERNARY DEPOSITS (Adnan A. M. Aqrawi, Jaroslav Domas and Saad Z. Jassim) ........................................ 185
15.1. Quaternary Sediments ofthe Rutba-Jezira and Salman zones ............................................................... 185
15.2 Quaternary Sediments of the Mesopotamian Zone .................................................................................... 187
15.2.1 Plio-Pleistocene (Mahmudiya Formation) ........................................................................................... 187
15.2.2 Pleistocene .............................................................................................................................................. 188
15.2.2.1 River terraces ................................................................................................................................. 188
15.2.2.2 Alluvial fans ................................................................................................................................... 188
15.2.3 Holocene ................................................................................................................................................. 189
15.2.3.1 Sedimentarv environments ............................................................................................................. 190
15.2.3.2 Fauna ..........................................................................................?................................................... ,94
15.2.3.3 Palaeogeographic history ofthe Mesopotamian Piain .................................................................. 195
15.3 Quaternary Sediments of the Foothill and High Folded zones ................................................................. 197
15.3,1. Polygenetic synclinalfill and depression fill ofthe Unstable Shelf ................................................... 197
TECTONOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE ZAGROS SUTURE (Saad Z. Jassim, Tibor Buday,
Ivan Cicha and Mojmir Opletal) ................................................................................................................................... 199
16.1 Tectonostratigraphy of the Red Beds Basin ................................................................................................ 199
16.1.1. Red Beds Series ..................................................................................................................................... 199
16.1.1.1 Marine and continental foredeep (Suwais Red Beds Group) .......................................................... 199
16.1.1.2 Marine-continental marginal basin (Govanda Limestone) ............................................................. 201
16.1.1.3 Intermontane molasse basin (Merga Red Beds Group) ................................................................. 202
16.2 Tectonostratigraphy of the Qulqula-Khwakurk Zone ............................................................................... 202
16.2.1 Biyarah Limestone ................................................................................................................................. 202
16.2.2 Avroman Limestone ................................................................................................................................ 203
16.2.3 Jurassic imbricates ................................................................................................................................. 204
16.2.4 Qulqula Group ....................................................................................................................................... 204
16.2.4.1 Shallow water carbonate sequence (Tithonian-Berriasian) .......................................................... 204
16.2.4.2 Carbonate-chert sequence (Valanginian-Lower Aptian) ............................................................... 204
16.2.4.3 Offshore Southern Neo-Tethys radiolarian chert (Aptian-Albian) ................................................ 205
16.2.4.4 Qulqula Conglomerate Formation (Cenomanian-Lower Senonian?) ........................................... 205
16.2.5 Chert, volcanic and ultramafic rocks ofthe Southern Neo-Tethys (Khwakurk Series) ..................... 206
16.3 Tectonostratigraphy of the Central Neo-Tethys Penjween-Walash Zone ................................................ 206
16.3.1 Pre-Tertiary Qandil Metamorphic Series ............................................................................................. 206
16.3.1.1 Mawat Volcanic Group ................................................................................................................... 206
16.3.1.2 Gimo Calcareous Group ................................................................................................................ 206
16.3.1.3 Sirginil Phyllite Group ................................................................................................................... 207
16.3.2 Non metamorphosed Tertiary volcanosedimentary units ..................................................................... 208
16.3.2.1 Walash (Volcanic) Group ................................................................................................................ 208
16.3.2.2 Naopurdan (shaly) Group .............................................................................................................. 208
16.4 Tectonostratigraphy of the Shalair Zone .................................................................................................... 209
16.4.1 Mishav Complex ..................................................................................................................................... 210
16.4.2 Darokhan Limestone .............................................................................................................................. 210
16.4.3 Shalair Group ......................................................................................................................................... 210
16.4.4 Central volcanic arc (Katar Rash Group) ............................................................................................. 211
16.4.5 Carbonate shelf ofthe Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone (Piran Limestone) ...................................................... 211
CHARIER ,
MAGMATISM AND METAMORPHISM IN THE ZAGROS SUTURE (Saad Z. Jassim, Milos Suk
and Jarmila Waldhausrovd) ........................................................................................................................................... 212
17.1 Magmatism .................................................................................................................................................... 213
17.1.1 Magmatism ofthe Southern Neo-Tethys (Qulqula-Khwakurk Zone) ................................................... 213
17.1.2 Cretaceous Magmatism ofthe Central Neo-Tethys (Penjween-Walash Zone) ................................... 213
17.1.2.1 Penjween ophiolites ........................................................................................................................ 213
17.1.2.2 Mawat ............................................................................................................................................. 214
17.1.2.3 Bulfat .............................................................................................................................................. 215
17.1.2.4 Pushtashan ..................................................................................................................................... 216
17.1.3 Tertiary volcanic arc ofthe Neo-Tethys (Penjween-Walash Zone) ...................................................... 216
17.1.4 Upper Cretaceous volcanic arc ofthe Shalair Zone (Sanandaj-Sirjan Zone) .................................. 217
17.1.5 Origin ofthe lraqi Ophiolites ................................................................................................................. 217
17.2 Metamorphism of the Zagros Suture units ................................................................................................. 219
17.2.1 Serpentinite imbricates ......................................................................................................................... 219
17.2.2 Regional metamorphism ........................................................................................................................ 220
17.2.2.1 Metamorphism ofthe Shalair and Katar Rash groups ................................................................. 220
17.2.2.2 Metamorphism ofthe Gimo Group ............................................................................................... 220
17.2.2.3 Metamorphism ofthe Mawat Group .............................................................................................. 221
17.2.2.4 Metamorphism ofthe Bulfat area (Gimo and Sirginil groups) ...................................................... 221
17.2.3 Contact Metamorphism ......................................................................................................................... 221
17.2.3.1 Contact metamorphism ofpelitic rocks of Bulfat .......................................................................... 223
17.2.3.2 Contact metamorphism of calcareous and basic rocks of Bulfat .................................................. 224
17.2.4 The development ofthe metamorphism ofthe Zagros Suture ............................................................. 224
17.2.5 History of metamorphic events .............................................................................................................. 224
CH l !l.R 1 ;
HYDROCARBONS (SaadZ. Jassim and Mohammad Al-Gailani) ............................................................................. 232
18.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 232
18.2 Oil and gas reserves ...................................................................................................................................... 232
18.3 Oil Production ............................................................................................................................................... 233
18.4 Oil Production System ................................................................................................................................... 233
18.5 Oil Pipelines and Export Facilities .............................................................................................................. 235
18.6 Gas processing and Transportation ............................................................................................................ 236
18.7 Petroleum Systems ........................................................................................................................................ 236
18.7.1 Introduction........................................................................................................................................... 236
18.7.1.1 Thermal gradient and heat flow ..................................................................................................... 237
18.7.1.2 Maturity oforganic matter ............................................................................................................. 237
18.7.2 Hydrocarbon seepages ........................................................................................................................... 238
18.7.3 Palaeozoic petroleum System ................................................................................................................. 240
18.7.3.1 Source rocks ................................................................................................................................... 240
18.7.3.2 Ordovician ...................................................................................................................................... 240
18.7.3.3 Silurian ........................................................................................................................................... 241
18.7.3.4 Lower Carboniferous ..................................................................................................................... 241
18.7.3.5 Upper Permian ............................................................................................................................... 241
18.7.3.6 Reservoirs and seals ....................................................................................................................... 242
18.7.4 Triassic petroleum System...................................................................................................................... 242
18.7.4.1 Source rocks ................................................................................................................................... 242
18.7.4.2 Reservoirs and seals ....................................................................................................................... 242
18.7.5 Jurassic petroleum System ...................................................................................................................... 243
18.7.5.1 Source rocks ................................................................................................................................... 243
18.7.5.2 Reservoirs and seals ....................................................................................................................... 243
18.7.6 Cretaceous petroleum System ................................................................................................................ 244
18.7.6.1 Source rocks ................................................................................................................................... 244
18.7.6.2 Reservoirs and seals ...................................................................................................................... 245
18.7.7 Tertiary system ....................................................................................................................................... 247
18.7.7.1 Source rocks ................................................................................................................................... 247
18.7.7.2 Reservoirs and seals ..................................................................................................................... 247
18.7.8 Hydrocarbon budget and explorationpotential ................................................................................... 249
CHARTER /
HYDROGEOLOGY (Jifi Kräsny, Saad Alsam and Saad Z. Jassim) .......................................................................... 251
19.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 251
19.2 Available data, methodology of treatment of hydrogeological data ......................................................... 251
19.3 Natural conditions influencing hydrogeological conditions ...................................................................... 252
19.3.1 Geological conditions ............................................................................................................................ 252
19.3.2 Climatic conditions ................................................................................................................................ 252
19.3.3 Morphological and hypsometric conditions ......................................................................................... 253
19.3.4 Hydrography .......................................................................................................................................... 253
19.4 General features of hydrogeological conditions in Iraq ............................................................................ 254
19.4.1 Main aquifers ......................................................................................................................................... 254
19.4.2 Regional groundwater flow and level ..................................................................................................... 255
19.4.3 Chemical composition and salinity ....................................................................................................... 256
19.5 Hydrogeological provinces of Iraq .............................................................................................................. 258
19.5.1 Aquifer System ofthe Western and Southern Deserts ......................................................................... 259
19.5.1.1 Fractured Cretaceous-Tertiary limestone ofthe Rutbah, Digma, Tayarat Akashat
and Ratga formations (Aquifer Group 1) ...................................................................................... 259
19.5.1.2 Sandstones of Permocarboniferous Ga ara andBir El-Rah formations
(Ga ara Aquifer, Group 2) .................................................................................................................. 259
19.5.1.3 Fractured limestones and sandstones of Triassic-Cretaceous age (Aquifer Group 3) .................. 259
19.5.1.4 Limestone ofthe Euphrates Formation (Aquifer Group 4) ............................................................ 260
19.5.1.5 Karstified and fractured limestones of Palaeocene-Eocene ofthe Southern Desert
(Aquifer Group 5) ........................................................................................................................... 260
19.5.1.6 Miocene sandstones and Pleistocene conglomerate ofthe Nukhaib Graben
(Aquifer Group 6) .......................................................................................................................... 261
19.5.1.7 Sandstones of Miocene-Pliocene Dibdibba Formation (Aquifer Group 7) ................................... 261
19.5.1.8 Alluvial fan ofWadi Al-Batin (Aquifer Group 8) ........................................................................... 262
19.5.2 Jezira Hydrogeological Region (Aquifer Group 9) .............................................................................. 262
19.5.3 Aquifer System ofthe Mesopotamian Piain (Mesopotamian Aquifer System-Aquifer Group 10) .... 263
19.5.3.1 Extension and general features ...................................................................................................... 263
19.5.3.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydrogeological bodies ............................................... 263
19.5.3.3 Transmissivity and permeability ofthe deposits and conclusions ................................................. 264
19.5.3.4 Groundwaterflow ........................................................................................................................... 266
19.5.3.5 Groundwater quality ...................................................................................................................... 269
19.5.3.6 Present-day groundwater use and possibilities of future groundwater supply .............................. 271
19.5.4 Aquifer Systems of alluvial fans (Mandali-Badra-Tib region) ............................................................. 272
19.5.4.1 Extension ofthe System and its general features ........................................................................... 272
19.5.4.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydrogeological bodies, transmissivity
and permeability of rocks ............................................................................................................... 272
19.5.4.3 Groundwater flow (extension, depth, recharge, throughflow, discharge) ...................................... 272
19.5.4.4 Groundwater quality ...................................................................................................................... 273
19.5.4.5 Groundwater use ............................................................................................................................ 273
19.5.5 Aquifer System ofthe Foothill zone (Foothill Aquifer System) ............................................................ 274
19.5.5.1 Extension and general features ...................................................................................................... 274
19.5.5.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydro-geological bodies,
transmissivity and permeability of rocks ........................................................................................ 275
19.5.5.3 Groundwater flow (recharge, throughflow, extension, depth, discharge)
ofthe sub-systems ofthe Foothill Zone ......................................................................................... 275
19.5.5.4 Groundwater quality ...................................................................................................................... 277
19.5.5.5 Present-day groundwater use, possibilities of future groundwater supply ................................... 279
19.5.6 Taurus-Zagros Groundwater Province ................................................................................................. 279
19.5.6.1 Extent and general features ........................................................................................................... 279
19.5.6.2 Geological setting, spatial distribution of hydrogeological bodies, transmissivity
and permeability of rocks .............................................................................................................. 280
19.5.6.3 Groundwater flow (extension, depth, recharge, throughflow, discharge) ...................................... 281
19.5.6.4 Groundwater quality ...................................................................................................................... 283
19.5.6.5 Present-day water use, possibilities of future groundwater supply ............................................... 283
19.6 Estimation of groundwater resources ......................................................................................................... 284
19.6.1 Explotational Resources and Groundwater Use .................................................................................. 284
19.7 Environmnetal issues .................................................................................................................................... 285
CHAPTER20
METALLIC AND INDUSTRIAL ROCKS AND MINERALS (Khaldoun S. Al-Bassam and Jaroslav Hak) ............ 288
20.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 288
20.2 Minerogenic zonation .................................................................................................................................... 288
20.3 Metallic Mineral deposits ............................................................................................................................. 290
20.3.1 The principal minerogenic features ofthe Zagros-Taurus sutures ..................................................... 290
20.3.2 Mineralisation ofthe Northern Thrust Zone ....................................................................................... 290
20.3.2.1 Serguza lead-zinc deposit and its origin ........................................................................................ 291
20.3.3 Mineralisations ofthe Zagros Suture ................................................................................................... 293
20.3.3.1 The Marapasta base metal deposit and its origin .......................................................................... 295
20.3.3.2 Comments on the ore genesis ......................................................................................................... 295
20.4 Non-metallic mineral and industrial rocks ................................................................................................. 297
20.4.1 Non-metallic minerogenic stratigraphy ................................................................................................ 297
20.4.2 Deposits ................................................................................................................................................... 297
20.4.2.1 Kaolinitic claystone ........................................................................................................................ 297
20.4.2.2 Montmorillonite and Palygorskite .................................................................................................. 297
20.4.2.3 Bentonite ........................................................................................................................................ 298
20.4.2.4 Phosphorite .................................................................................................................................... 298
20.4.2.5 Porcelanites .................................................................................................................................... 299
20.4.2.6 Native Sulphur ............................................................................................................................... 299
20.4.2.7 Gypsum .......................................................................................................................................... 299
20.4.2.8 Hallte .............................................................................................................................................. 299
20.4.2.9 Thenardite and Glauberite ............................................................................................................. 300
20.4.2.10 Barite ............................................................................................................................................ 300
20.4.2.11 Celestite ........................................................................................................................................ 300
20.4.2.12 Ironstone ...................................................................................................................................... 300
20.4.2.13 Karst Bauxite ............................................................................................................................... 300
20.4.2.14 Quartzsand .................................................................................................................................. 301
20.4.2.15 Heavy mineral bearing sandstone ............................................................................................... 301
20.4.2.16 Feldspathic sands ......................................................................................................................... 301
20.4.2.17 Limestone ..................................................................................................................................... 301
20.4.2.18 Dolomite ....................................................................................................................................... 302
20.4.2.19 Marble .......................................................................................................................................... 302
20.4.2.20 Industrial igneous rocks ............................................................................................................... 302
REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................. 303
APPENDICES ............................................................................................................................................................... 319
LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNIS INDEX ....................................................................................................................... 337
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| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | Monografie czenas Monography czenas |
| genre_facet | Monografie Monography |
| geographic | Iraq - geological conditions czenas Irák - geologické poměry czenas Irak Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Iraq - geological conditions Irák - geologické poměry Irak |
| id | DE-604.BV019393897 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:59:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8070282878 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012856474 |
| oclc_num | 85547279 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-29 DE-83 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-11 DE-20 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-29 DE-83 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-188 DE-11 DE-20 |
| physical | 341 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Dolin [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Geology of Iraq ed. by Saad Z. Jassim ... 1. ed. Prague Dolin [u.a.] 2006 341 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geologie - Irák czenas Geology - Iraq czenas Hydrogeologie - Irák czenas Hydrogeology - Iraq czenas Stratigrafie - Irák czenas Stratigraphy - Iraq czenas Geologie Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd rswk-swf Iraq - geological conditions czenas Irák - geologické poměry czenas Irak Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 gnd rswk-swf Monografie czenas Monography czenas Irak (DE-588)4072920-5 g Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 s DE-604 Jassim, Saad Z. 1945- Sonstige (DE-588)140483160 oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012856474&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Geology of Iraq Geologie - Irák czenas Geology - Iraq czenas Hydrogeologie - Irák czenas Hydrogeology - Iraq czenas Stratigrafie - Irák czenas Stratigraphy - Iraq czenas Geologie Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4020227-6 (DE-588)4072920-5 |
| title | Geology of Iraq |
| title_auth | Geology of Iraq |
| title_exact_search | Geology of Iraq |
| title_full | Geology of Iraq ed. by Saad Z. Jassim ... |
| title_fullStr | Geology of Iraq ed. by Saad Z. Jassim ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Geology of Iraq ed. by Saad Z. Jassim ... |
| title_short | Geology of Iraq |
| title_sort | geology of iraq |
| topic | Geologie - Irák czenas Geology - Iraq czenas Hydrogeologie - Irák czenas Hydrogeology - Iraq czenas Stratigrafie - Irák czenas Stratigraphy - Iraq czenas Geologie Geologie (DE-588)4020227-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geologie - Irák Geology - Iraq Hydrogeologie - Irák Hydrogeology - Iraq Stratigrafie - Irák Stratigraphy - Iraq Geologie Iraq - geological conditions Irák - geologické poměry Irak Monografie Monography |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012856474&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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