Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hohenheim
Univ. of Hohenheim
2004
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| Series: | Organic farming in Europe
11 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 243 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3933403103 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy |c Anna Maria Häring ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hohenheim |b Univ. of Hohenheim |c 2004 | |
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Titel: Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy
Autor: Häring, Anna
Jahr: 2004
Table of contents
Executive summary i
Table of contents ix
List of figures xiii
List of tables xvi
Abbreviations xix
Country abbreviations xxii
1 Background 1
2 Objectives 2
3 The organic farming sector in the EU 3
3.1 Farms and land area 6
3.2 Regional distribution 15
3.3 Labour and farm diversification 18
3.4 Markets 21
3.5 Summary and conclusions 25
4 Financial support within the Common Market Organisation (CMO) and it's impact on organic farming 27
4.1 Data base and methodological approach 27
4.2 Direct payments within the CMOs 30
4.2.1 EU results 30
4.2.2 Country results 38
4.3 Effects of Common Market Organisations price support measures 43
4.4 Impact of the Common Market Organisations on the relative competitiveness of organic farming systems 47
4.4.1 COP area payments 47
4.4.2 Olive oil regime 48
4.4.3 Set-aside 49
4.4.4 Livestock headage payments 50
4.4.5 Extensification payments 50
4.5 Measures on exemptions from CMOs or specific rules for environmentally friendly farming systems 51
4.5.1 Quota allocations from national reserves 52
4.5.2 Rotation of arable area Davment elidible land 52
IX
4.5.3
4.5.4
4.5.5
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
5
5.1
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
5.6.4
5.7
5.7.1
5.7.2
5.7.3
5.8
5.8.1
5.8.2
5.8.3
x
Levies and tax credits 53
Other environmental measures 53
Action Plans 53
Conclusions and recommendations 56
Conclusions 56
Recommendations 58
Financial support under the Rural Development Regulations (Council Reg. 1257/1999 and 1750/1999) for environmentally friendly farming and production systems, in particular organic farming 59
Information sources 60
Austria 61
Descriptive and qualitative evaluation 62
Quantitative evaluation 75
Conclusions and recommendations 78
France 80
Description and qualitative evaluation 81
Quantitative evaluation 87
Summary and Conclusions 90
Italy (Marche) 91
Descriptive and qualitative evaluation 93
Quantitative evaluation 105
Conclusions and recommendations 110
Germany (Baden-Wiirttemberg) 112
Descriptive and qualitative evaluation 113
Quantitative evaluation 119
Organic farming support within the agri-environmental measures in Germany 121
Conclusions and recommendations 125
Spain 126
Descriptive and qualitative evaluation 126
Quantitative evaluation 135
Conclusions and recommendations 139
United Kingdom (England and Wales) 141
Descriptive and qualitative evaluation 141
Quantitative evaluation 154
Oganic Farming Scheme and Agri-Environmental Reform 163
5.8.4 Summary and Conclusions 165
5.9 Summary and Conclusions 167
5.9.1 Attractiveness of Rural Development Programmes for organic farming 168
5.9.2 The impact of RDP measures on farms 172
5.9.3 Recommendations for improving RDP measures for organic farming 173
6 The impact of the CAP Reform 2003 on environmentally sensitive farming systems, in particular organic farming 175
6.1 Effects of the key elements of the CAP Reform 2003 175
6.1.1 The single farm payment 175
6.1.2 Cross-Compliance 177
6.1.3 A strengthened rural development policy 178
6.1.4 Modulation 179
6.1.5 Revisions of the market policy of the CAP 179
6.1.6 Future reforms 183
6.2 Summary and conclusion 183
6.3 Recommendations 184
7 Summary and conclusions 187
7.1 The organic farming sector in the EU 187
7.2 Financial support within the CMO 188
7.3 Implementation of the Rural Development Regulation 189
7.3.1 Attractiveness of Rural Development Programmes for organic farming 189
7.3.2 The impact of RDP measures on farms 193
7.4 The CAP Reform 2003 194
8 Recommendations 197
8.1 First pillar measures (CMO) 197
8.2 Second pillar measures (RDP) 198
8.3 Beyond First and Second Pillar: The European Action Plan for Organic Farming 199
9 Sources 201
10 Annex A: Additional information 213
10.1 Data sources 213
10.1.1 Statistical data by Eurostat 213
10.1.2 Other data sources 213
10.1.3 Data presentation 213
10.2 National organic farming statistics provided by Eurostat 216 xi
10.3 Farm typology in the FADN 228
10.4 Excursus: Market access for organic products 229
10.5 Additional information on the Rural Development Programme in Austria 231
10.6 Impacts of the CAP Reform 2003 on organic and conventional agriculture in
Baden-Wiirttemberg 234
10.6.1 Methodology 234
10.6.2 Scenarios 236
10.6.3 Results 238
XII
List of figures
Figure 3-1:
Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-3:
Figure 3-4:
Figure 3-5:
Figure 3-6:
Figure 3-7:
Figure 3-8:
Figure 3-9:
Figure 3-10:
Figure 4-1:
Figure 4-2:
Figure 4-3:
Figure 4-4:
Figure 4-5:
Figure 4-6:
Figure 4-7:
Figure 4-8:
Figure 4-9:
Figure 4-10:
Figure 4-11:
Organic and in-conversion land area (Mio. ha) in the European Union, year
ending 1985-2002
The distribution of the organically farmed area in the EU and accession
countries in 2001
Organic production structure in comparison to conventional production
structure in the EU
13
Livestock density in organic farming in the EU relative to livestock density in
conventional farming 14
Livestock density in organic compared to conventional farming for different
livestock categories and regions
Regional distribution of organic and in-conversion land area in 2000
A verage density of agricultural labour on organic and conventional farms in
theEU
15
17
19
Non-agricultural gainful activities of organic and conventional farms in the EU
in the year 2000 20
Density of agricultural labour on organic in relation to regional conventional
labour density on farms in the EU 20
Imports and exports of organic food products: Shares by volume in % of
domestic markets for organic products for selected products and countries in
2000 (Hamm et al. 2002) 23
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional farms in the
EU-FADN in 2000 31
COP and set-aside payments to organic and comparable conventional farms
in the EU-FADN in 2000 32
Livestock payments to organic and comparable conventional farms in the EU-
FADN in 2000 32
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional farms in the
EU-FADN in 2000 by farm type
33
CMO payments for crops received by organic and comparable conventional
permanent crop farms in the EU-FADN in 2000 34
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional dairy farms in the
EU-FADN in 2000 35
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional grazing livestock
farms in the EU-FADN in 2000
36
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional arable farms in the
EU-FADN in 2000 37
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional mixed farms in the
EU-FADN in 2000 37
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional horticultural farms
in the EU-FADN in 2000 38
CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional farms in different
countries in 2000
39
xui
Figure 4-12: CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional arable farms in
different countries in 2000 40
Figure 4-13: CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional dairy farms in
different countries in 2000 41
Figure 4-14: CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional grazing livestock
farms in Austria in 2000 42
Figure 4-15: CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional mixed farms in
Austria and Germany in 2000 42
Figure 4-16: Estimated market price support to organic and comparable conventional
farms in the EU in 2000 46
Figure 4-17: Estimated market price supportto organic and comparable conventional f
arms in the EU in 2000 by farm type 46
Figure 5-1: Regional uptake of OPUL measures in 2002 (ha) (OPUL 2003) 63
Figure 5-2: Less Favoured Areas in Austria 74
Figure 5-3: A verage regional share of organic land as % of total UAA and land use of
organic UAA (Eurostat 2002) 75
Figure 5-4: Organic land area as a proportion of UAA in France, 2002 (Agence Bio 2003)
and land use by main crop type, 2000 (Eurostat 2003) 82
Figure 5-5: Support for organic arable crops in Italian regions: maximum values 104
Figure 5-6: Support for organic arable crops in Italian regions: minimum values 104
Figure 5-7: Difference in support levels (€) for average organic regional farms and
conventional regional farms participating in comparable agri-environmental
measures Council Regulation (EC) 1257/99 in 2001 123
Figure 5-8:: Organic land area as percent of total UAA (year 2001) and land use shares
(1999) 123
Figure 5-9: Difference in support levels (€) for agri-environmental measures for
conventional and organic grassland in 2001 124
Figure 5-10: Organic grassland in % of total grassland in 2001 124
Figure 5-11: Whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional and organic specialist dairy
farm models, UK, 1995-2002 157
Figure 5-12: Components of whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional, staged and
crash transition, and organic specialist dairy farm models, UK, 2002 158
Figure 5-13: Whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional and organic specialist arable
farm models, UK, 1995-2002 159
Figure 5-14: Components of whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional, staged and
crash transition, and organic specialist arable farm models, UK, 2002 159
Figure 5-15: Whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional and organic lowland livestock
farm models, UK, 1995-2002 160
Figure 5-16: Components of whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional, staged and
crash transition, and organic lowland livestock farm models, UK, 2002 161
Figure 5- f 7: Whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional and organic LFA livestock
farm models, UK, 1995-2002 162
Figure 5-18: Components of whole farm margins (£/ha) for conventional, staged and
ciash transition, and organic LFA livestock farm models, UK, 2002 W
XIV
Figure 10-1 Organic and conventional farms involved in processing of agricultural
products in the EU 222
Figure 10-2 Organic and conventional farms involved in tourism in the EU 223
Figure 10-3: Grassland share as% of UAA per district (BMLFUW 2003) 231
Figure 10-4: Land use of conventional, organic and OPUL farms 232
Figure 10-5: Link between conventional and organic prices through the structure of
indifference curves of the consumers 237
Figure 10-6: Incomes losses due to CAP Reform 2003 in Baden-Wurttemberg 238
Figure 10-7: Loss of CAP premium due to Modulation in Baden-WMemberg 239
Figure 10-8: Loss of CAP premium due to modulation in relation to farm size:
Organic farms 240
Figure 10-9: Loss of CAP premium due to modulation in relation to farm size:
Conventional farms 240
Figure 10-10: Income changes in organic farming with an additional payment of 10%
of total CAP payments 241
Figure 10-11: Income losses in spite of a price surplus for organic milkof6€/100kg 243
XV
List of tables
Table 3-1: Agri-environmental and organic farming agreements, area and expenditure
via Council Regulation (EC) 1257/99 in the year 2001 4
Table 3-2: Organic farming agreements, area and expenditure via Council Regulation
(EC) 2078/92 in the year 2001 5
Table 3-3: Organic contracts, land area and expenditure via Council Regulations (EC)
2078/92 and 1257/99 in the year 2001 6
Table 3-4: Organic land area in the years ending 1993 and 2001 (ha and %) 10
Table 3-5: Organic holdings (number and size) in the years 1993 and 2001 (ha and %) 11
Table 3-6: Overview world markets of organic food and beverages 22
Table 3-7: Factors explaining the organic market share of total food consumption in
different countries in 2000 24
Table 4-1: Identification of organic farms in the FADN accounting year 2000 28
Table 4-2: Number of organic farms in the FADN accounting year 2000 29
Table 4-3: CMO payments to organic and comparable conventional farms in different
countries in €/ha UAA in 2000 40
Table 4-4: The effect of different cases of price relationships between organic and
conventional prices on the calculation of market price support for organic
products: an example 45
Table 5-1: Support to organic and comparable conventional farms: average of all
countries covered by FADN in the year 2000 (€/ha) 51
Table 5-2: Priorities of the Austrian Rural Development Programme (in 2002) 62
Table 5-3: Possible combination of measures OPUL (applicable to single plots) 64
Table 5-4: Payment levels for the five most important measures within OPUL (€/ha) 65
Table 5-5: Expenditure within OPUL (Mio. €, year 2001) 66
Table 5-6: Water protection measures implemented within OPUL 68
Table 5-7: Payments through OPUL to regional average fanvs participating in a
combination of OPUL measures and regional average organic fanvs ( ha) 70
Table 5-8: Payment levels (€) of regional average of all farms participating either in
measures for organic farming in comparison to their participation in OPUL
measures 71
Table 5-9: Location of holdings depending on production method 74
Table 5-10: Payment levels according to farm type (€/ha) based on FADN (2003)
in 2001 76
Table 5-11: Payment levels according to altitude and farm type in Less Favoured
Mountain Areas (€/ha) based on FADN (2003) in 2001: organic compared to
conventional farms 77
Table 5-12: Land use of organic compared to conventional farms according to altitude and
farm type in Less Favoured Mountain Areas (€/ha) based on FADN (2003) in
2001 78
Table 5-13: Organic farming conversion contracts and expenditure levels, 1998-2002
83
XVI
Table 5-14: Uptake of organic fanning compared with all agri-environmental measures,
2000-2001 84
Table 5-15: Levels of support provided for conversion to organic agriculture (€/ha) 84
Table 5-16: Tapering of payments for the conversion to organic farming, 2000-2002 85
Table 5-17: Organic and in-conversion land area (ha), 2000-2002 -% change in brackets 85
Table 5-18: Organic animal production (head), 2000-2002 ¦% change in brackets 85
Table 5-19: List of selected agri-environmental measures and levels of aid 86
Table 5-20: Selected measures from the French Rural Development Plan
(budget in Mio. €) 89
Table 5-21: Priorities and Measures implemented in Marche Region 92
Table 5-22: Premiums for implementation of Sub-measures F1 and F2. Values are
indicated in €/ha 94
Table 5-23: Additional premiums for environmental friendly activities under
Sub-measures F1 and F2 (€/ha) 96
Table 5-24: Number of applications and payments for agri-environmental measures
(2002) 97
Table 5-25: Geographical distribution of applications and payments for
agri-environmental measures in Marche region by province, 2002 97
Table 5-26: Investment aid for farms (%): conventional compared to organic
farming support 98
Table 5-27: Organic fanning premiums: Objective 1 Regions* (€/ha) 101
Table 5-28: Organic farming premiums: Non-Objective 1 Regions* (€/ha) 102
Table 5-29: Funded applications for agri-environmental measures
(years 2001 and 2002) 106
Table 5-30: Premiums for organic farming before and after the implementation of
Marche RDP (regional averages €/ha) 107
Table 5-31: Impact of conversion on revenues of farms in Marche (1999) 107
Table 5-32: Average total payment level for organic and non organic FADN farms
in Marche, year 2002 108
Table 5-33: Maximum average payments for conventional and organic "average" farm:
arable crops 109
Table 5-34: Priorities, measures and expenditure of the Baden-Wurttemberg Rural
Development Programme (in 2002) 112
Table 5-35: Payment levels for the single MEKA-measures ( ha) 114
Table 5-36: Possible combinations of measures in MEKA 115
Table 5-37: Uptake of MEKA measures in 2002 116
Table 5-38: Land use of regional average organic and conventional farms in Baden-
Wurttemberg 120
Table 5-39: Payments under the agri-environmental programme MEKA II for organic
fanvs: Model calculations based on regional average fanv (€/ha) in 1999 120
Table 5-40: Payments under the agri-environmental programme MEKA II for
conventional farms: Model calculations based on regional average farms
(€Jha) in 1999 121
xvii
Table 5-41:
Table 5-42:
Table 5-43:
Table 5-44:
Table 5-45:
Table 5-46:
Table 5-47:
Table 5-48:
Table 5-49:
Table 5-50:
Table 5-51:
Table 5-52:
Table 5-53:
Table 5-54:
Table 5-55:
Table 5-56:
Table 5-57:
Table 10-1:
Table 10-2:
Table 10-3:
Table 10-4:
Table 10-5:
Table 10-6:
Table 10-7:
Table 10-8:
Table 10-9:
Table 10-10:
Table 10-11:
Approved applications for LFAs in Spain 128
Payments for implementation of measure 3 sub-measures 3.1, 3.2,
and 3.3 (€/ha) 130
Comparison among measure 3 payment levels: Sub-measure 3.3
(organic farming) -100 131
Payments for organic livestock farms, sub-measure 9.3 132
Payment levels for plant species in danger of extinction (€/ha) 133
Uptake of agri-environmental measures under the Spanish RDP (2001) 136
Average subsidies for conventional and organic FADN farms, 2001 (€/ha) 137
Maximum payments from sub-measure 3.3 and 9.3 for an average
organic farm 138
Maximum payments available for permanent grassland: average organic
and conventional fanv 139
Schemes and their levels of regional discretion 142
England RDP scheme agreements, land area and expenditure levels, 2001 143
Expenditure on Welsh agri-environmental schemes, 1999/00-2003/04,
(Mio.€)
Land area covered by agri-environment schemes in Wales (1,000 ha)
Payment rates for the England and Wales Organic Farming Schemes,
£/ha (€/ha), 1999-2003
Whole farm gross margins, £/ha (€/ha), for modelled UK farm types,
1999-2002
New OFS payment rates, £/ha (€/ha), from June 2003 in England, early
2004 in Wales
Support to organic and comparable conventional farms: average of all
countries covered by FADN in the year 2000 (€/ha)
Classification of Greater European Regions
Allocation of crops and activities to categories
Manure units and livestock
Organic and conventional land use by country in the year 2000
Organic and conventional livestock by country in the year 2000
On-farm labour use and involvement in non-agricultural activities on
organic and conventional fanvs 2000
Land use of average organic and conventional farms (2000)
Livestock husbandry of average organic and conventional farms (2000)
Land use (ha) in Austrian NUTS1 regions taking the five most important
land uses into consideration
Natura 2000 measures implemented within OPUL in Austria
Water conservation measures implemented within OPUL in Austria in 2001
(UAA, farms, expenditure)
Table 10-12: Influence of the national additional premium on revenues
144
145
147
156
164
172
214
214
215
216
218
220
224
226
232
233
234
242
XVIII |
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| id | DE-604.BV019366080 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:07:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3933403103 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012829686 |
| oclc_num | 633028080 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 DE-M120 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-Eb1 DE-M120 DE-11 |
| physical | XXII, 243 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Univ. of Hohenheim |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Organic farming in Europe |
| series2 | Organic farming in Europe |
| spelling | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy Anna Maria Häring ... Hohenheim Univ. of Hohenheim 2004 XXII, 243 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Organic farming in Europe 11 Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Biologischer Landbau (DE-588)4145629-4 gnd rswk-swf Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 s Biologischer Landbau (DE-588)4145629-4 s DE-604 Häring, Anna Sonstige oth Organic farming in Europe 11 (DE-604)BV012783930 11 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012829686&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy Organic farming in Europe Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Biologischer Landbau (DE-588)4145629-4 gnd Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4145629-4 (DE-588)4000771-6 |
| title | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy |
| title_auth | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy |
| title_exact_search | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy |
| title_full | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy Anna Maria Häring ... |
| title_fullStr | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy Anna Maria Häring ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy Anna Maria Häring ... |
| title_short | Organic farming and measures of European agricultural policy |
| title_sort | organic farming and measures of european agricultural policy |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Biologischer Landbau (DE-588)4145629-4 gnd Agrarpolitik (DE-588)4000771-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Biologischer Landbau Agrarpolitik |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012829686&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV012783930 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT haringanna organicfarmingandmeasuresofeuropeanagriculturalpolicy |