Biology:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Dubuque, IA [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill
2005
|
| Edition: | 7. ed., internat. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Rev. ed. of: Biology / Peter H. Raven and George B. Johnson |
| Physical Description: | XXIII, 1250, [61] S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0072437316 |
Staff View
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biology |c Peter H. Raven ... |
| 250 | |a 7. ed., internat. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Dubuque, IA [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill |c 2005 | |
| 300 | |a XXIII, 1250, [61] S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Rev. ed. of: Biology / Peter H. Raven and George B. Johnson | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Biologie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Biologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biología | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biology | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Raven, Peter H. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1804132799121195008 |
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| adam_text | Exploring Figures
1.3 Exploring Levels of Biological Organization 4
1.14 Exploring Life s Three Domains 14
4.10 Exploring the Functional Groups of Organic
Compounds 64
5.20 Exploring Levels of Protein Structure 82
6.9 Exploring Animal and Plant Cells 100
6.30 Exploring Intercellular Junctions in Animal Tissues
121
7.20 Exploring Endocytosis in Animal Cells 138
11.7 Exploring Membrane Receptors 206
12.6 Exploring the Mitotic Division of an Animal Cell 222
13.8 Exploring the Meiotic Division of an Animal Cell 244
21.2 Exploring Model Organisms for Genetic Studies of
Development 412
24.4 Exploring Reproductive Barriers 474
27 A3 Exploring Major Groups of Bacteria 542
28.12 Exploring Structure and Function in the Ciliate
Paramecium caudatum 557
29.5 Exploring Derived Traits of Land Plants 576
29.9 Exploring Bryophyte Diversity 582
29.14 Exploring Seedless Vascular Plant Diversity 587
30.4 Exploring Gymnosperm Diversity 594
30.12 Exploring Angiosperm Diversity 602
33.3 Exploring Invertebrate Diversity 639
33.37 Exploring Insect Diversity 662
34.36 Exploring Mammalian Diversity 698
35.9 Exploring Examples of Differentiated Plant Cells 718
37.13 Exploring Unusual Nutritional Adaptations in Plants
768
38.3 Exploring Floral Variations 773
40.5 Exploring Structure and Function in Animal Tissues
824
41.2 Exploring Four Main Feeding Mechanisms of
Animals 845
42.4 Exploring Vertebrate Circulatory Systems 870
44.18 Exploring Environmental Adaptations of the
Vertebrate Kidney 939
46.11 Exploring Human Oogenesis 974
46.12 Exploring Human Spermatogenesis 975
49.8 Exploring the Structure of the Human Ear 1051
50.10 Exploring Global Climate Patterns 1088
50.17 Exploring Aquatic Biomes 1094
50.20 Exploring Terrestrial Biomes 1100
54.17 Exploring Nutrient Cycles 1196
55.22 Exploring Restoration Ecology Worldwide 1226
xx
Inquiry Figures
1,29 Does the presence of poisonous coral snakes affect
predation rates on their mimics, king snakes? 23
4.2 Could organic compounds have been synthesized
abiotically on the early Earth? 59
7.6 Do membrane proteins move? 127
10.9 Which wavelengths of light are most effective in
driving photosynthesis? 187
12.8 During anaphase, do kinetochore microtubules
shorten at their spindle pole ends or their
kinetochore ends? 225
12.13 Are there molecular signals in the cytoplasm that
regulate the cell cycle? 228
12.17 Does platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
stimulate the division of human fibroblast cells in
culture? 231
14.3 When Fj pea plants with purple flowers are allowed
to self-pollinate, what flower color appears in the
F2 generation? 253
14.8 Do the alleles for seed color and seed shape sort into
gametes dependently (together) or independently?
257
15.4 In a cross between a wild-type female fruit fly and a
mutant white-eyed male, what color eyes will the
Fj and F2 offspring have? 277
15.5 Are the genes for body color and wing size in fruit
flies located on the same chromosome or different
chromosomes? 279
16.2 Can the genetic trait of pathogenicity be transferred
between bacteria? 294
16.4 Is DNA or protein the genetic material of phage T2?
295
16.11 Does DNA replication follow the conservative,
semiconservative, or dispersive model? 300
17.2 Do individual genes specify different enzymes in
arginine biosynthesis? 311
18,15 Can a bacterial cell acquire genes from another
individual? 347
21.5 Can a differentiated plant cell develop into a whole
plant? 415
21.6 Can the nucleus from a differentiated animal cell
direct development of an organism? 416
21.21 Which cell layers in the floral meristem determine
the number of floral organs? 430
22.12 Can predation pressure select for size and age at
maturity in guppies? 447
23.11 Does geographic variation in yarrow plants have a
genetic component? 464
24.7 Can divergence of allopatric fruit fly populations
lead to reproductive isolation? 477
24.10 Does sexual selection in cichlids result in
reproductive isolation? 480
26.2 Can organic molecules form in a reducing
atmosphere? 513
31.21 Does having mycorrhizae benefit a plant? 620
36.19 What causes phloem sap to flow from source to
sink? 753
39.5 What part of a coleoptile senses light, and how is
the signal transmitted? 792
39.6 Does asymmetric distribution of a growth-
promoting chemical cause a coleoptile to grow
toward the light? 793
39.7 What causes polar movement of auxin from shoot
tip to base? 795
39.13 How does ethylene concentration affect the triple
response in seedlings? 799
39.17 What wavelengths stimulate phototropic bending
toward light? 803
39.18 How does the order of red and far-red illumination
affect seed germination? 803
39.22 How does interrupting the dark period with a brief
exposure to light affect flowering? 807
39.23 Is phytoehrome the pigment that measures the
interruption of dark periods in photoperiodic
response? 807
39.24 Is there a flowering hormone? 808
44.6 What role does fur play in water conservation by
camels? 926
47.4 What is the effect of sperm binding on on Ca2 +
distribution in the egg? 990
47.21 Does fibronectin promote cell migration? 1002
47.22 Is cadherin required for development of the
blastula? 1003
47.24 How does distribution of the gray crescent at the
first cleavage affect the potency of the two daughter
cells? 1005
47.25 Can the dorsal lip of the blastopore induce cells in
another part of the amphibian embryo to change
their developmental fate? 1006
47.27 What role does the zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
play in limb pattern formation in vertebrates?
1008
48.25 Are mammalian biological clocks influenced by
external cues? 1031
49.13 How do insects detect different tastes? 1055
49.37 What are the energy costs of locomotion? 1074
50.8 Does feeding by sea urchins and limpets affect
seaweed distribution? 1086
51.10 Are the different songs of closely related green
lacewing species under genetic control? 1112
51.12 How does dietary environment affect mate choice
female Dmsophila mojavcnsisl 1113
51.14 Does a digger wasp use landmarks to find her nest
1115
52.7 How does caring for offspring affect parental
survival in kestrals? 1142
52.18 How stable is the Isle Royale moose population?
1150
53.2 Can a species niche be influenced by interspecific
competition? 1160
53.28 How does species richness relate to area? 1178
54.6 Which nutrient limits phytoplankton production
along the coast of Long Island? /189
54.9 Is phosphorus or nitrogen the limiting nutrient in a
Hudson Bay salt marsh? 1191
55.10 What caused the drastic decline of the Illinois
greater prairie chicken population? 1216
Research Method Figures
2.5 Radioactive Tracers 35
5.24 X-Ray Crystallography 86
6.3 Light Microscopy 96
6.4 Electron Microscopy 96
6.5 Cell Fractionation 97
7.4 Freeze Fracture 126
10.8 Determining an Absorption Spectrum 187
13.3 Preparing a Karyotype 240
14.2 Crossing Pea Plants 252
14.7 The Testcross 2.56
15.7 Constructing a Linkage Map 281
20.4 Cloning a human gene in a Bacterial Plasmid 387
20.5 Nucleic Acid Probe Hybridization .389
20.7 The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 391
20.8 Gel Electrophoresis 39.3
20.10 Southern Blotting of DNA Fragments .395
20.12 Dideoxy Chain-Termination Method for Sequencing
DNA .397
20.14 DNA Microarray Assay of Gene Expression Levels
401
20.19 Using the Ti Plasmid to Produce Transgenic Plants
407
21.7 Reproductive Cloning of a Mammal by Nuclear
Transplantation 417
23.14 Using a Virtual Population to Study the Effects of
Selection 467
25.15 Applying Parsimony to a Problem in Molecular
Systematics 502
37.3 Hydroponic Culture 757
48.9 Intracellular Recording 1016
1 Exploring Life 2
unit one The Chemistry of Life
2 The Chemical Context of Life 32
3 Water and the Fitness of the Environment 47
4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 58
5 The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
68
unit two The Cell
6 A Tour of the Cell 94
7 Membrane Structure and Function 124
8 An Introduction to Metabolism 141
9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
160
10 Photosynthesis 181
11 Cell Communication 201
12 The Cell Cycle 218
unit three Genetics
13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 238
14 Mendel and the Gene Idea 251
15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 274
16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 293
17 From Gene to Protein 309
18 The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria 334
19 Eukaryotic Genomes: Organization, Regulation,
and Evolution 359
20 DNA Technology and Genomics 384
21 The Genetic Basis of Development 411
unit four Mechanisms of Evolution
22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View
of Life 438
23 The Evolution of Populations 454
24 The Origin of Species 472
25 Phylogeny and Systematics 491
unit five The Evolutionary History of
Biological Diversity
26 The Tree of Life: An Introduction to Biological
Diversity 512
xxiv
27 Prokaryotes 534
28 Protists 549
29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land
573
30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed Plants
591
31 Fungi 608
32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity 626
33 Invertebrates 638
34 Vertebrates 671
unit six Plant Form and Function
35 Plant Structure, Growth, and Development 712
36 Transport in Vascular Plants 738
37 Plant Nutrition 756
38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology
771
39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
788
unit seven Animal Form and Function
40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function
820
41 Animal Nutrition 844
42 Circulation and Gas Exchange 867
43 The Immune System 898
44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 922
45 Hormones and the Endocrine System 943
46 Animal Reproduction 964
47 Animal Development 987
48 Nervous Systems 1011
49 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1045
UNIT EIGHT Ecology
50 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
1080
51 Behavioral Ecology 1106
52 Population Ecology 1136
53 Community Ecology 1159
54 Ecosystems 1184
55 Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology
1209
1 Exploring Life 2
overview: Biology s Most Exciting Era 2
concept 1.1 Biologists explore life from the microscopic to
the global scale 2
A Hierarchy of Biological Organization 3
A Closer Look at Ecosystems 6
A Closer Look at Cells 6
concept i.2 Biological systems are much more than the
sum of their parts 9
The Emergent Properties of Systems 9
The Power and Limitations of Reductionism 9
Systems Biology 10
Feedback Regulation in Biological Systems 11
concept 1.3 Biologists explore life across its great
diversity of species 12
Grouping Species: The Basic Idea 12
The Three Domains of Life 13
Unity in the Diversity of Life 14
concept 1.4 Evolution accounts for life s unity and
diversity 15
Natural Selection 16
The Tree of Life 17
concept 1.5 Biologists use various forms of inquiry to
explore life 19
Discover} Science 19
Hypothesis-Based Science 20
A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry
in Snake Populations 21
Limitations of Science 24
Theories in Science 24
Model-Building in Science 24
The Culture of Science 25
Science, Technology, and Society 25
concept 1.6 A set of themes connects the concepts of
biology 26
The Chemistry of Life
2 The Chemical Context of Life 32
overview: Chemical Foundations of Biology 32
concept 2.1 Matter consists of chemical elements in pure
form and in combinations called compounds 32
Elements and Compounds 32
Essential Elements of Life 33
concept 2.2 An element s properties depend on the
structure of its atoms 34
Subatomic Particles 34
Atomic Number and Atomic Mass 34
Isotopes 35
The Energy Levels of Electrons 36
Electron Configuration and Chemical Properties 37
Electron Orbitals 38
concept 2.3 The formation and function of molecules
depend on chemical bonding between atoms 39
Covalent Bonds 39
Ionic Bonds 41
Weak Chemical Bonds 42
Molecular Shape and Function 42
concept 2.4 Chemical reactions make and break chemical
bonds 44
3 Water and the Fitness of the
Environment 47
overview: The Molecule That Supports All of Life 47
concept 3.1 The polarity of water molecules results in
hydrogen bonding 47
concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribute
to Earth s fitness for life 48
Cohesion 48
Moderation of Temperatures 49
Insulation of Bodies of Water by Floating Ice 50
The Solvent of Life 51
concept 3.3 Dissociation of water molecules leads to
acidic and basic conditions that affect living
organisms 53
Effects of Changes in pH 53
The Threat of Acid Precipitation 55
4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of
Life 58
overview: Carbon—The Backbone of Biological
Molecules 58
concept 4.1 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon
compounds 58
concept 4.2 Carbon atoms can form diverse molecules by
bonding to four other atoms 59
The Formation of Bonds with Carbon 59
Molecular Diversity Arising from Carbon Skeleton
Variation 61
concept 4.3 Functional groups are the parts of molecules
involved in chemical reactions 63
The Functional Groups Most Important in the Chemistry
of Life 63
ATP: An Important Source of Energy for Cellular
Processes 66
The Chemical Elements of Life: A Review 66
5 The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules 68
overview: The Molecules of Life 68
concept 5.1 Most macromolecules are polymers, built
from monomers 68
The Synthesis and Breakdown of Polymers 68
Diversity of Polymers 69
concept s.2 Carbohydrates serve as fuel and building
material 69
Sugars 70
Polysaccharides 71
concept 5.3 Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic
molecules 74
Fats 75
Phospholipids 76
Steroids 77
concept 5.4 Proteins have many structures, resulting in a
wide range of functions 77
Polypeptides 78
Protein Conformation and Function 81
concept s.5 Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary
information 85
The Roles of Nucleic Acids 86
The Structure of Nucleic Acids 87
The DNA Double Helix 88
DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of
Evolution 89
The Theme of Emergent Properties in the Chemistry of
Life: A Review 89
The Cell 92
6 A Tour of the Cell 94
overview: The Importance of Cells 94
concept si To study cells, biologists use microscopes and
the tools of biochemistry 94
Microscopy 95
Isolating Organelles by Cell Fractionation 97
concept 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that
compartmentalize their functions 98
Comparing Prokaryoiic and Eukaryotic Cells 98
A Panoramic View of [he Eukaryotic Cell 99
XXVl Contents
concept 6.3 The eukaryotic cell s genetic instructions are
housed in the nucleus and carried out by the
ribosomes 102
The Nucleus: Genetic Library of the Cell 102
Ribosomes: Protein Factories in the Cell 102
concept 6.4 The endomembrane system regulates protein
traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell 104
The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory 104
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center 105
Lysosomes: Digestive Compartments 107
Vacuoles: Diverse Maintenance Compartments 108
The Endomembrane System: A Review 108
concept 6.s Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy
from one form to another 109
Mitochondria: Chemical Energy Conversion 109
Chloroplasts: Capture of Light Energy 110
Peroxisomes: Oxidation 110
concept 6.6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that
organizes structures and activities in the cell 112
Roles of the Cytoskeleton: Support, Motility and
Regulation 112
Components of the Cytoskeleton 113
concept 6.7 Extracellular components and connections
between cells help coordinate cellular activities 118
Cell Walls of Plants 118
The Extracellular Matrix (ECM) of Animal Cells 119
Intercellular Junctions 120
the cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its
Parts 120
7 Membrane Structure and Function 124
overview: Life at the Edge 124
concept 7.1 Cellular membranes are fluid mosaics of
Hpids and proteins 124
Membrane Models: Scientific Inquiry 125
The Fluidity of Membranes 126
Membrane Proteins and Their Functions 127
The Role of Membrane Carbohydrates in Cell-Cell
Recognition 129
Synthesis and Sidedness of Membranes 129
concept 7.2 Membrane structure results in selective
permeability 130
The Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer 130
Transport Proteins 130
concept 7.3 Passive transport is diffusion of a substance
across a membrane with no energy investment 130
Effects of Osmosis on Water Balance 131
Facilitated Diffusion: Passive Transport Aided by
Proteins 133
concept 7.4 Active transport uses energy to move solutes
against their gradients 134
The Need for Energy in Active Transport 134
Maintenance of Membrane Potential by Ion Pumps 134
Cotransport: Coupled Transport by a Membrane
Protein 136
concept 7.5 Bulk transport across the plasma membrane
occurs by exocytosis and endocytosis 137
Exocytosis 137
Endocytosis 137
8 An Introduction to Metabolism 141
overview: The Energy of Life 141
concept 8.1 An organism s metabolism transforms matter
and energy, subject to the laws of thermodynamics 141
Organization of the Chemistry of Life into Metabolic-
Pathways 141
Forms of Energy 142
The Laws of Energy Transformation 143
concept 8.2 The free-energy change of a reaction tells us
whether the reaction occurs spontaneously 145
Free-Energy Change, AG 145
Free Energy, Stability and Equilibrium 145
Free Energy and Metabolism 146
concept 8.3 ATP powers cellular work by coupling
exergonic reactions to endergonic reactions 148
The Structure and Hydrolysis of ATP 148
How ATP Performs Work 149
The Regeneration of ATP 150
concept 8.4 Enzymes speed up metabolic reactions by
lowering energy barriers 150
The Activation Energy Barrier 150
How Enzymes Lower the EA Barrier 152
Substrate Specificity of Enzymes ] 52
Catalysis in the Enzyme s Active Site 152
Effects of Local Conditions on Enzyme Activity 154
concept 8.s Regulation of enzyme activity helps control
metabolism 156
Allosteric Regulation of Enzymes 156
Specific Localization of Enzymes Within the Cell 157
9 Cellular Respiration: Harvesting
Chemical Energy 160
overview: Life Is Work 160
concept 9.1 Catabolic pathways yield energy by oxidizing
organic fuels 161
Catabolic Pathways and Production oi ATP 161
Redox Reactions: Oxidation and Reduction 161
The Stages of Cellular Respiration: A Preview 164
concept 9.2 Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by
oxidizing glucose to pyruvate 165
concept 9.3 The citric acid cycle completes
the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules 168
concept 9.4 During oxidative phosphorylation,
chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP
synthesis 170
The Pathway of Electron Transport 170
Chemiosmosis: The Energy-Coupling
Mechanism 171
An Accounting of ATP Production by Cellular
Respiration 173
concept 9.s Fermentation enables some cells to
produce ATP without the use of oxygen 174
Types of Fermentation 175
Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
Compared 175
The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis 176
concept 9.6 Glycolysis and the citric acid cycle connect to
many other metabolic pathways 176
The Versatility of Catabolism 176
Biosynthesis (Anabolic Pathways) 177
Regulation of Cellular Respiration via Feedback
Mechanisms 177
10 Photosynthesis 181
overview: The Process That Feeds the Biosphere 181
concept 10.1 Photosynthesis converts light energy to the
chemical energy of food 182
Chloroplasts: The Sites of Photosynthesis in Plants 182
Tracking Atoms Through Photosynthesis: Scientific
Inquiry 183
The Two Stages of Photosynthesis: A Preview 184
concept 10.2 The light reactions convert solar energy to
the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH 186
The Nature of Sunlight 186
Photosynthetic Pigments: The Light Receptors 186
Excitation of Chlorophyll by Light 188
A Photosystem: A Reaction Center Associated with Light-
Harvesting Complexes 189
Noncyclic Electron Flow 190
Cyclic Electron Flow 191
A Comparison of Chemiosmosis in Chloroplasts
and Mitochondria 192
concept 10.3 The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to
convert CO2 to sugar 193
concept 10.4 Alternative mechanisms of carbon fixation
have evolved in hot, arid climates 195
Photorespiration: An Evolutionary Relic? 195
C4 Plants 196
CAM Plants 196
The Importance of Photosynthesis: A Review 197
11 Cell Communication 201
overview: The Cellular Internet 201
concept 11.1 External signals are converted into responses
within the cell 201
Evolution of Cell Signaling 201
Local and Long-Distance Signaling 202
The Three Stages of Cell Signaling: A Preview 203
concept 11.2 Reception: A signal molecule binds
to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape 204
Intracellular Receptors 205
Receptors in the Plasma Membrane 205
concept 11.3 Transduction: Cascades of molecular
interactions relay signals from receptors to target
molecules in the cell 208
Signal Transduction Pathways 208
Protein Phosphorylation and Dephosphorylation 209
Small Molecules and Ions as Second Messengers 210
concept 11.4 Response: Cell signaling leads to regulation
of cytoplasmic activities or transcription 212
Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Responses 212
Fine-Tuning of the Response 213
12 The Cell Cycle 218
overview: The Key Roles of Cell Division 218
concept 12.1 Cell division results in genetically identical
daughter cells 219
Cellular Organization of the Genetic Material 219
Distribution ol Chromosomes During Cell Division 219
concept 12.2 The mitotic phase alternates with interphase
in the cell cycle 221
Phases ol the Cell Cycle 221
The Milolic Spindle: A Closer Look 221
Cytokinesis: A Closer Look 224
Binary Fission 226
The Evolution of Mitosis 227
concept 12.3 The cell cycle is regulated by a molecular
control system 228
Evidence lor Cytoplasmic Signals 228
The Cell Cycle Control System 229
Loss of Cell Cycle Controls in Cancer Cells 232
Genetics 236
13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 238
overview: Hereditary Similarity and Variation 238
concept 13.1 Offspring acquire genes from parents by
inheriting chromosomes 238
Inheritance ofwenes 239
Comparison of Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 239
concept u.2 Fertilization and meiosis alternate in sexual
life cycles 240
Sets ol Chromosomes in Human Cells 240
Behavior ot Chromosome Sets in the Human Life
Cycle 241
The Variety of Sexual Life Cycles 242
XXVlii C.ontpnfc
concept 13.3 Meiosis reduces the number of chromosome
sets from diploid to haploid 243
The Stages of Meiosis 243
A Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis 247
concept 13.4 Genetic variation produced in sexual life
cycles contributes to evolution 247
Origins of Genetic Variation Among Offspring 247
Evolutionary Significance of Genetic Variation Within
Populations 248
14 Mendel and the Gene Idea 251
overview: Drawing from the Deck of Genes 251
concept 14.1 Mendel used the scientific approach to
identify two laws of inheritance 251
Mendel s Experimental, Quantitative Approach 252
The Law of Segregation 253
The Law of Independent Assortment 256
concept 14.2 The laws of probability govern Mendelian
inheritance 258
The Multiplication and Addition Rules Applied to
Monohybrid Crosses 258
Solving Complex Genetics Problems with the Rules of
Probability 259
concept 14.3 Inheritance patterns are often more complex
than predicted by simple Mendelian genetics 260
Extending Mendelian Genetics for a Single Gene 260
Extending Mendelian Genetics for Two or More
Genes 262
Nature and Nurture: The Environmental Impact on
Phenotype 264
Integrating a Mendelian View of Heredity and
Variation 264
concept 14.4 Many human traits follow Mendelian
patterns of inheritance 265
Pedigree Analysis 265
Recessively Inherited Disorders 266
Dominantly Inherited Disorders 267
Multifactorial Disorders 268
Genetic Testing and Counseling 268
15 The Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance 274
overview: Locating Genes on Chromosomes 274
concept 15.1 Mendelian inheritance has its physical basis
in the behavior of chromosomes 274
Morgan s Experimental Evidence: Scientific Inquiry 276
concept 15.2 Linked genes tend to be inherited together
because they are located near each other on the same
chromosome 277
How Linkage Affects Inheritance: Scientific Inquiry 277
Genetic Recombination and Linkage 278
Linkage Mapping Using Recombination Data: Scientific
Inquiry 279
concept 15.3 Sex-linked genes exhibit unique patterns of
inheritance 282
The Chromosomal Basis of Sex 282
Inheritance of Sex-Linked Genes 283
X Inactivation in Female Mammals 284
concept 15.4 Alterations of chromosome number or
structure cause some genetic disorders 285
Abnormal Chromosome Number 285
Alterations of Chromosome Structure 286
Human Disorders Due to Chromosomal Alterations 287
concept 15.5 Some inheritance patterns are exceptions to
the standard chromosome theory 288
Genomic Imprinting 288
Inheritance of Organdie Genes 289
16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 293
overview: Life s Operating Instructions 293
concept 16.1 DNA is the genetic material 293
The Search for the Genetic Material: Scientific
Inquity 293
Building a Structural Model of DNA: Scientific
Inquiry 296
concept 16.2 Many proteins work together in DNA
replication and repair 299
The Basic Principle: Base Pairing to a Template
Strand 299
DNA Replication: A Closer Look 300
Proofreading and Repairing DNA 305
Replicating the Ends of DNA Molecules 306
17 From Gene to Protein 309
overview: The Flow of Genetic Information 309
concept 17.1 Genes specify proteins via transcription and
translation 309
Evidence from the Study of Metabolic Defects 309
Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation 311
The Genetic Code 312
concept 17.2 Transcription is the DNA-directed synthesis
of RNA: a closer look 315
Molecular Components of Transcription 315
Synthesis of an RNA Transcript 316
concept 17.3 Eukaryotic cells modify RNA after
transcription 317
Alteration of mRNA Ends 317
Split Genes and RNA Splicing 318
concept 17.4 Translation is the RNA-directed synthesis of
a polypeptide: a closer look 320
Molecular Components of Translation 320
Building a Polypeptide 323
Completing and Targeting the Functional
Protein 324
concept 17.5 RNA plays multiple roles in the cell: a
review 327
concept 17.6 Comparing gene expression in prokaryotes
and eukaryotes reveals key differences 327
concept 17.7 Point mutations can affect protein structure
and function 328
Types of Point Mutations 328
Mutagens 329
What is a Gene? Revisiting the Question 330
18 The Genetics of Viruses and
Bacteria 334
overview: Microbial Model Systems 334
concept 18.1 A virus has a genome but can reproduce only
within a host cell 334
The Discovery of Viruses: Scientific Inquiry 334
Structure of Viruses 335
General Features of Viral Reproductive Cycles 336
Reproductive Cycles of Phages 337
Reproductive Cycles of Animal Viruses 339
Evolution of Viruses 342
concept 18.2 Viruses, viroids, and prions are formidable
pathogens in animals and plants 343
Viral Diseases in Animals 343
Emerging Viruses 344
Viral Diseases in Plants 345
Viroids and Prions: The Simplest Infectious
Agents 345
concept 18.3 Rapid reproduction, mutation, and genetic
recombination contribute to the genetic diversity of
bacteria 346
The Bacterial Genome and Its Replication 346
Mutation and Genetic Recombination as Sources of
Genetic Variation 346
Mechanisms of Gene Transfer and Genetic Recombination
in Bacteria 348
Transposition of Genetic Elements 351
concept 18.4 Individual bacteria respond to environmental
change by regulating their gene expression 352
Operons: The Basic Concept 353
Repressible and Inducible Operons: Two Types of
Negative Gene Regulation 354
Positive Gene Regulation 356
19 Eukaryotic Genomes: Organization,
Regulation, and Evolution 359
overview: How Eukaryotic Genomes Work and
Evolve 359
concept 19.1 Chromatin structure is based on successive
levels of DNA packing 359
Nucleosomes, or Beads on a String 360
Higher Levels of DNA Packing 360
concept 19.2 Gene expression can be regulated at any
stage, but the key step is transcription 362
Differential Gene Expression 362
Regulation of Chromatin Structure 363
Regulation of Transcription Initiation 364
Mechanisms of Post-Transcriptional Regulation 368 *
concept 19.3 Cancer results from genetic changes that
affect cell cycle control 370
Types of Genes Associated with Cancer 370
Interference with Normal Cell-Signaling Pathways 371
The Multistep Model of Cancer Development 373
Inherited Predisposition to Cancer 374
concept 19.4 Eukaryotic genomes can have many
noncoding DNA sequences in addition to genes 374
The Relationship Between Genomic Composition and
Organismal Complexity 374
Transposable Elements and Related Sequences 375
Other Repetitive DNA, Including Simple Sequence
DNA 376
Genes and Multigene Families 377
concept 19.5 Duplications, rearrangements, and mutations
of DNA contribute to genome evolution 378
Duplication of Chromosome Sets 378
Duplication and Divergence of DNA Segments 378
Rearrangements of Parts of Genes: Exon Duplication and
Exon Shuffling 380
How Transposable Elements Contribute to Genome
Evolution 380
20 DNA Technology and Genomics 384
overview: Understanding and Manipulating
Genomes 384
concept 20.1 DNA cloning permits production of multiple
copies of a specific gene or other DNA segment 385
DNA Cloning and Its Applications: A Preview 385
Using Restriction Enzymes to Make Recombinant
DNA 386
Cloning a Eukaryotic Gene in a Bacterial Plasmid 386
Storing Cloned Genes in DNA Libraries 388
Cloning and Expressing Eukaryotic Genes 390
Amplifying DNA in Vitro: The Polymerase Chain Reaction
tPCRI 391
concept 20.2 Restriction fragment analysis
detects DNA differences that affect restriction sites 392
Gel Electrophoresis and Southern Blotting 392
Restriction Fragment Length Differences as Genetic
Markers W
concept 20.3 Entire genomes can be mapped at the DNA
level 394
Genetic (.Linkage) Mapping: Relative Ordering of
Markers 396
Physical Mapping: Ordering DNA Fragments 396
DNA Sequencing 396
concept 20.4 Genome sequences provide clues to
important biological questions 398
Identifying Protein-Coding Genes in DNA Sequences 399
Determining Gene Function 400
Studying Expression of Interacting Groups of
Genes 400
Comparing Genomes of Different Species 400
Future Directions in Genomics 402
xxx Contents
concept 20.5 The practical applications of DNA
technology affect our lives in many ways 402
Medical Applications 402
Pharmaceutical Products 404
Forensic Evidence 404
Environmental Cleanup 405
Agricultural Applications 406
Safety and Ethical Questions Raised by DNA
Technology 407
21 The Genetic Basis of Development 411
overview: From Single Cell to Multicellular
Organism 411
concept 21.1 Embryonic development involves
cell division, cell differentiation, and
morphogenesis 412
concept 21.2 Different cell types result from differential
gene expression in cells with the same DNA 415
Evidence for Genomic Equivalence 415
Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression During
Development 418
Cytoplasmic Determinants and Cell-Cell Signals in Cell
Differentiation 420
concept 21.3 Pattern formation in animals and plants
results from similar genetic and cellular mechanisms 421
Drosophila Development: A Cascade of Gene
Activations 421
C. elegans: The Role of Cell Signaling 425
Plant Development: Cell Signaling and Transcriptional
Regulation 429
concept 21.4 Comparative studies help explain how the
evolution of development leads to morphological
diversity 431
Widespread Conservation of Developmental Genes
Among Animals 431
Comparison of Animal and Plant Development 433
Mechanisms of Evolution 436
22 Descent with Modification: A Darwinian
View of Life 438
overview: Darwin Introduces a Revolutionary Theory 438
concept 22.1 The Darwinian revolution challenged
traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by
unchanging species 438
Resistance to the Idea of Evolution 439
Theories of Gradualism 440
Lamarck s Theory of Evolution 440
concept 22.2: In The Origin of Species, Darwjn proposed
that species change through natural selection 441
Darwin s Research 441
The Origin oj Species 443
concept 22.3 Darwin s theory explains a wide range of
observations 446
Natural Selection in Action 446
Homology, Biogeography, and the Fossil Record 448
What Is Theoretical about the Darwinian View of
Life? 451
23 The Evolution of Populations 454
overview: The Smallest Unit of Evolution 454
concept 23.1 Population genetics provides a foundation
for studying evolution 454
The Modern Synthesis 455
Gene Pools and Allele Frequencies 455
The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem 456
concept 23.2 Mutation and sexual recombination produce
the variation that makes evolution possible 459
Mutation 459
Sexual Recombination 460
concept 23.3 Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene
flow can alter a population s genetic composition 460
Natural Selection 460
Genetic Drift 460
Gene Flow 462
concept 23.4 Natural selection is the primary mechanism
of adaptive evolution 462
Genetic Variation 462
A Closer Look at Natural Selection 464
The Preservation of Genetic Variation 466
Sexual Selection 468
The Evolutionary Enigma of Sexual
Reproduction 469
Why Natural Selection Cannot Fashion Perfect
Organisms 469
24 The Origin of Species 472
overview: That Mystery of Mysteries 472
concept 24.1 The biological species concept emphasizes
reproductive isolation 473
The Biological Species Concept 473
Other Definitions of Species 476
concept 24.2 Speciation can take place with or without
geographic separation 476
Allopatric ( Other Country7 ) Speciation 477
Sympatric ( Same Country ) Speciation 478
Allopatric and Sympatric Speciation: A
Summary 480
Adaptive Radiation 480
Studying the Genetics of Speciation 481
The Tempo of Speciation 481
concept 24.3 Macroevolutionary changes can accumulate
through many speciation events 482
Evolutionary Novelties 482
Evolution of the Genes That Control
Development 484
Evolution Is Not Goal Oriented 486
25 Phylogeny and Systematics 491
overview: Investigating the Tree of Life 491
concept 25.1 Phylogenies are based on common ancestries
inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular
evidence 492
The Fossil Record 492
Morphological and Molecular Homologies 492
concept 25.2 Phylogenetic systematics connects
classification with evolutionary history 495
Binomial Nomenclature 496
Hierarchical Classification 496
Linking Classification and Phylogeny 496
concept 25.3 Phylogenetic systematics informs the
construction of phylogenetic trees based on shared
characters 497
Cladistics 498
Phylogenetic Trees and Timing 499
Maximum Parsimony and Maximum
Likelihood 501
Phylogenetic Trees as Hypotheses 501
concept 25.4 Much of an organism s evolutionary history
is documented in its genome 504
Gene Duplications and Gene Families 505
Genome Evolution 505
concept 25.5 Molecular clocks help track evolutionary
time 506
Molecular Clocks 506
The Universal Tree of Life 507
The Evolutionary History of
Biological Diversity 510
26 The Tree of Life: An Introduction to
Biological Diversity 512
overview: Changing Life on a Changing Earth 512
concept 26.1 Conditions on early Earth made the origin of
life possible 513
Synthesis of Organic Compounds on Early
Earth 513
Abiotic Synthesis of Polymers 514
Protobionts 515
The RNA World and the Dawn of Natural Selection 515
concept 26.2 The fossil record chronicles life on
Earth 517
How Rocks and Fossils Are Dated 517
The Geologic Record 518
Mass Extinctions 518
concept 26.3 As prokaryotes evolved, they exploited and
changed young Earth 521
The First Prokaryotes 521
Electron Transport Systems 521
Photosynthesis and the Oxygen Revolution 522
concept 26.4 Eukaryotic cells arose from symbioses and
genetic exchanges between prokaryotes 523
The First Eukaryotes 523
Endosymbiotic Origin of Mitochondria and
Plastids 523
Eukaryotic Cells as Genetic Chimeras 524
concept 26.5 Multicellularity evolved several times in
eukaryotes 525
The Earliest Multicellular Eukaryotes 525
The Colonial Connection 526
The Cambrian Explosion 526
Colonization of Land by Plants, Fungi, and
Animals 527
Continental Drift 527
concept 26.6 New information has revised our
understanding of the tree of life 529
Previous Taxonomic Systems 529
Reconstructing the Tree of Life: A Work in
Progress 529
27 Prokaryotes 534
overview: They re (Almost) Everywhere! 534
concept 27.i Structural, functional, and genetic
adaptations contribute to prokaryote success 534
Cell-Surface Structures 534
Moulity 53f
Internal and Genomic Organization 537
Reproduction and Adaptation 537
concept 27.2 A great diversity of nutritional and metabolic
adaptations have evolved in prokaryotes 538
Metabolic Relationships to Oxygen 538
Nitrogen Metabolism 538
Metabolic Cooperation 538
concept 27.3 Molecular systematics is illuminating
prokaryote phylogeny 540
Lessons from Molecular Systematics 540
Bacteria 541
Archaea 541
Xxxii Contents
concept 27.4 Prokaryotes play crucial roles in the
biosphere 544
Chemical Recycling 544
Symbiotic Relationships 545
concept 27.5 Prokaryotes have both harmful and beneficial
impacts on humans 545
Pathogenic Prokaryotes 545
Prokaryotes in Research and Technology 546
28 Protists 549
overview: A World in a Drop of Water 549
concept 28.1 Protists are an extremely diverse assortment
of eukaryotes 549
Endosymbiosis in Eukaryotic Evolution 550
concept 28.2 Diplomonads and parabasalids have
modified mitochondria 552
Diplomonads 552
Parabasalids 553
concept 28.3 Euglenozoans have flagella with a unique
internal structure 553
Kinetoplastids 553
Euglenids 554
concept 28.4 Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma
membrane 555
Dinoflagellates 555
Apicomplexans 555
Ciliates 556
concept 28.5 Stramenopiles have hairy and smooth
flagella 558
Oomycetes (Water Molds and Their Relatives) 558
Diatoms 559
Golden Algae 560
Brown Algae 560
concept 28.6 Cercozoans and radiolarians have threadlike
pseudopodia 563
Foraminiferans (Forams) 563
Radiolarians 563
concept 28.7 Amoebozoans have lobe-shaped
pseudopodia 564
Gymnamoebas 564
Entamoebas 564
Slime Molds 564
concept 28.8 Red algae and green algae are the closest
relatives of land plants 567
Red Algae 567
Green Algae 567
29 Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized
Land 573
overview: The Greening of Earth 573
concept 29.1 Land plants evolved from green
algae 573
Morphological and Biochemical Evidence 573
Genetic Evidence 574
Adaptations Enabling the Move to Land 574
concept 29.2 Land plants possess a set of derived
terrestrial adaptations 575
Defining the Plant Kingdom 575
Derived Traits of Plants 575
The Origin and Diversification of Plants 575
concept 29.3 The life cycles of mosses and other
bryophytes are dominated by the gametophyte stage 580
Bryophyte Gametophytes 580
Bryophyte Sporophytes 580
The Ecological and Economic Importance of
Mosses 583
concept 29.4 Ferns and other seedless vascular plants
formed the first forests 584
Origins of Vascular Plants 584
Classification of Seedless Vascular Plants 586
The Significance of Seedless Vascular Plants 588
30 Plant Diversity II: The Evolution of Seed
Plants 591
overview: Feeding the World 591
concept 3o.i The reduced gametophytes of seed plants
are protected in ovules and pollen grains 591
Advantages of Reduced Gametophytes 591
Heterospory: The Rule Among Seed Plants 592
Ovules and Production of Eggs 592
Pollen and Production of Sperm 592
The Evolutionary Advantage of Seeds 593
concept 30.2 Gymnosperms bear naked seeds, typically
on cones 593
Gymnosperm Evolution 596
A Closer Look at the Life Cycle of a Pine 596
concept 30.3 The reproductive adaptations
of angiosperms include flowers and fruits 598
Characteristics of Angiosperms 598
Angiosperm Evolution 601
Angiosperm Diversity 602
Evolutionary Links Between Angiosperms and
Animals 604
concept 30.4 Human welfare depends greatly on seed
plants 605
Products from Seed Plants 605
Threats to Plant Diversity 606
31 Fungi 608
overview: Mighty Mushrooms 608
concept 3i.i Fungi are heterotrophs that feed by
absorption 608
Nutrition and Fungal Lifestyles 608
Body Structure 609
concept 31.2 Fungi produce spores through sexual or
asexual life cycles 610
Sexual Reproduction 610
Asexual Reproduction 611
concept 3i.3 Fungi descended from an aquatic, single-
celled, flagellated protist 612
The Origin of Fungi 612
The Move to Land 612
concept 31.4 Fungi have radiated into a diverse set of
lineages 612
Chytrids 613
Zygomycetes 613
Glomeromycetes 615
Ascomycetes 616
Basidiomycetes 618
concept 31.5 Fungi have a powerful impact on ecosystems
and human welfare 620
Decomposers 620
Symbionts 620
Pathogens 622
Practical Uses of Fungi 623
32 An Introduction to Animal Diversity 626
overview: Welcome to Your Kingdom 626
concept 32.1 Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic
eukaryotes with tissues that develop from embryonic
layers 626
Nutritional Mode 626
Cell Structure and Specialization 626
Reproduction and Development 627
concept 32.2 The history of animals may span more than a
billion years 628
Neoproterozoic Era (1 Billion-542 Million Years
Ago) 628
Paleozoic Era (542-251 Million Years Ago) 629
Mesozoic Era (251-65.5 Million Years Ago) 629
Cenozoic Era (65.5 Million Years Ago to the
Present) 629
concept 32.3 Animals can be characterized by body
plans 630
Symmetry 630
Tissues 630
Body Cavities 631
Protostome and Deuterostome Development 631
concept 32.4 Leading hypotheses agree on
major features of the animal phylogenetic
tree 633
Points of Agreement 633
Disagreement over the Bilaterians 634
Future Directions in Animal Systematics 636
33 Invertebrates 638
overview: Life Without a Backbone 638
concept 33.1 Sponges are sessile and have a porous body
and choanocytes 642
concept 33.2 Cnidarians have radial symmetry,
a gastrovascular cavity, and cnidocytes 643
Hydrozoans 644
Scyphozoans 644
Cubozoans 645
Anthozoans 645
concept 33.3 Most animals have bilateral symmetry 646
Flatvvorms 646
Rotifers 648
Lophophorates: Ectoprocts, Phoronids, and
Brachiopods 649
Nemerteans 649
concept 33.4 Molluscs have a muscular foot, a visceral
mass, and a mantle 650
Chitons 651
Gastropods 651
Bivalves 652
Cephalopods 652
concept 33.5 Annelids are segmented worms 653
Oligochaetes 653
Polychaetes 655
Leeches 655
concept 33.6 Nematodes are nonsegmented
pseudocoelomates covered by a tough cuticle 655
concept 33.7 Arthropods are segmented coelomates that
have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages 656
General Characteristics of Arthropods 656
Cheliceriforms 658
Myriapods 659
Insects 660
Crustaceans 664
concept 33.8 Echinoderms and chordates are
deuterostomes 665
Echinoderms 665
Chordates 667
34 Vertebrates 671
overview: Haifa Billion Years of Backbones 671
concept 34.1 Chordates have a notochord and a dorsal,
hollow nerve cord 671
Derived Characters of Chordates 673
Tunicates 673
Lanceletes 674
Early Chordate Evolution 674
concept 34.2 Craniates are chordates that have a head 675
Derived Characters of Craniates 676
The Origin ol Craniates 676
1 laglishes 676
concept 34.3 Vertebrates are craniates that have a
backbone 678
Derived Characters of Vertebrates 678
Lampreys 678
Eossils of Early Vertebrates 678
Origins of Bones and Teeth 679
concept 34.4 Gnathostomes are vertebrates that have
jaws 679
Derived Characters of Gnathostomes 679
I ossil Gnathoslomes 680
Chondncthyans (Sharks, Rays, and Their
Relatives) 680
Ray-(;inned Fishes and I.obeTins 682
concept 34.5 Tetrapods are gnathostomes that have limbs
and feet 684
Derived Characters of Tetrapods 684
The Origin of Tetrapods 684
Amphibians 685
concept 34.6 Amniotes arc tetrapods that have a
terrestrially adapted egg 687
Derived characters ol Amniotes 688
Early Amniotes 088
Reptiles 688
Birds 691
concept 34.7 Mammals are amniotes that have hair and
produce milk 694
Derived ( haraeters of Mammals 694
xxxiv Contents
Early Evolution of Mammals 694
Monotremes 695
Marsupials 695
Eutherians (Placental Mammals) 697
concept 34.8 Humans are bipedal hominids with a large
brain 701
Derived Characters of Humans 701
The Earliest Hominids 702
Australopiths 703
Bipedalism 704
Tool Use 704
Early Homo 704
Neanderthals 705
Homo sapiens 705
Plant Form and Function 710
35 Plant Structure, Growth, and
Development 712
overview: No Two Plants Are Alike 712
concept 35.1 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs,
tissues, and cells 712
The Three Basic Plant Organs: Roots, Stems, and
Leaves 713
The Three Tissue Systems: Dermal, Vascular, and
Ground 717
Common Types of Plant Cells 717
concept 35.2 Meristems generate cells for new organs 720
concept 35.3 Primary growth lengthens roots and
shoots 721
Primary Growth of Roots 721
Primary Growth of Shoots 723
concept 35.4 Secondary growth adds girth to stems and
roots in woody plants 725
The Vascular Cambium and Secondary Vascular
Tissue 725
Cork Cambia and the Production of Periderm 728
concept 35.5 Growth, morphogenesis, and differentiation
produce the plant body 728
Molecular Biology: Revolutionizing the Study of
Plants 728
Growth: Cell Division and Cell Expansion 729
Morphogenesis and Pattern Formation 730
Gene Expression and Control of Cellular
Differentiation 732
Location and a Cell s Developmental Fate 732
Shifts in Development: Phase Changes 733
Genetic Control of Flowering 734
36 Transport in Vascular Plants 738
overview: Pathways for Survival 738
concept 36.1 Physical forces drive the transport of
materials in plants over a range of distances 738
Selective Permeability of Membranes: A Review 738
The Central Role of Proton Pumps 739
Effects of Differences in Water Potential 740
Three Major Compartments of Vacuolated Plant Cells 743
Functions of the Symplast and Apoplast in Transport 743
Bulk Flow in Long-Distance Transport 743
concept 36.2 Roots absorb water and minerals from the
soil 744
The Roles of Root Hairs, Mycorrhizae, and Cortical
Cells 744
The Endodermis: A Selective Sentry 744
concept 36.3 Water and minerals ascend from roots to
shoots through the xylem 746
Factors Affecting the Ascent of Xylem Sap 746
Xylem Sap Ascent by Bulk Flow: A Review 748
concept 36.4 Stomata help regulate the rate of
transpiration 749
Effects of Transpiration on Wilting and Leaf
Temperature 749
Stomata: Major Pathways for Water Loss 750
Xerophyte Adaptations That Reduce
Transpiration 75 f
concept 36.s Organic nutrients are translocated through
the phloem 751
Movement from Sugar Sources to Sugar Sinks 752
Pressure Flow: The Mechanism of Translocation in
Angiosperms 753
37 Plant Nutrition 756
overview: A Nutritional Network 756
concept 37.1 Plants require certain chemical elements to
complete their life cycle 756
Macronutrients and Micronutrients 757
Symptoms of Mineral Deficiency 758
concept 37.2 Soil quality is a major determinant of plant
distribution and growth 759
Texture and Composition of Soils 759
Soil Conservation and Sustainable Agriculture 760
concept 37.3 Nitrogen is often the mineral that has the
greatest effect on plant growth 763
Soil Bacteria and Nitrogen Availability 763
Improving the Protein Yield of Crops 764
concept 37.4 Plant nutritional adaptations often involve
relationships with other organisms 764
The Role of Bacteria in Symbiotic Nitrogen
Fixation 764
Mycorrhizae and Plant Nutrition 766
Epiphytes, Parasitic Plants, and Carnivorous
Plants 767
33 Angiosperm Reproduction and
Biotechnology 771
overview: To Seed or Not to Seed 771
concept 38.1 Pollination enables gametes to come together
within a flower 771
Flower Structure 772
Gametophyte Development and Pollination 774
Mechanisms That Prevent Self-Fertilization 775
concept 38.2 After fertilization, ovules develop into seeds
and ovaries into fruits 776
Double Fertilization 776
From Ovule to Seed 777
From Ovary to Fruit 778
Seed Germination 779
concept 38.3 Many flowering plants clone themselves by
asexual reproduction 781
Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction 781
Vegetative Propagation and Agriculture 781
concept 38.4 Plant biotechnology is transforming
agriculture 783
Artificial Selection 783
Reducing World Hunger and Malnutrition 784
The Debate over Plant Biotechnology 784
39 Plant Responses to Internal and External
Signals 788
overview: Stimuli and a Stationary Life 788
concept 39.1 Signal transduction pathways link signal
reception to response 788
Reception 789
Transduction 789
Response 790
concept 39.2 Plant hormones help coordinate growth,
development, and responses to stimuli 791
The Discovery of Plant Hormones 792
A Survey of Plant Hormones 793
Systems Biology and Hormone Interactions 801
concept 39.3 Responses to light are critical for plant
success 802
Blue-Light Photoreccptors 802
Phytochromes as Photoreceptors 802
Biological Clocks and Orcadian Rhythms 805
The Effect of Light on the Biological Clock 806
Photoperiodism and Responses to Seasons 806
concept 39.4 Plants respond to a wide variety of stimuli
other than light 808
Gravity 809
Mechanical Stimuli 809
Environmental Stresses 810
concept 39.s Plants defend themselves against herbivores
and pathogens 812
Defenses Against Herbivores 813
Defenses Against Pathogens 813
Animal Form and Function 818
40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and
Function 820
overview: Diverse Forms, Common Challenges 820
concept 40.1 Physical laws and the environment constrain
animal size and shape 820
Physical Laws and Animal Form 821
Exchange with the Environment 821
concept 40.2 Animal form and function are correlated at
all levels of organization 823
Tissue Structure and Function 823
Organs and Organ Systems 827
concept 40.3 Animals use the chemical energy in food to
sustain form and function 828
Bioenergetics 828
Influences on Metabolic Rates 829
Energy Budgets 830
concept 40.4 Many animals regulate their
internal environment within relatively narrow limits 831
Regulating and Conforming 832
Mechanisms of Homeostasis 832
concept 40.5 Thermoregulation contributes to
homeostasis and involves anatomy, physiology, and
behavior 833
Ectolherms and Endotherms 833
Modes of Heat Exchange 8^4
Balancing Heat Loss and Gain 834
Feedback Mechanisms in Thermoregulation 839
Adjustment to Changing Temperatures 839
Torpor and Energy Conservation 840
41 Animal Nutrition 844
overview: The Need to Feed 844
concept 41.1 Homeostatic mechanisms manage an animal s
energy budget 844
Glucose Regulation as an Example of Homeostasis 846
Caloric Imbalance 846
concept 4i.2 An animal s diet must supply carbon
skeletons and essential nutrients 849
Essential Ammo Acids 849
Essential Fatly Acids 850
Vitamins 850
Minerals 851
concept 41.3 The main stages of food processing are
ingestion. digestion, absorption, and elimination 853
Digestive Compartments 853
concept 4i4 Each organ of the mammalian digestive
system has specialized food-processing functions 855
The Oral Cavity. Pharynx, and Esophagus 856
The Stomach 857
The Small Intestine 858
The Large Intestine 861
concept 41.5 Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate
digestive systems are often associated with diet 862
Some Dental Adaptations 862
Stomach and Intestinal Adaptations 863
Symbiotic Adaptations 863
42 Circulation and Gas Exchange 867
overview: Trading with the Environment 867
concept 42.1 Circulatory systems reflect phylogeny 867
Invertebrate Circulation 868
Survey of Vertebrate Circulation 869
concept 42.2 Double circulation in mammals depends on
the anatomy and pumping cycle of the heart 871
Mammalian Circulation: The Pathway 872
The Mammalian Heart: A Closer Look 872
Maintaining the Heart s Rhythmic Beat 873
concept 42.3 Physical principles govern blood
circulation 874
Blood Vessel Structure and Function 874
Blood Flow Velocity 875
Blood Pressure 876
Capillary Function 877
Fluid Return by the Lymphatic System 878
concept 42.4 Blood is a connective tissue with cells
suspended in plasma 879
Blood Composition and Function 879
Cardiovascular Disease 882
concept 42.5 Gas exchange occurs across specialized
respiratory surfaces 884
Gills in Aquatic Animals 884
Tracheal Systems in Insects 886
Lungs 886
concept 42.6 Breathing ventilates the lungs 888
How an Amphibian Breathes 888
How a Bird Breathes 889
Control of Breathing in Humans 890
concept 42.7 Respiratory pigments bind and transport
gases 891
The Role of Partial Pressure Gradients 891
Respiratory Pigments 892
Elite Animal Athletes 894
43 The Immune System 898
overview: Reconnaissance, Recognition, and
Response 898
concept 43.1 Innate immunity provides broad defenses
against infection 898
External Defenses 899
Internal Cellular and Chemical Defenses 899
Invertebrate Immune Mechanisms 902
concept 43.2 In acquired immunity, lymphocytes provide
specific defenses against infection 903
Antigen Recognition by Lymphocytes 903
Lymphocyte Development 905
concept 43.3 Humoral and cell-mediated
immunity defend against different types of
threats 908
Helper T Cells: A Response to Nearly All
Antigens 909
Cytotoxic T Cells: A Response to Infected Cells and
Cancer Cells 910
B Cells: A Response to Extracellular
Pathogens 910
Active and Passive Immunization 914
concept 43.4 The immune system s ability to distinguish
self from nonself limits tissue transplantation 915
Blood Groups and Transfusions 915
Tissue and Organ Transplants 916
concept 43.5 Exaggerated, self-directed, or diminished
immune responses can cause disease 916
Allergies 916
Autoimmune Diseases 917
Immunodeficiency Diseases 917
44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 922
overview: A Balancing Act 922
concept 44.1 Osmoregulation balances the uptake and loss
of water and solutes 922
Osmosis 922
Osmotic Challenges 923
Transport Epithelia 926
concept 44.2 An animal s nitrogenous wastes reflect its
phylogeny and habitat 927
Forms of Nitrogenous Waste 927
The Influence of Evolution and Environment on
Nitrogenous Wastes 928
concept 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a
tubular theme 928
Excretory Processes 929
Survey of Excretory Systems 929
concept 44.4 Nephrons and associated blood vessels are
the functional units of the mammalian kidney 931
Structure and Function of the Nephron and Associated
Structures 931
From Blood Filtrate to Urine: A Closer Look 933
concept 44.5 The mammalian kidney s ability
to conserve water is a key terrestrial
adaptation 934
Solute Gradients and Water Conservation 935
Regulation of Kidney Function 936
concept 44.6 Diverse adaptations of the vertebrate kidney
have evolved in different environments 938
45 Hormones and the Endocrine
System 943
overview: The Body s Long-Distance Regulators 943
concept 45.1 The endocrine system and the nervous
system act individually and together in regulating an
animal s physiology 943
Overlap Between Endocrine and Neural
Regulation 944
Control Pathways and Feedback Loops 944
concept 45.2 Hormones and other chemical signals bind to
target cell receptors in target cells, initiating pathways
that culminate in specific cell responses 945
Cell-Surface Receptors for Water-Soluble
Hormones 946
Intracellular Receptors for Lipid-Soluble
Hormones 947
Paracrine Signaling by Local Regulators 947
concept 45.3 The hypothalamus and pituitary integrate
many functions of the vertebrate endocrine system 948
Relationship Between the Hypothalamus and Pituitary
Gland 950
Posterior Pituitary Hormones 951
Anterior Pituitary Hormones 951
concept 45.4 Nonpituitary hormones help regulate
metabolism, homeostasis, development, and behavior 953
Thyroid Hormones 953
Parathyroid Hormone and Calcitonin: Control of Blood
Calcium 954
Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose 955
Adrenal Hormones: Response 10 Stress 956
Gonadal Sex Hormones 958
Melatomn and Biorhythms 959
concept 45.5 Invertebrate regulatory systems also involve
endocrine and nervous system interactions 959
46 Animal Reproduction 964
overview: Doubling Up for Sexual Reproduction 964
concept 46.i Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur
in the animal kingdom 964
Mechanisms of Asexual Reproduction 964
Reproductive Cycles and Patterns 965
concept 46.2 Fertilization depends on mechanisms that
help sperm meet eggs of the same species 967
Ensuring the Survival of Offspring 967
Gamete Production and Delivery 968
concept 46.3 Reproductive organs produce and transport
gametes: focus on humans 969
Female Reproductive Anatomy 969
Male Reproductive Anatomy 971
Human Sexual Response 972
concept 46.4 In humans and other mammals, a complex
interplay of hormones regulates gametogenesis 973
The Reproductive Cycles of Females 973
Hormonal Control of the Male Reproductive System 977
concept 46.5 In humans and other placental mammals, an
embryo grows into a newborn in the mother s uterus 978
Conception, f mbryonic Development, and
Birth 978
The Mother s Immune Tolerance of the Embryo and
I:et us 082
Contraception and Abortion 082
Modern Reproductive Technology 983
47 Animal Development 987
overview: A Body-Building Plan for Animals 987
concept 47.1 Alter fertilization, embryonic development
proceeds through cleavage, gastrulation, and
organogenesis 988
fertilisation 988
Cleavage 992
CiaMrulation 904
Organogenesis 997
Developmental Adaptations ol Amniotes 998
Mammalian Development 909
concept 47.2 Morphogenesis in animals involves specific
changes in cell shape, position, and adhesion 1001
I he I ytoskeleton. Cell Motilily, and Convergent
Intension 1001
Roles ol the f xtracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion
Molecules 1002
concept 47.3 The developmental late ol cells depends on
their history and on inductive signals 100 J
fate Mapping 1004
1 ¦stabh-.hmg i ellular Asymmetries 1004
i oil I ,iu- Determination and Pattern formation by
liuliii live signal-- I 00c
48 Nervous Systems 1011
overview: CuiiuiuukI and Control Center 1011
concept 48.1 Nervous systems consist of circuits of
neurons and supporting cells 1012
Organisation ol Nervous Systems 1012
lulotmatioM Processing 10I
Neuron Niiuture 10I i
supporting C ell- uili.0 I014
concept is j Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the
resiing potential of a neuron 101 5
i he Renting Potential 101c
t, iated Ion i hanneK 1017
concept 48 j Action potentials are the signals conducted
bvaxons 1017
I rodiu tion ot Vtion Potentials 1018
i. oiivhutiiWi ot Wnou Potentul- 1020
concept 48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at
svnapses 1021
P!ii : s1, naptii Iiansmwsion 1022
h;Jin ; svnap;u Ir.iiMiii^ion 102 i
Neuioi;,insim:te:^ 1024
concept 48.5 The vertebrate nervous system is regionally
specialized 1026
The Peripheral Nervous System 1026
Embryonic Development of the Brain 1028
The Brainstem 1029
The Cerebellum 1030
The Diencephalon 1030
The Cerebrum 1031
concept 48.6 The cerebral cortex controls voluntary
movement and cognitive functions 1032
Information Processing in the Cerebral Cortex 1032
Lateralization of Cortical Function 1033
Language and Speech 1034
Emotions 1034
Memory and Learning 1035
Consciousness 1036
concept 48.7 CNS injuries and diseases are the focus of
much research 1037
Nerve Cell Development 1037
Neural Stem Cells 1038
Diseases and Disorders of the Nervous Systems 1039
49 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 1045
overview: Sensing and Acting 1045
concept 49.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy
and transmit signals to the central nervous system 1046
Functions Pertormed by Sensory Receptors 1046
Types of Sensory Receptors 1046
concept 49.2 The mechanoreceptors involved with hearing
and equilibrium detect settling particles or moving
fluid 1050
Sensing Gravity and Sound in Invertebrates 1050
1 leaning and Equilibrium in Mammals 1050
! learing and Equilibrium in Other Vertebrates 1053
concept 49.3 The senses of taste and smell are closely
related in most animals 1054
Taste in Humans 1055
Smell in Humans 1056
concept 49.4 Similar mechanisms underlie vision
throughout the animal kingdom 1057
Vision in Invertebrates 1057
The Vertebrate Visual System 1058
concept 49.s Animal skeletons function in support,
protection, and movement 1063
Types of Skeletons 100 i
Physical Support on Land 1064
concept 49.6 Muscles move skeletal parts by
contracting 1066
Vertebrate skeletal Muscle 1066
Other Types of Muscle 1072
concept 49.7 Locomotion requires energy to overcome
friction and gravity 1073
Swimming 107)
Locomotion on Land 107 3
Flying 1074
Comparing Costs of Locomotion 1074
Ecology 1072
50 An Introduction to Ecology and the
Biosphere 1080
overview: The Scope of Ecology 1080
concept 50.1 Ecology is the study of interactions between
organisms and the environment 1080
Ecology and Evolutionary Biology 1081
Organisms and Environment 1081
Subfields of Ecology 1082
Ecology and Environmental Issues 1083
concept 50.2 Interactions between organisms and the
environment limit the distribution of species 1083
Dispersal and Distribution 1084
Behavior and Habitat Selection 1085
Biotic Factors 1085
Abiotic Factors 1086
Climate 1087
concept 50.3 Abiotic and biotic factors
influence the structure and dynamics of
aquatic biomes 1092
concept 50.4 Climate largely determines
the distribution and structure of terrestrial
biomes 1098
Climate and Terrestrial Bionics 1098
(ieneral Features ol Terrestrial Bionics 1(198
51 Behavioral Ecology 1106
overview: Studying Behavior 1106
concept 51.1 Behavioral ecologists distinguish between
proximate and ultimate causes of behavior 1106
What Is Behavior? 1107
Proximate and Ultimate Questions I 107
Ethology 1107
concept si.2 Many behaviors have a strong genetic
component 1109
Pirecicd Movements 1110
Animal Signals and Communication 1111
(ienetic lnllueni.es on Mating and Parental
Behavior 1112
concept 51.3 Environment, interacting with an animal s
genetic makeup, influences the development of
behaviors 1113
Piel.nv Influence mi Male (hone Behavior 1 I H
N ul Environment and Aggressive Behavior 1114
Learning 1114
concept 51.4 Behavioral traits can evolve by natural
selection 1118
Behavioral Variation in Natural Populations 1118
Experimental Evidence for Behavioral
Evolution 1 120
concept si.5 Natural selection favors behaviors that
increase survival and reproductive success 1121
Foraging Behavior 1 122
Mating Behavior and Male Choice 112?
Applying Game Theory 1 127
concept si.6 The concept of inclusive fitness can account
for most altruistic social behavior 1 128
Altruism 1 1 2H
Inclusive Illness I I 2°-
Social learning 1151
Lvolulion and Human ( ulture 1 1 52
52 Population Ecology 1136
overview: Farth s Fluctuating Populations 1 I 36
concept 52.1 Dynamic biological processes influence
population density, dispersion, and demography I I 36
Density and Dispersion I I 57
Demography I I 5s
concept 52.2 Life history traits are products of natural
selection I 141
Lite History Diversity 1141
Trade-oils and I i(e Histories 1 142
concept 52.3 The exponential model describes population
growth in an idealized, unlimited environment 1 143
1 er Capita Rale ol Increase 1 14 5
I xponential (irowth 1 1 44
concept 52.4 The logistic growth model includes the
concept of carrying capacity I 145
I he 1 ogistic ( irowth Model I 141
1 he I ogislic. Model and Real Populalions | ] -to
I he Logistic Model and Lite Histories 1147
concept 52.5 Populations are regulated by a complex
interaction of biotic and abiotic influences I 148
Population Change and Population Density 1 148
Density-Dependent Population Regulation 1 148
Population Dynamics 1 110
Population Cycles 1111
concept 52.6 Human population growth has slowed after
centuries of exponential increase 1152
The Global Human Population 1 112
Global Carrying Capacity 1 111
53 Community Ecology 1159
overview: What Is a Community? 1159
concept 53.1 A community s interactions include
competition, predation, herbivory, symbiosis, and
disease 1159
Competition 1160
Predation 1161
Herbivory 1163
Parasitism 1163
Disease 1163
Mutualism 1164
Commensalism 1164
Interspecific Interactions and Adaptation 1164
concept S3.2 Dominant and keystone species exert strong
controls on community structure 1165
Species Diversity 1165
Trophic Structure 1166
Species with a Large Impact 1168
Bottom-up and Top-Down Controls 1170
concept S3.3 Disturbance influences species diversity and
composition 1171
What Is Disturbance? 1172
Human Disturbance 1173
L cological Succession 1173
concept 53.4 Biogeographic factors affect community
biodiversity 1175
L quatorial-Polar Gradients 1 176
Area Meets 1176
Island Lquilibrium Model 1 177
concept 53.s Contrasting views of community structure
are the subject of continuing debate 1178
Integrated and Individualistic Hypotheses 1 178
Rivet and Redundancy Models I 180
54 Ecosystems 1184
overview: Ecosystems, Energy, and Matter 1184
concept 54.1 Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow
and chemical cycling 1184
I cosvstems and Physical Laws 1 185
lYophic Relationships 1 18s)
Decomposition 1 185
concept 54.2 Physical and chemical factors limit primary
production in ecosystems 1186
Ivosvsiem 1 ncrgv Budgets 1 186
Pnniarv Production m M.nine and freshwater
fcosvslcms 1 188
Primary Production in Terrestrial and Wetland
Pco^vstems 1 NO
concept 54.3 Energy transfer between trophic levels is
usually less than 20% efficient 1191
Production Ffl iciencv 1 10 1
The Green World Hypothesis 1 l°i
concept 54.4 Biological and geochemical processes move
nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of the
ecosystem 1195
A General Model of Chemical Cycling 1 105
Biogeochemical Cycles 1 1^5
Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling Rates 1198
Vegetation and Nutrient Cycling: The Hubbard Brook
Experimental Forest 1198
concept 54.5 The human population is disrupting
chemical cycles throughout the biosphere 1200
Nutrient Enrichment 1200
Acid Precipitation 1201
Toxins in the Environment 1202
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide 1203
Depletion of Atmospheric Ozone 1205
55 Conservation Biology and Restoration
Ecology 1209
overview: The Biodiversity Crisis 1209
concept 55.1 Human activities threaten Earth s
biodiversity 1209
The Three Levels of Biodiversity 1210
Biodiversity and Human Welfare 1211
Four Major Threats to Biodiversity 1212
concept 55.2 Population conservation focuses on
population size, genetic diversity, and critical
habitat 1215
Small-Population Approach 1215
Declining-Population Approach 1218
Weighing Conflicting Demands 1219
concept 55.3 Landscape and regional conservation aim to
sustain entire biotas 1220
Landscape Structure and Biodiversity 1220
Establishing Protected Areas 1222
concept 55.4 Restoration ecology attempts to restore
degraded ecosystems to a more natural state 1224
Bioremediation 1225
Biological Augmentation 1225
Exploring Restoration 1225
concept 55.5 Sustainable development seeks to improve
the human condition while conserving biodiversity 1228
Sustainable Biosphere Initiative 1228
Case Study: Sustainable Development in Costa
Rica 1228
Biophilia and the Future of the Biosphere 1229
appendix a Answers
appendix b The Metric System
appendix c A Comparison of the
light Microscope and
the Electron Microscope
appendix d Classification of Life
CREDITS
GLOSSARY
INDEX
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019363756 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH308 |
| callnumber-raw | QH308.2 |
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| callnumber-sort | QH 3308.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_tum | BIO 100f BIO 250f BIO 700f BIO 400f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)52757625 (DE-599)BVBBV019363756 |
| dewey-full | 570 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 570 - Biology |
| dewey-raw | 570 |
| dewey-search | 570 |
| dewey-sort | 3570 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie |
| edition | 7. ed., internat. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV019363756 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:58:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0072437316 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003016998 |
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| physical | XXIII, 1250, [61] S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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