Introduction to environmental toxicology: impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boca Raton, FL [u.a.]
Lewis Publ.
2004
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| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | 484 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1566706602 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Landis, Wayne G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to environmental toxicology |b impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems |c Wayne G. Landis, Ming-Ho Yu |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] |b Lewis Publ. |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a 484 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Écotoxicologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ecosystem | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Exposure |x adverse effects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental Pollutants |x toxicity | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental toxicology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Pollution |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Toxicology |x methods | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Umwelttoxikologie |0 (DE-588)4121813-9 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Yu, Ming-Ho |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Table of Contents
1
Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and
Its Role in Environmental Decision Making....................................................1
1.1 Environmental Toxicology as an Interdisciplinary
Science ..........................................................................................................1
1.2 A Brief History of and Organizations
in Environmental Toxicology ....................................................................2
1.3 Interactions and Connections of Environmental Toxicology
to the Management of Ecological Systems ..............................................3
1.3.1 Research Programs ........................................................................5
1.3.2 Scientific Community....................................................................5
1.3.3 Ecological Risk Assessment..........................................................6
1.3.4 Governmental and Regulatory Agencies ..................................6
1.3.5 Industry ..........................................................................................7
1.3.6 General Public ................................................................................8
1.4 Legislation ....................................................................................................8
1.5 Use of Models in Environmental Science ..............................................10
1.6 Introduction to the Textbook....................................................................11
References..............................................................................................................14
Study Questions....................................................................................................14
2
A Framework for Environmental Toxicology..................................................15
2.1 Classical Viewpoint for Classifying Toxicological Effects ..................15
2.1.1 Chemical/Physical-Chemical Characteristics ........................16
2.1.2 Bioaccumulation/Biotransformation/Biodegradation..........17
2.1.3 Receptor and the Mode of Action ............................................18
2.1.4 Biochemical and Molecular Effects ..........................................18
2.1.5 Physiological and Behavioral Effects........................................19
2.1.6 Population Parameters................................................................20
2.1.7 Community Effects......................................................................20
2.1.8 Ecosystem Effects ........................................................................21
2.2 Alternative Framework Incorporating Complexity Theory................22
2.3 Spatial and Temporal Scales ....................................................................23
2.4 Combining Scale and Ecological Dynamics:
The Hierarchical Patch Dynamic Paradigm ..........................................25
References and Suggested Readings ................................................................28
Study Questions....................................................................................................28
3
An Introduction to Toxicity Testing..................................................................31
3.1 The Dose-Response Curve ......................................................................32
3.1.1 Thresholds and Hormesis ..........................................................40
3.2 Standard Methods ....................................................................................41
3.2.1 Advantages of Standard Methods ............................................41
3.2.2 Disadvantages of Standard Methods........................................42
3.3 Classification of Toxicity Tests ................................................................42
3.4 Design Parameters for Single-Species Toxicity Tests............................44
3.4.1 Exposure Scenarios......................................................................45
3.4.2 Test Organisms ............................................................................47
3.4.3 Comparison of Test Species........................................................49
3.4.4 Statistical Design Parameters ....................................................49
3.5 Overview of Available Statistical Methods for the
Evaluation of Single-Species Toxicity Tests ..........................................50
3.5.1 Commonly Used Methods for the Calculation
of Endpoints ................................................................................50
3.5.2 Comparison of Calculations of Several Programs
for Calculating Probit Analysis..................................................52
3.5.3 Hypothesis Testing ......................................................................53
3.5.4 Curve Fitting and Regression Modeling vs.
Hypothesis Testing ......................................................................55
3.6 The Design of Multispecies Toxicity Tests ............................................60
3.6.1 The Nature of Multispecies Toxicity Tests ..............................60
3.6.2 Data Analysis and Interpretation of
Multispecies Toxicity Tests ........................................................62
3.6.3 Univariate Methods ....................................................................62
3.6.4 Multivariate Methods ................................................................63
3.6.5 Visualization ................................................................................65
3.7 Summary of Design Guidelines for Multispecies
Toxicity Tests ..............................................................................................66
3.7.1 Basic Principles ............................................................................66
3.7.2 Experimental Design ..................................................................66
3.7.3 Data Analysis ..............................................................................67
References and Suggested Readings ................................................................67
Study Questions....................................................................................................70
4
Survey and Review of Typical Toxicity Test Methods..................................73
4.1 Single-Species Toxicity Tests ....................................................................74
4.1.1 Daphnia 48-h Acute Toxicity Test..............................................74
4.1.2 Algal 96-h Growth Toxicity Test................................................77
4.1.3 Acute Toxicity Tests with Aquatic Vertebrates
and Macroinvertebrates..............................................................79
4.1.4 Terrestrial Vertebrate Toxicity Tests ..........................................83
4.1.5 Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay: FETAX..............................89
4.2 Animal Care and Use Considerations ....................................................91
4.3 Multispecies Toxicity Tests........................................................................92
4.3.1 Standardized Aquatic Microcosm..............................................94
4.3.2 Mixed Flask Culture....................................................................97
4.3.3 FIFRA Microcosm ........................................................................97
4.3.4 Soil Core Microcosm ................................................................101
Summary..............................................................................................................102
References and Suggested Readings................................................................102
Study Questions..................................................................................................105
Appendix: The Natural History and Utilization of
Selected Test Species ..........................................................................................106
Aquatic Vertebrates ................................................................................106
Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)........................................106
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ....................................106
Brook trout (Salvelinusfontinalis) ............................................107
Goldfish (Carassius auratus)......................................................107
Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) ..................................107
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ......................................108
Bluegill (Lepomis macrochinis) ..................................................108
Green Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus)............................................108
Invertebrates — Freshwater ..................................................................109
Daphnids (Daphnia magna, D. pulex, D. pulicaria,
Ceriodaphnia dubia)......................................................................109
Amphipods (Gammarus lacustris, G.fasciatus,
G. pseudolimnaeus, Hyalella azteca)............................................109
Crayfish (Orconectes sp., Combarus sp.,
Procambarus sp., Pacifastacus lenmsculus) ................................110
Stoneflies (Pteronarcys sp.) ........................................................110
Mayflies (Baetis sp., Ephemerella sp.,
Hexagenia limbata, H. bilineata) ..................................................Ill
Midges (Chironomus sp.) ............................................................Ill
Snails (Physa Integra, P. heterostropha,
Amnicola limosa): (Mollusca, Gastropoda)..................................112
Planaria (Dugesia tigrina): (Platyhelminthes,
Turbellaria) ..................................................................................112
Invertebrates — Saltwater ......................................................................112
Copepods (Acartia dausi, Acartia tonsa) ..................................112
Algae..........................................................................................................113
Chlamydomonas reinhardi............................................................113
Ulothrixsp...................................................................................113
Microcystis aeniginosa ................................................................113
Anabaena flos-aqnae ....................................................................113
Avian species ............................................................................................113
Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ....................................................113
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus)................................114
Ring-necked pheasant (Phasianus colchicus)............................114
5
Routes of Exposure and Modes of Action ....................................................115
5.1 The Damage Process................................................................................115
5.2 Atmospheric Pollutants and Plants ......................................................115
5.2.1 Plant Injury ................................................................................116
5.2.2 Vertebrates ..................................................................................117
5.2.2.1 Exposure ......................................................................117
5.2.2.2 Uptake ..........................................................................117
5.2.2.3 Transport......................................................................118
5.2.2.4 Storage..........................................................................119
5.2.2.5 Metabolism ..................................................................119
5.2.2.6 Excretion ......................................................................119
5.3 Mechanisms of Action ............................................................................119
5.3.1 Disruption or Destruction of Cellular Structure ..................120
5.3.2 Direct Chemical Combination With a
Cellular Constituent..................................................................120
5.3.3 Effect on Enzymes ....................................................................121
5.3.4 Secondary Action as a Result of the Presence
of a Pollutant ..............................................................................122
5.3.5 Metal Shift ..................................................................................126
5.4 Common Modes of Action in Detail ....................................................126
5.4.1 Narcosis ......................................................................................126
5.4.2 Organophosphates ....................................................................127
5.4.3 Monohaloacetic Acids ..............................................................130
5.5 Introduction to QSAR ............................................................................134
5.5.1 Construction of QSAR Models ................................................135
5.5.2 Typical QSAR Model Development........................................137
5.5.3 Estimation of Toxicity Using QSAR........................................140
5.6 Receptor-Mediated Toxicity, Endocrine Disruption,
and a Mechanistic SAR Analysis of PCB Toxicity................................142
5.6.1 Specificity of the Hormone-Receptor Interaction..................145
5.6.2 Range of Chemicals That Cause Endocrine Disruption ......150
References and Suggested Readings................................................................155
Study Questions..................................................................................................157
6
Factors Modifying the Activity of Toxicants................................................159
6.1 Introduction..............................................................................................159
6.2 Physicochemical Properties of Pollutants ............................................159
6.2.1 Time and Mode of Exposure ....................................................160
6.3 Environmental Factors............................................................................160
6.3.1 Temperature................................................................................160
6.3.2 Humidity ....................................................................................161
6.3.3 Light Intensity............................................................................161
6.4 Interaction of Pollutants ........................................................................161
6.4.1 Synergism and Potentiation ....................................................161
6.4.2 Antagonism ................................................................................162
6.5 Toxicity of Mixtures ................................................................................163
6.6 Mixture Estimation System....................................................................166
6.7 Estimating the Toxicity of Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons............................................................................................167
6.8 Biological Factors Affecting Toxicity ....................................................169
6.8.1 Plants ..........................................................................................169
6.8.2 Animals ......................................................................................170
6.8.2.1 Genetic Factors............................................................170
6.8.2.2 Developmental Factors..............................................170
6.8.2.3 Diseases........................................................................171
6.8.2.4 Behavioral Factors ......................................................171
6.8.2.5 Sex Variation................................................................171
6.8.2.6 Nutritional Factors ....................................................172
6.8.2.7 Fasting/Starvation ....................................................172
6.8.2.8 Proteins ........................................................................172
6.8.2.9 Carbohydrates ............................................................173
6.8.2.10 Lipids............................................................................174
6.8.2.11 Vitamin A ....................................................................175
6.8.2.12 Vitamin D ....................................................................175
6.8.2.13 Vitamin E ....................................................................176
6.8.2.14 Vitamin C ....................................................................176
6.8.2.15 Minerals ......................................................................178
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................179
Study Questions..................................................................................................180
7
Inorganic Gaseous Pollutants..........................................................................183
7.1 Sulfur Oxides............................................................................................183
7.1.1 Sources of SO2 ............................................................................183
7.1.2 Characteristics of SO2................................................................184
7.1.3 Effects on Plants ........................................................................184
7.1.4 Effect on Animals ......................................................................186
7.1.5 Effect on Humans ......................................................................187
7.2 Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) ..........................................................................188
7.2.1 Forms and Formation of Nitrogen Oxides ............................188
7.2.2 Major Reactive N Species in the Troposphere ......................188
7.2.3 Effects on Plants ........................................................................189
7.2.4 Effects on Humans and Animals ............................................190
7.2.4.1 Physiological Effects ..................................................190
7.2.4.2 Biochemical Effects ....................................................191
7.3 Ozone ........................................................................................................191
7.3.1 Sources ........................................................................................191
7.3.2 Photochemical Smog ................................................................192
7.3.3 Effects on Plants ........................................................................193
7.3.4 Effects on Humans and Animals ............................................194
7.3.5 Biochemical Effects....................................................................195
7.3.6 NADPH ......................................................................................196
7.4 Carbon Monoxide....................................................................................197
7.4.1 Formation of CO........................................................................197
7.4.2 Toxicological Effects ..................................................................198
7.4.3 Mechanism of Action ................................................................199
7.4.4 Human Exposure to CO ..........................................................199
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................200
Study Questions..................................................................................................202
8
Fluoride as a Contaminant of Developing Economies ..............................203
8.1 Environmental Sources and Forms of Fluoride ..................................203
8.1.1 Minerals and Soils ....................................................................203
8.1.2 Natural Waters ..........................................................................203
8.1.3 Foods ..........................................................................................203
8.1.4 Air ................................................................................................204
8.2 Industrial Sources of Fluoride Pollution..............................................204
8.3 Effects on Plants ......................................................................................207
8.3.1 Injuries to Leaf Tissues..............................................................207
8.3.2 Effect on Germination ..............................................................208
8.3.3 Biochemical Effect......................................................................209
8.4 Effect on Animals ....................................................................................209
8.4.1 Acute Effects ..............................................................................209
8.4.2 Chronic Effects ..........................................................................210
8.5 Effects on Human Health ......................................................................212
8.5.1 Daily Intake ................................................................................212
8.5.2 Absorption..................................................................................212
8.5.3 Acute Toxicity ............................................................................213
8.5.4 Chronic Toxicity ........................................................................213
8.6 Biochemical Effect....................................................................................213
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................215
Study Questions..................................................................................................217
9
Heavy Metals......................................................................................................219
9.1 Lead ..........................................................................................................219
9.1.1 Properties and Uses ..................................................................220
9.1.2 Exposure ....................................................................................220
9.1.2.1 Atmospheric Lead ......................................................220
9.1.2.2 Water-Borne Lead ......................................................220
9.1.2.3 Lead in Food................................................................220
9.1.2.4 Lead in Soils ................................................................221
9.1.3 LeadToxicity ..............................................................................221
9.1.3.1 Effect on Plants ..........................................................221
9.1.3.2 Effect on Animals........................................................222
9.1.3.3 Effect on Humans ......................................................222
9.1.4 Biochemical Effect......................................................................223
9.2 Cadmium ..................................................................................................224
9.2.1 Properties and Uses ..................................................................224
9.2.2 Exposure ....................................................................................225
9.2.3 Cadmium Toxicity ....................................................................225
9.2.3.1 Effect on Plant ............................................................225
9.2.3.2 Effects on Animals/Humans ....................................226
9.2.4 Biochemical Effect......................................................................226
9.3 Mercury ....................................................................................................227
9.3.1 Properties and Uses ..................................................................227
9.3.2 Sources of Mercury Pollution ..................................................228
9.3.3 Tbxicity........................................................................................228
9.4.3.1 Effect on Plants ..........................................................228
9.4.3.2 Effect on Animals........................................................228
9.4.3.3 Terrestrial Animals ....................................................229
9.4.3.4 Effect on Human Health............................................229
9.3.4 Biochemical Effect......................................................................230
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................231
Study Questions..................................................................................................232
10
Biotransformation, Detoxification, and Biodegradation............................235
10.1 Introduction..............................................................................................235
10.2 Metabolism of Environmental Chemicals: Biotransformation..........235
10.2.1 Types of Biotransformation......................................................236
10.2.2 Mechanisms of Biotransformation..........................................236
10.2.3 Consequence of Biotransformation..........................................241
10.3 Microbial Degradation............................................................................242
10.4 Bioremediation..........................................................................................249
10.5 Isolation and Engineering of Degradative Organisms ......................252
10.6 The Genetics of Degradative Elements..................................................255
10.7 Example of a Detoxification Enzyme — the OPA Anhydrolases......256
10.7.1 Characteristics of the opd Gene Product and
Other Bacterial OPA Anhydrolases..........................................258
10.7.2 Eukaryotic OPA Anhydrolases ................................................261
10.7.3 Characteristics of Other Invertebrate
Metazoan Activities ..................................................................262
10.7.4 Characteristics of Fish Activities..............................................263
10.7.5 Comparison of the OPA Anhydrases......................................264
10.7.6 Natural Role of the OPA Anhydrases......................................265
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................268
Study Questions..................................................................................................272
11
Measuring and Predicting the Responses of
Ecological Systems to Toxicants......................................................................275
11.1 Introduction..............................................................................................275
11.2 Measurement of Ecological Effects at Various Levels
of Biological Organization......................................................................275
11.2.1 Bioaccumulation/ Biotransformation / Biodegradation........278
11.3 Molecular and Physiological Indicators of Chemical
Stress Biomarkers....................................................................................278
11.3.1 Enzymatic and Biochemical Processes ..................................279
11.3.2 Physiological and Histological Indicators ............................280
11.3.3 Toxicity Tests and Population Level Indicators ....................282
11.3.4 Sentinel Organisms and In Situ Biomonitoring ....................284
11.4 Population Parameters............................................................................286
11.5 Assemblage and Community Parameters ..........................................287
11.6 Interpretation of Effects at the Population, Community,
and Ecosystem Levels of Organization ................................................291
11.6.1 Resource Competition as a Model of the Direct
and Indirect Effects of Pollutants ............................................291
11.6.2 Casel ..........................................................................................295
11.6.3 Case 2 ..................................... ....................................................296
11.6.4 Population Biology, Nonlinear Systems, and Chaos ............302
11.6.5 Age-Structured Population Models ........................................309
11.6.6 Effects of Toxicants upon Spatially Structured
Populations ................................................................................313
11.6.6.1 The Spatial Structure of Populations ......................313
11.6.6.2 The Use of Metapopulation Models to
Investigate Toxicant Effects ......................................315
11.7 Community and Ecosystem Effects ......................................................323
11.7.1 Similarity Measures ..................................................................324
11.7.2 Classification ..............................................................................325
11.7.3 Clustering ..................................................................................326
11.8 Application of Multivariate Techniques ..............................................327
11.8.1 Normalized Ecosystem Strain..................................................327
11.8.2 State Space of Ecosystems ........................................................328
11.8.3 Nonmetric Clustering and Association Analysis..................330
11.8.4 Projections for Visualizing Ecosystem Dynamics ................331
11.8.5 Examples of the Use of Multivariate Methods
in Multispecies Toxicity Tests and Field Studies ..................335
11.9 Pollution-Induced Community Tolerance ..........................................339
11.10 Interpretation of Ecosystem Level Impacts..........................................340
11.11 An Alternative Model: the Community
Conditioning Hypothesis........................................................................344
11.12 The Problem of the Reference Site..........................................................347
11.12.1 Eulogy for the Reference Site....................................................347
11.12.2 Gradients......................................................................................348
11.12.3 Reference Conditions ................................................................349
11.12.4 Conclusions ................................................................................350
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................350
Study Questions..................................................................................................356
Appendix A Multivariate Techniques — Nonmetric Clustering ................357
12
Ecological Risk Assessment ............................................................................359
12.1 Introduction..............................................................................................359
12.2 Basics of Risk Assessment ......................................................................360
12.3 Ecological Risk Assessment....................................................................361
12.4 Ecological Risk Assessment Framework..............................................362
12.4.1 Problem Formulation ................................................................362
12.4.2 Analysis ......................................................................................368
12.4.3 Exposure Analysis ....................................................................368
12.4.4 Characterization of Ecological Effects ....................................370
12.4.4.1 Ecological Response Analyses ..................................370
12.4.4.2 Stressor-Response Profile ..........................................372
12.4.5 Data Acquisition, Verification, and Monitoring ....................372
12.5 Risk Characterization..............................................................................373
12.5.1 Integration ..................................................................................373
12.5.2 Risk Description ........................................................................374
12.5.3 Interpretation of Ecological Significance................................375
12.5.4 Discussion between the Risk Assessor and
Risk Manager..............................................................................376
12.5.5 Data Acquisition, Verification, and Monitoring....................376
12.6 Developments in Ecological Risk Assessment ....................................376
12.6.1 New Methods for Calculating Ecological Risk......................377
12.6.2 The Curve Model ......................................................................377
12.6.3 Spatially Distinct Risk Quotients ............................................379
12.7 A Ranking Approach to Multiple Stressor, Wide-Area
Ecological Risk Assessment....................................................................380
12.7.1 A Simple Example ....................................................................382
12.7.2 Advantages and Dangers of the Ranking Approach............386
12.7.3 Establishing Causation and the Weight of
Evidence Approach ..................................................................387
12.7.3.1 Criteria for Causation ................................................388
12.7.3.2 Weight of Evidence ....................................................389
12.8 A General Model for Regional Risk
Assessment — The Ten Steps ................................................................391
12.9 Life-Cycle Assessment as a Decision-Making Tool ............................396
References and Suggested Readings ..............................................................398
Study Questions..................................................................................................400
Appendix A References for Toxicity Testing and Interpretation..........403
Appendix B Framework for Ecological Risk Assessment ......................419
Index ....................................................................................................................469
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Landis, Wayne G. Yu, Ming-Ho |
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| edition | 3. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV019361971 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:58:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1566706602 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003055695 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012825676 |
| oclc_num | 52929733 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-703 |
| physical | 484 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Lewis Publ. |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Landis, Wayne G. Verfasser aut Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems Wayne G. Landis, Ming-Ho Yu 3. ed. Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] Lewis Publ. 2004 484 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écotoxicologie Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicology methods Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Yu, Ming-Ho Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825676&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Landis, Wayne G. Yu, Ming-Ho Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écotoxicologie Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicology methods Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 |
| title | Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems |
| title_auth | Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems |
| title_full | Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems Wayne G. Landis, Ming-Ho Yu |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems Wayne G. Landis, Ming-Ho Yu |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems Wayne G. Landis, Ming-Ho Yu |
| title_short | Introduction to environmental toxicology |
| title_sort | introduction to environmental toxicology impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems |
| title_sub | impacts of chemicals upon ecological systems |
| topic | Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écotoxicologie Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicology methods Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pollution - Aspect de l'environnement Écotoxicologie Umwelt Ecosystem Environmental Exposure adverse effects Environmental Pollutants toxicity Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Toxicology methods Umwelttoxikologie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012825676&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT landiswayneg introductiontoenvironmentaltoxicologyimpactsofchemicalsuponecologicalsystems AT yumingho introductiontoenvironmentaltoxicologyimpactsofchemicalsuponecologicalsystems |