Analytical chemistry: a modern approach to analytical science
"Carefully chosen worked examples show how analytical problems can effectively be solved and how calculations should be performed. Study questions and recommended reading for further study are provided for each learning unit. The second edition has been carefully revised to keep up-to-date with...
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2004
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "Carefully chosen worked examples show how analytical problems can effectively be solved and how calculations should be performed. Study questions and recommended reading for further study are provided for each learning unit. The second edition has been carefully revised to keep up-to-date with advances in the technology of analytical methods in the laboratory and in the workplace, including newly written chapters on multidimensional chromatography, sensor and screening systems."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XXVIII, 1181 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3527305904 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Analytical chemistry |b a modern approach to analytical science |c ed. by J.-M. Mermet ... Founding ed.: R. Kellner ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
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| 300 | |a XXVIII, 1181 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Foreword r
Contributors xxii
Preface to the Second Edition xxv
Preface to the First Edition xxii
Part I Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 1
1 Analytical Chemistry as a (Bio)chemical Discipline 1
Chapter Outlook 1
1.1 A General Approach to Analytical Chemistry 2
1.2 Aims and Objectives of Analytical Chemistry 3
1.3 The Two Sides of Analytical Chemistry 3
1.4 Analytical Information 4
1.5 Analytical Keywords and their Relationships 5
1.6 Classifications in Analytical Chemistry 8
1.7 Evolution of Analytical Chemistry 9
Questions and Problems 10
Recommended Reading 10
Glossary of Selected Analytical Keywords 10
2 Key References in Analytical Sciences 12
Chapter Outlook 12
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Measurement Standards 13
2.2.1 Introduction 13
2.2.2 The Traceability Concept 14
2.2.3 General Types of Standards 15
2.2 A Analytical Chemical Standards 16
2.2.5 Use of Analytical Standards: The Dual Meaning of Calibration 28
2.3 Written Standards 20
2.4 The Client s Information Needs 21
Questions and Problems 21
Recommended Reading 21
3 Analytical Features 22
Chapter Outlook 22
3.1 An Overview of Analytical Properties 23
3.2 Analytical Errors 24
Contents
3.3 Accuracy (Traceability) 26
3.4 Representativeness 27
3.5 Precision (Uncertainty) 28
3.6 Robustness 31
3.7 Sensitivity 31
3.8 Selectivity 32
3.9 Productivity-Related Properties 34
3.10 Relationships Among Analytical Properties 35
Questions and Problems 36
Recommended Reading 36
4 The Analytical Process 37
Chapter Outlook 37
4.1 A General Overview of Chemical Measurement Processes 38
4.2 Preliminary Operations 39
4.3 Sampling 41
4.3.1 Introduction 41
4.3.2 Limiting Factors of Sampling 42
4.3.3 Sampling Approaches 43
4.3.4 Types of Samples 45
4.3.5 Sampling Errors 48
4.3.6 Sampling Methods 49
4.4 Sample Preparation 52
4.5 Measuring and Transducing of the Analytical Signal 55
4.6 Signal Acquisition and Data Processing 57
4.7 Current Scientific and Technical Trends 59
Questions and Problems 60
Recommended Reading 60
5 The Analytical Problem 61
Chapter Outlook 62
5.1 A General Approach to the Analytical Problem 62
5.1.1 Definition of Analytical Problem 62
5.1.2 Required and Delivered Analytical Information 62
5.1.3 Quality and the Analytical Problem 64
5.2 The Analytical Problem-Solving Process 65
5.2.1 Defining the Information Needs 65
5.2.2 Translation of the Information Needs into the Required (Bio)chemical
Information 66
5.2.3 Planning the Analytical Approach 67
5.2.4 Monitoring of the Results 67
5.2.5 Implementation of Corrective Actions 68
Questions and Problems 68
Recommended Reading 68
6 Analytical Quality Management 69
Chapter Outlook 69
6.1 Introduction 70
6.2 Frameworks for Quality Systems 71
6.3 The Importance of Sample Management 73
6.4 Quality Assurance and Quality Control 73
6.4.1 Fitness for Purpose of Analytical Results 74
6.4.2 Method Description 77
Contents
6.4.3 Data. Information, and Knowledge 77
6.4.4 Good Data 77
6.4.5 Validation. Qualification, and Calibration 78
6.4.6 Qualification and Validation as Part of AQM 78
bA.l Method Development and Validation 83
6.4.8 Robustness and Ruggedness of Analytical Methods 86
Questions and Problems 88
Recommended Reading 88
Part II Basic Statistics and Chemometrics 91
7 Basic Statistics 91
Chapter Outlook 91
7.1 Descriptive Statistics 92
7A.I Distribution of Random Numbers 92
7.1.2 Location Parameter 96
7.1.3 Dispersion Measures 97
7.1.4 Confidence Interval 98
7.1.5 Descriptive Statistics Graphically Illustrated: Box-and-whisker Plots 99
7.1.6 Error Propagation 99
7.2 Statistical Tests 101
7.2.1 The Standard Normal Distribution 101
7.2.2 Testing Hypotheses 103
7.2.3 Tests for Outliers 111
7.3 Analysis of Variance 114
7.3.1 One-way Analysis of Variance 114
7.3.2 Two-way and Multi-way Analysis of Variance 116
7.3.3 MANOVA: Multidimensional Analysis of Variance 118
Questions and Problems 119
Recommended Reading 120
8 Advanced Chemometrics 121
8.1 Calibration 121
Chapter Outlook 121
8.1.1 Calibration is Comparison 122
8.1.2 Quality of Calibration 123
8.1.3 Frequency of Calibration and Recalibration 124
8.1.4 Absolute vs. Relative Methods of Analysis 124
8.1.5 Calibration Protocols and Calibration Models 225
8.1.6 Calibration Functions from Least-squares Procedures 127
8.1.7 Calibration Mode^ and Protocols 130
Questions and Problems 133
Recommended Reading 134
8.2 Signal Processing 135
Chapter Outlook 135
8.2.1 Extraction of Information 136
8.2.2 Discretization and the Fourier Transform 137
8.2.3 Convolution 138
8.2.4 Deconvolution. Cross-correlation and Signal Restoration 140
8.2.5 Digital Filters 142
8.2.6 Numerical Differentiation and Integration 146
Contents
Questions and Problems 148
Recommended Reading 148
8.3 Optimization and Experimental Design 149
Chapter Outlook 149
8.3.1 Introduction 150
8.3.2 Experimental Design 151
8.3.3 Response Surface Methods (RSM) 158
8.3.4 Sequential Optimization: Simplex Method 161
Questions and Problems 166
Recommended Reading 166
8.4 Pattern Recognition and Classification 167
Chapter Outlook 167
8.4.1 Fundamentals 168
8.4.2 Unsupervised Methods 171
8.4.3 Supervised Methods 183
Questions and Problems 189
Recommended Reading 189
8.5 Multivariate Modeling 190
Chapter Outlook 190
Questions and Problems 209
Recommended Reading 209
8.6 Computer Hard- and Software and Interfacing Analytical Instruments 210
Chapter Outlook 210
8.6.1 The Computer-based Laboratory 211
8.6.2 Analytical Databases 216
8.6.2.1 Representation of Analytical Information 217
8.6.2.2 Library Search 222
8.6.2.3 Simulation of Spectra 226
Questions and Problems 227
Recommended Reading 227
Part III Methods Based on Chemical Reactions 229
9 Introduction to Chemical Equilibria 229
Chapter Outlook 229
9.1 Introduction 230
9.2 Principles of Homogeneous Phase Equilibria - The Law of Mass Action
Applied to Analytical Reactions 230
9.2.1 General 230
9.2.2 Reaction Rates - The Law of Mass Action 231
9.2.3 Expression of Equilibrium Constants - Thermodynamic Quantities 234
^.lA Parameters Affecting Chemical Equilibrium 236
9.3 Types of Equilibrium Systems Encountered in Analytical Chemistry 238
9.3.1 Acid-Base Equilibria 238
9.3.2 Solubility Equilibria 244
9.3.3 Complex-Formation Equilibria 245
9.3.4 Redox Equilibria 246
9.4 Limits of Application of the Law of Mass Action 248
9.4.1 Introduction 248
Contents
9.4.2 The Debye-Huckel Limiting Law and the Extended Debve-Huckel
Equation 249
9.4.3 Thermodynamic versus Conventional Equilibrium Constants 249
9.5 Calculations on Equilibrium Systems 254
9.5.1 Introduction 254
9.5.2 The Mathematical Problem and its Solution 255
9.6 Distribution of a Solute Between Two Immiscible Phases 258
9.6.1 Introduction 258
9.6.2 The Nernst Distribution Law 258
9.6.3 The Distribution Ratio 258
9.6.4 Efficiency of the Extraction 259
Questions and Problems 261
Recommended Reading 262
10 Acid-Base Equilibria and Titrations 263
Chapter Outlook 263
10.1 Introduction 264
10.2 Acid-Base Calculations 264
10.2.1 Calculation of Concentrations in Solutions of Weak Acids and Bases 264
10.3 Graphical Methods for Describing Chemical Equilibria 270
10.3.1 Introduction 270
10.3.2 Distribution Diagrams 270
10.3.3 Logarithmic Concentration Diagrams 272
10.4 Buffer Solutions 274
10.5 Acid-Base Indicators 279
10.6 Acid-Base Titrations 280
10.6.1 Introduction 280
10.6.2 Derivation of Titration Curves 282
10.7 Errors in Acid-Base Titrations 290
10.7.1 Introduction 290
10.7.2 Calculation of the Titration Error 292
10.7.3 Selection of Indicator 292
10.8 Titrations in Non-Aqueous Solvents 294
10.8.1 Introduction 294
10.9 Applications of Acid-Base Titrations 296
10.9.1 Determination of Carbonates 296
10.9.2 Determination of Nitrogen - The Kjeldahl Method 298
10.9.3 Other Applications of Acid-Base Titrations 298
Questions and Problems 299
Recommended Reading 300
11 Complexes in Analytical Chemistry - Complexometric Titrations 302
Chapter Outlook 302
11.1 Introduction 303
11.1.1 Complexes in Analytical Chemistry 303
11.2 Complexometric Titrations 304
11.2.1 General 304
11.2.2 Aminocarboxylic Acids as Ligands in Complexometric Titrations 305
11.2.3 Effect of Other Complexing Agents on the Shape of EDTA Titration
Curves 310
11.3 Detection of the Equivalent (End; Point of a Complexometric Titration
Curve with EDTA 312
11.3.1 The Function of Metallochromic Indicators 312
Contents
11.3.2 Applications of Complexometric EDTA Titrations 314
Questions and Problems 325
Recommended Reading 326
12 Redox Equilibria and Titrations 317
Chapter Outlook 327
12.1 Introduction 328
12.2 Study of Redox Reactions: Electrochemical Cells 318
12.3 Redox Potential and Redox Chemical Properties: Nernst s Equation 320
12.4 Measurement of Redox Potentials: Reference Electrodes 322
12.5 Standard Potential 324
12.6 Equilibrium Constant of a Redox Reaction 326
12.7 Equilibrium Potential 327
12.8 Concurrent Equilibria: Conditional Potential 328
12.8.1 Redox Acid-Base Concurrent Equilibria 329
12.8.2 Redox Complex Formation Concurrent Equilibria 332
12.8.3 Redox Precipitation Concurrent Equilibria 332
12.9 General Considerations on Redox Titrations 334
12.10 Redox Titration Curves 334
12.11 Redox Indicators 338
12.12 Applications of Redox Titrations 342
12.12.1 Pre-Treatment in Redox Titrations 342
12.12.2 Titrations with Permanganate (Permanganimetry) 342
12.12.3 Titrations with Dichromate (Dichromatometry) 344
12.12.4 Titrations Involving Iodine 345
Questions and Problems 348
13 Precipitation Methods and Thermoanalysis 352
13.1 Precipitation Methods 352
Chapter Outlook 352
13.1.1 Thermodynamic Considerations 352
13.1.2 Solid-Liquid Systems 356
Questions and Problems 372
Recommended Reading 372
13.2 Thermal Analysis 373
Chapter Outlook 373
13.2.1 Introduction 374
13.2.2 Thermogravimetry (TG) 375
13.2.3 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning
Calorimetry (DSC) 378
13.2.4 Combined Techniques 382
13.2.5 Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA) 387
13.2.6 Other Thermoanalytical Techniques 388
Questions and Problems 390
Recommended Reading 392
14 Liquid-Liquid Systems 392
Chapter Outlook 392
14.1 Introduction 393
14.2 Distribution Constant: Partition Coefficient 393
14.3 Distribution Ratio 394
Contents xiii
14.4 Extraction of Molecular Species 396
14.5 Extraction of Metal Complexes 397
14.6 Ion-Pairing Reagents 399
14.7 Metal Chelates 400
Questions and Problems 402
Recommended Reading 402
15 Liquid-Solid Equilibria 403
Chapter Outlook 403
Introduction 404
15.1 Ion Exchange 404
15.2 Soxhlet Extraction 405
15.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction 406
15.4 Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) 408
15.5 Microwave-Assisted Methods 409
15.5.1 Microwave-Assisted Solvent Extraction (MWE) 409
15.5.2 Microwave-Assisted Acid Digestion (MWD) 409
15.6 Ultrasonic Extraction (USE) 410
15.7 Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) 410
15.8 Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) 411
15.9 Sorptive Extraction Methods 412
15.9.1 Solid-Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) 412
15.9.2 Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) 413
Questions and Problems 413
Recommended Reading 424
16 Gas-Liquid and Gas-Solid Systems 415
Chapter Outlook 415
16.1 Gas-Liquid Systems 426
16.2 Gas-Solid Systems 421
Questions and Problems 424
Recommended Reading 424
17 Kinetics and Catalysis 425
Chapter Outlook 425
17.1 Introduction 426
17.2 The Chemical Reaction Rate 427
17.2.1 Rate Law and Reaction Order 428
17.2.2 Integrated Rate Equations 432
17.2.3 Factors Influencing the Reaction Rate 434
17.2.4 Analytical Use of the Reaction Rate 435
17.2.5 Kinetic-Based Determinations Involving Uncatalyzed Reactions 438
17.3 The Phenomenon of Catalysis 439
17.3.1 General Considerations 439
17.3.2 Rate Equation and Reaction Mechanism 440
17.3.3 Analytical Use of Catalyzed Reactions 448
17.4 Monitoring of the Analytical Signal in Kinetic and Catalytic
Methods 450
17A.I Closed and Open Systems 452
17.4.2 Automated Kinetic Analysis 452
Questions and Problems 453
Recommended Reading 4S4
xiv Contents
Part IV Electroanalytical Methods 455
18 Electroanalysis 455
Chapter Outlook 455
18.1 Potentiometry 456
18.2 Voltammetry 474
18.3 Amperometry 492
18.4 Coulometric Methods of Analysis 493
Questions and Problems 498
Recommended Reading 499
Part V Separation Methods 501
19 Introduction to Separation Methods 501
20 Sample Preparation 505
Chapter Outlook 505
20.1 Introduction to Sample Pretreatment 506
20.2 Grinding. Homogenization, and Drying of the Sample 509
20.3 Dissolution and Digestion of Insoluble Species 509
20.4 Filtration and Membrane-Based Sample Pretreatment Techniques 509
20.5 Headspace Techniques 511
20.6 Extraction 512
20.6.1 Liquid Extraction Techniques 512
20.6.2 Trapping on a Solid (Ad)sorbent 515
20.6.3 Extraction of Inorganic Analytes 519
20.7 Chromatographic Procedures as Preliminary Separations 520
20.8 Derivatization 520
20.9 Example 521
Questions and Problems 521
Recommended Reading 522
21 Chromatography 523
Chapter Outlook 523
21.1 Fundamentals of Chromatographic Separations 524
21.1.1 Overview 524
21.1.2 The Development of a Chromatogram 525
21.1.3 Characteristic Values of a Chromatogram 526
21.1.4 Chromatographic Theory 528
21.1.5 The Resolution R$ as a Measure of Peak Separation 533
21.1.6 Qualitative Analysis 534
21.1.7 Quantitative Analysis 535
Questions and Problems 536
21.2 Gas Chromatography 536
21.2.1 Retention Data and Partition Coefficient 537
21.2.2 Separations in the Gas Phase 538
21.2.3 Components of a Gas Chromatograph 539
21.2.4 Stationary Phases for Gas Chromatography 548
21.2.5 Applications of Gas-Liquid Chromatography 553
21.2.6 Adsorption Chromatography 557
Questions and Problems 558
21.3 Liquid Chromatography 558
21.3.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 559
Contents
21.3.1.1 Chromatography on Bonded Phases 569
21.3.1.2 Adsorption Chromatography 574
21.3.1.3 Ion Chromatography as a Classical and High-Performance Method
21.3.2 Size-Exclusion Chromatography 579
21.3.3 Thin-Layer Chromatography 584
Questions and Problems 588
21.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography 589
Questions and Problems 594
21.5 Multidimensional Chromatographic Techniques 594
21.5.1 Multidimensional Thin-Layer Chromatography 596
21.5.2 Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography 596
21.5.3 On-Line Coupled Liquid Chromatography-Gas Chromatography 597
21.5.4 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography 601
21.5.5 Other Multidimensional Techniques 603
21.5.6 Applications 604
Questions and Problems 605
Recommended Reading 605
22 Electrophoresis 606
Chapter Outlook 606
22.1 Fundamentals 607
22.2 Classical Electrophoresis 609
22.3 Gel Electrophoresis 611
22.4 Capillary Electrophoresis 616
Questions and Problems 619
Recommended Reading 619
23 Field-Flow Fractionation 620
Chapter Outlook 620
23.1 Principle of Separation 62!
23.2 The Subtechniques of FFF 624
23.3 Applications 626
Questions and Problems 626
Recommended Reading 626
Part VI Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy 627
24 Elemental Analysis 627
Chapter Outlook 627
24.1 Introduction 628
24.2 Atomic Emission Spectrometry 632
24.2.1 Introduction 633
24.2.2 Principle 633
24.2.3 Radiation Sources 638
24.2.4 Spectrometers 643
24.2.5 Detection 649
24.2.6 Analytical Performance 650
24.2.7 Applications 651
Questions and Problems 652
Recommended Reading 652
xvi Contents
24.3 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry 654
24.3.1 Introduction 655
24.3.2 Principle 655
24.3.3 Primary Radiation Sources 657
24.3.4 Source of Free Atoms 658
24.3.5 Optical Dispersive Systems 661
24.3.6 Detectors 661
24.3.7 Signal Measurements 662
24.3.8 Sensitivity 662
24.3.9 Chemical Interferences 662
24.3.10 Spectral Interferences 663
24.3.11 Recent Developments in AAS 665
Questions and Problems 666
Recommended Reading 667
24.4 X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry 668
Chapter Outlook 668
24.4.1 Principles 669
24.4.2 Instrumentation 677
24.4.3 Analytical Applications and Procedures 687
24.4.4 Summary 693
Questions and Problems 694
Recommended Reading 695
24.5 Activation Analysis 696
Chapter Outlook 696
24.5.1 Principles 697
24.5.2 Methods for Radiation Detection and Measurement 703
24.5.3 Radiochemical Separations 712
24.5.4 Activation with Reactor Neutrons (NAA) 713
24.5.5 Applications of NAA 718
24.5.6 Nonreactor Activation Analysis 723
Questions and Problems 724
Recommended Reading 725
24.6 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry 726
24.6.1 Introduction 727
24.6.2 Ion Sources 727
24.6.3 Mass Spectrometers 733
24.6.4 Detectors 733
24.6.5 Analytical Performance 734
24.6.6 Applications 735
Questions and Problems 736
Recommended Reading 736
25 Compound and Molecule Specific Analysis 737
25.1 UV-VIS Spectrometry, Emission and Luminiscence 737
Chapter Outlook 737
25.1.1 Principles 738
25.1.2 Experimental 740
25.1.3 Analytical Information in the UV-VIS Range 741
25.1.4 Applications of UV-VIS Absorption Spectroscopy 744
Contents xvii
25.1.5 Molecular Fluorescence. Phosphorescence and Chemiluminescence 746
Questions and Problems 749
General Reading 750
25.2 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy 751
Chapter Outlook 751
25.2.1 Principles 752
25.2.2 Experimental 754
25.2.3 Analytical Information 767
25.2.4 Application to Structural Analysis 772
Questions and Problems 778
Recommended Reading 779
25.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy 780
Chapter Outlook 780
25.3.1 Introduction 781
25.3.2 The Physical Basis of NMR Spectroscopy 783
25.3.3 Information from Chemical Shifts 799
25.3.4 Information from Spin-Spin Coupling Constants 807
25.3.5 Special Methods for Assigning H and HC Signals 8J4
Questions and Problems 821
Recommended Reading 822
25.4 Organic Mass Spectrometry 823
Chapter Outlook 823
25.4.1 Principle 824
25.4.2 Experimental 827
25.4.2.1 A Simple Mass Spectrometer 827
25.4.2.2 Soft Ionization Techniques 832
25.4.2.3 Mass Analysis 837
25.4.2.4 Sample Introduction Systems 841
25.4.2.5 Tandem Mass Spectrometry 844
25.4.3 Analytical Performance 845
25.4.3.1 General Aspects 845
25.4.3.2 Qualitative Analysis 848
25.4.3.3 Quantitative Analysis 855
25.4.4 Applications 856
25.4.4.1 Confirmation of Synthesis Products 857
25.4.4.2 Isotope Incorporation 858
25.4.4.3 Structure Elucidation with Soft Ionization Methods 858
25.4.4.4 Characterization of Biomacromolecules 862
Questions and Problems 863
Recommended Reading 864
26 Coupling of Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques 865
Chapter Outlook 865
26.1 Introduction 866
26.2 Hyphenated Gas Chromatographic Systems 867
26.2.1 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MSj 867
26.2.2 Gas Chromatography-Fourier Transform Infrared Detection
(GC-FTIR) 874
26.2.3 Gas Chromatography-Atomic Emission Detection iGC-AED) 879
26.3 Hyphenated Liquid Chromatographic Systems 883
Contents
26.3.1 Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) 884
26.3.2. Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Infrared Detection
(LC-FTIR) 890
26.3.3 Liquid Chromatography-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Detection
(LC-NMR) 892
26.4 Other Techniques 894
Questions and Problems 895
Recommended Reading 895
Part VII Surface and Structural Analysis 897
27 Surface and Interface Analysis 897
Chapter Outlook 897
27.1 Introduction 898
27.2 Photon Probe Techniques 899
27.2.1 Emission Spectroscopy 899
27.3 Electron Probe Techniques 904
27.3.1 Fundamentals 905
27.3.2 Electron Probe X-ray Microanalysis (EPXMA) and Scanning Electron
Microscopy (S EM) 911
27.3.3 Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) 915
27.1A Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 917
27 A Ion Probe Techniques 922
27.4.1 Techniques Based on Scattering 923
27.4.2 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) 928
27.5 Field Probe Techniques 935
27.6 Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM) Techniques 938
27.6.1 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) 938
27.6.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 941
Questions and Problems 950
Recommended Reading 951
28 Structural Analysis 952
Chapter Outlook 952
28.1 General Philosophy 953
28.2 X-ray Diffraction 955
28.2.1 Diffraction by Crystals 955
28.2.2 Powder Diffraction 962
28.2.3 Crystal Structure Analysis 965
Questions and Problems 971
Recommended Reading 972
Part VIII Automation, Miniaturization and Simplification of Analytical Processes 973
29 Introduction 973
Chapter Outlook 973
29.1 Basic Trends in Analytical Chemistry 974
29.2 Automation, Miniaturization, and Simplification 974
29.3 Laboratory Automation 975
29.4 Flow Injection Analysis 976
29.5 Miniaturized Analytical Systems 977
29.6 Fast-Response Analytical Systems 978
29.6.1 Chemical Sensors 979
Contents
29.6.2 Screening Systems 980
29.7 Process Analysis and On-site Systems 982
Recommended Reading 984
30 Laboratory Automation 986
Chapter Outlook 986
30.1 Definition and Concepts 987
30.1.1 Mechanization. Instrumentation, and Automation 987
30.1.2 Automatic and Automated Devices 988
30.2 Objectives of Automation in Analytical Chemistry 988
30.3 Automation of Analytical Tools and Processes 990
30.3.1 Automation of Preliminary Operations 991
30.3.2 Automation of Calibration 993
30.3.3 Automation of Measuring and Transducing of the Analytical Signal 993
30.3.4 Automation of Data Acquisition and Processing 994
30.3.5 Analyzers 995
30.4 Automated Information Management Systems 997
30.5 Advantages and Shortcomings of Automation 998
30.6 Automation and Quality 999
Questions and Problems 999
Recommended Reading WOO
31 Flow Injection Analysis 1001
Chapter Outlook 1001
31.1 Batch and Continuous-Flow Analysis 1002
31.2 Principles 1003
31.3 Basic FIA Instrumentation 1005
31.4 Dispersion in FIA 2007
31.5 FIA for Reproducible and Precise Sample Presentation (Limited
Dispersion) 1009
31.6 FIA Conversion Techniques (Medium Dispersion Applications) 1012
31.7 FIA Systems with Enzymes 1014
31.8 Flow Injection-Hydride Generation Schemes 1016
31.9 On-Line Sample Conditioning and Preconcentration 2017
31.10 Exploiting the Physical Dispersion Process: FIA Gradient
Techniques 1018
31.11 Concluding Remarks 1021
Questions and Problems 1021
Recommended Reading 1021
32 Miniaturized Analytical Systems 2023
Chapter Outlook 1023
32.1 Introduction 1024
32.1.1 Concept 1024
32.1.2 Theory of Miniaturization 1024
32.2 Microfabrication 1027
32.2.1 Silicon and Glass Micromachining 1027
32.2.2 Polymer Replication Technology 1028
32.3 Miniaturized Analytical Components 1030
32.3.1 Sampling and Sample Pre-treatment 2030
32.3.2 Separation 2031
32.3.3 Detection 1033
32.4 System Integration 1034
Contents
32.4.1 Serial Integration 2035
32.4.2 Parallel Integration 2037
32.4.3 Commercialization 1039
Questions and Problems 2040
Recommended Reading 2042
33 Chemical Sensors 2042
Chapter Outlook 1042
33.1 Introduction 1043
33.2 Definition 1043
33.3 Classification of Chemical Sensors 2046
33.3.1 Recognition Element 2046
33.3.2 Transducers 2046
33.4 Description of Chemical Sensors 1048
33.4.1 Electrochemical Sensors 2048
33.4.1.1 Potentiometric Sensors 1048
33.4.1.2 Voltammetric Chemical Sensors 2055
33.4.1.3 Sensors Based on Conducting Properties 2058
33.4.2 Optical Sensors 2060
33.4.2.1 Light Guides 1061
33.4.2.2 The Evanescent Wave 1065
33.4.2.3 Design of Fiber-Optic Sensors 1067
33.4.2.4 Indicator-Mediated Sensors 1069
33.4.3 Calorimetric Sensors 1073
33.4.3.1 Catalytic Gas Sensors 1073
33.4.3.2 Thermal Conductivity Sensors 2074
33.4.4 Mass Sensors 1074
33.4.4.1 Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Resonator 2074
33.4.4.2 Surface Acoustic Wave Sensors 1076
Questions and Problems 2077
Recommended Reading 1077
34 Biosensors 2078
Chapter Outlook 2078
34.1 Introduction 2079
34.2 Producing the Biological Surface 2082
34.3 Achievement of Biotransduction 1089
Questions and Problems 1208
Recommended Reading 2209
35 Screening Systems 2220
Chapter Outlook 22 20
35.1 Evolution of Requested Analytical Information 22 21
35.2 Screening Systems in Analytical Chemistry 2212
35.3 Analyte Screening Systems 1124
35.4 Sample Screening Systems 2224
35.4.1 Definition 2 224
35.4.2 Objectives 2 226
35.4.3 Features of the Response of Sample Screening Systems 2116
35.4.4 Types of Sample Screening Systems 1117
Questions and Problems 1229
Recommended Reading 1129
Contents
36 Process Analytical Chemistry 1120
Chapter Outlook 1120
36.1 What is Process Analysis? 1121
36.2 Why do Process Analysis? 1121
36.3 How Does Process Analysis Differ from Laboratory Analysis? 1122
36.4 Process Analytical Techniques and Their Applications 1123
36.4.1 Separations (Chromatography) 1125
36.4.2 Spectroscopic Techniques 1126
36.4.3 Wet Chemical Aanalysis 1130
36.4.4 Other Techniques 1132
36.5 Chemometrics 1132
36.6 Sampling Strategies (Analyzer Process Interface; 1112
36.6.1 Sampling for On-Line Analysis 1133
36.6.2 Interfaces for In-Line Techniques 1135
36.7 Process Control Strategies Based on Process Analyzers IMS
Questions and Problems 1136
Recommended Reading 1136
Appendix 1137
1 Symbols 1137
2 Abbreviations and Acronyms 1/39
3 Key to Literature 1146
4 List of SI Units 1149
5 Collection of Data 1151
6 Laser Principles and Characteristics 1158
7 Colthup Table 1160
8 Statistical Tables 1161
9 Matrix Algebra 1164
10 Answers to Questions and Problems 1167
Index 1169
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:58:22Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3527305904 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science ed. by J.-M. Mermet ... Founding ed.: R. Kellner ... 2. ed. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2004 XXVIII, 1181 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Carefully chosen worked examples show how analytical problems can effectively be solved and how calculations should be performed. Study questions and recommended reading for further study are provided for each learning unit. The second edition has been carefully revised to keep up-to-date with advances in the technology of analytical methods in the laboratory and in the workplace, including newly written chapters on multidimensional chromatography, sensor and screening systems."--BOOK JACKET. Analitik kimya Chimie analytique Chemistry, Analytic Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 s DE-604 Mermet, Jean-Michel Sonstige oth Kellner, Robert A. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012818907&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science Analitik kimya Chimie analytique Chemistry, Analytic Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4129906-1 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science |
| title_auth | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science |
| title_exact_search | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science |
| title_full | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science ed. by J.-M. Mermet ... Founding ed.: R. Kellner ... |
| title_fullStr | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science ed. by J.-M. Mermet ... Founding ed.: R. Kellner ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science ed. by J.-M. Mermet ... Founding ed.: R. Kellner ... |
| title_short | Analytical chemistry |
| title_sort | analytical chemistry a modern approach to analytical science |
| title_sub | a modern approach to analytical science |
| topic | Analitik kimya Chimie analytique Chemistry, Analytic Analytische Chemie (DE-588)4129906-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Analitik kimya Chimie analytique Chemistry, Analytic Analytische Chemie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012818907&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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