Earth structure: an introduction to structural geology and tectonics
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Norton
2004
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 656 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 039392467X |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Earth structure |b an introduction to structural geology and tectonics |c Ben A. van der Pluijm ; Stephen Marshak. With contributions by Richard W. Allmendinger ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Norton |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 656 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Geologia estrutural |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Tectônica de placas |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geology, Structural | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plate tectonics | |
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| 700 | 1 | |a Marshak, Stephen |d 1955- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)138008981 |4 oth | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Allmendinger, Richard W. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text |
Brief Contents
XV Preface
1 PART A FUNDAMENTALS
2 Chapter 1 Overview
14 Chapter 2 Primary and Nontectonic Structures
40 Chapter 3 Force and Stress
62 Chapter 4 Deformation and Strain
90 Chapter 5 Rheology
113 PART B BRITTLE STRUCTURES
114 Chapter 6 Brittle Deformation
138 Chapter ? Joints and Veins
16G Chapter 8 Faults and Faulting
203 PART C DUCTILE STRUCTURES
204 Chapter 9 Ductile Deformation Processes
238 Chapter 10 Folds and Folding
270 Chapter 11 Fabrics: Foliations and Lineations
294 Chapter 12 Ductile Shear Zones, Textures, and Transposition
316 Chapter 13 Deformation, Metamorphism, and Time
335 PART D TECTONICS
336 Chapter 14 Whole-Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics
368 Chapter 15 Geophysical Imaging of the Continental Lithosphere—An Essay by Frederick A. Cook
382 Chapter 16 Rifting, Seafloor Spreading, and Extensional Tectonics
412 Chapter 1? Convergence and Collision
444 Chapter 18 Fold-Thrust Belts—An Essay by Stephen Marshak and M. Scott Wilkerson
4?6 Chapter 19 Strike-Slip Tectonics
501 PART E REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES
502 Chapter 20 A Global View
509 Chapter 21 Eastern Hemisphere
556 Chapter 22 Western Hemisphere
628 Appendix 1 Spherical Projections
631 Appendix 2 Geologic Timescale
633 Credits
641 Index
Contents
Preface xv
PART A FUNDAMENTALS
1 Overview
1.1 introduction
1.2 Classification of Geologic Structures
1.3 Stress, Strain, and Deformation
1.4 Structural Analysis and Scales of Observation
1.5 Some Guidelines for Structural Interpretation
1.6 Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
2 Primary and Nontectonic
Structures
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Sedimentary Structures
2.2.1 The Use of Bedding in Structural Analysis
2.2.2 Graded Beds and Cross Beds
2.2.3 Surface Markings
2.2.4 Disrupted Bedding
2.2.5 Conformable and Unconformable Contacts
2.2.6 Compaction and Diagenetic Structures
2.2.? Penecontemporaneous Structures
2.3 Salt Structures
2.3.1 Why Halokinesis Occurs
2.3.2 Geometry of Salt Structures and Associated
Processes
2.3.3 Gravity-Driven Faulting and Folding
2.3.4 Practical Importance of Salt Structures
2.4 Igneous Structures
2.4.1 Structures Associated with Sheet Intrusions
2.4.2 Structures Associated with Plutons
2.4.3 Structures Associated with Extrusion
2.4.4 Cooling Fractures
2.5 Impact Structures 35
2.6 Closing Remarks 38
Additional Reading 38
1 3 Force and Stress 40
2 3.1 Introduction 40
3.2 Units and Fundamental Quantities 42
2 3.3 Force 43
4 3.4 Stress 44
6 3.5 Two-Dimensional Stress: Normal Stress and
8 Shear Stress 44
10 4 1 3.6 Three-Dimensional Stress: Principal Planes
12 4 O and Principal Stresses 45
12 3.6.1 Stress at a Point 46
3.6.2 The Components of Stress 46
3.6.3 Stress States 4?
L4 37 Deriving Some Stress Relationships 48
14 3.8 Mohr Diagram for Stress 49
14 3.8.1 Constructing the Mohr Diagram 50
16 3.8.2 Some Common Stress States 51
17 3.9 Mean Stress and Deviation Stress 52
19 3.10 The Stress Tensor 53
19 3.11 A Brief Summary of Stress 54
19 3.12 Stress Trajectories and Stress Fields 55
23 3.13 Methods of Stress Measurement 56
24 3.13.1 Present-Day Stress 56
26 3.13.2 Paleostress 5?
26 3.13.3 Stress in Earth 5?
3.14 Closing Remarks 60
27 Additional Reading 60
29 30 4 Deformation and Strain 62
30 4.1 Introduction 62
31 4.2 Deformation and Strain 63
32 4.3 Homogenous Strain and the Strain Ellipsoid 65
33 4.4 Strain Path 66
35 4.5 Coaxial and Non-Coaxial Strain Accumulation 6?
vii
4.6
4.7
47.1
4.?.2
47.3
47.4
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.10.1
4.10.2
4.11
4.11.1
4.11.2
4.11.3
4.11.3.1
4.11.3.2
4.11.4
4.11.4.1
4.11.4.2
4.11.5
4.11.6
4.12
Superimposed Strain
Strain Quantities
Longitudinal Strain
Volumetric Strain
Angular Strain
Other Strain Quantities
The Mohr Circle for Strain
Strain States
Representation of Strain
Orientation
Shape and Intensity
Finite Strain Measurement
What Are We Really Measuring in Strain Analysis
Initially Spherical Objects
Initially Nonspherical Objects
Center-to-Center Method
Rf/Omethod
Objects with Known Angular Relationships or
Lengths
Angular Changes
Length Changes
Rock Textures and Other Strain Guages
What Do We Learn from Strain Analysis?
Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
Rheology
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Strain Rate
5.2 General Behavior: The Creep Curve
5.3 Rheologic Relationships
5.3.1 Elastic Behavior
5.3.2 Viscous Behavior
5.3.3 Visoelastic Behavior
5.3.4 Elastico-Viscous Behavior
5.3.5 General Linear Behavior
5.3.6 Nonlinear Behavior
5.4 Adventures with Natural Rocks
5.4.1 The Deformation Apparatus
5.4.2 Confining Pressure
5.4.3 Temperature
5.4.4 Strain Rate
5.4.5 Pore-Fluid Pressure
5.4.6 Work Hardening—Work Softening
5.47 Significance of Experiments to
Natural Conditions
5.5 Confused by the Terminology?
5.6 Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
69 PART B BRITTLE STRUCTURES 113
70
70 6 Brittle Deformation 114
71 6.1 Introduction 114
71 6.2 Vocabulary of Brittle Deformation 114
73 6.3 What is Brittle Deformation? 117
75 6.4 Tensile Cracking 118
75 6.4.1 Stress Concentration and Griffith Cracks 118
75 6.4.2 Exploring Tensile Crack Development 121
76 6.4.3 Modes of Crack-Surface Displacement 122
78 6.5 Processes of Brittle Faulting 123
79 6.5.1 Slip by Growth of Fault-Parallel Veins 123
81 6.5.2 Cataclasis and Cataclastic Flow 123
82 6.6 Formation of Shear Fractures 124
83 6.7 Predicting Initiation of Brittle Deformation 126
83 67.1 Tensile Cracking Criteria 126
67.2 Shear-Fracture Criteria and Failure Envelopes 127
84 6.8 Frictional Sliding 132
84 6.8.1 Frictional Sliding Criteria 132
85 6.8.2 Will New Fractures Form or Will Existing
86 Fractures Slide? 133
87 6.9 Effect of Environmental Factors in Failure 134
89 6.9.1 Effect of Fluids on Tensile Crack Growth 134
89 6.9.2 Effect of Dimensions on Tensile Strength 136
6.9.3 Effect of Pore Pressure on Shear Failure and
90 Frictional Sliding 136
6.9.4 Effect of Intermediate Principal Stress
90 on Shear Rupture 136
91 6.10 Closing Remarks 136
92 93 Additional Reading 137
93 96 ? Joints and Veins 138
9? 7.1 Introduction 138
9? 7.2 Surface Morphology of Joints 140
98 7.2.1 Plumose Structure 140
98 7.2.2 Why Does Plumose Structure Form? 141
100 7.2.3 Twist Hackle 144
101 7.3 Joint Arrays 144
102 7.3.1 Systematic versus Nonsystematic Joints 144
103 7.3.2 Joint Sets and Joint Systems 145
104 7.3.3 Cross-Cutting Relations Between Joints 146
105 7.3.4 Joint Spacing in Sedimentary Rocks 147
106 7.4 Joint Studies in the Field 149
7.4.1 Dealing with Field Data About Joints 150
107 7.5 Origin and Interpretation of Joints 152
108 7.5.1 Joints Related to Uplift and Unroofing 152
111 7.5.2 Formation of Sheeting Joints 153
112 7.5.3 Natural Hydraulic Fracturing 154
viii
CONTENTS
?.5.4 Joints Related to Regional Deformation
?.5.5 Orthogonal Joint Systems
P.5.6 Conjugate Joint Systems
?.5.? Joint Trend as Paleostress Trajectory
7.6 Limits on Joint Growth
?.? Veins and Vein Arrays
?.?.l Formation of Vein Arrays
7.7.2 Vein Fill: Blocky and Fibrous Veins
7.7.3 Interpretation of Fibrous Veins
7.8 Lineaments
7.9 Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
8 Faults and Faulting
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fault Geometry and Displacement
8.2.1 Basic Vocabulary
8.2.2 Representation of Faults on Maps and Cross
Sections
8.2.3 Fault Separation and Determination
of Net Slip
8.2.4 Fault Bends
8.2.5 Fault Terminations and Fault Length
8.3 Characteristics of Faults and Fault Zones
8.3.1 Brittle Fault Rocks
8.3.2 Slickensides and Slip Lineations
8.3.3 Subsidiary Fault and Fracture Geometries
8.3.4 Fault-Related Folding
8.3.5 Shear-Sense Indicators of Brittle Faults—
A Summary
8.4 Recognizing and Interpreting Faults
8.4.1 Recognition of Faults from Subsurface Data
8.4.2 Changes in Fault Character with Depth
8.5 Relation of Faulting to Stress
8.5.1 Formation of Listric Faults
8.5.2 Fluids and Faulting
8.5.3 Stress and Faulting—A Continuing Debate
8.6 Fault Systems
8.6.1 Geometric Classification of Fault Arrays
8.6.2 Normal Fault systems
8.6.3 Reverse Fault Systems
8.6.4 Strike-Slip Fault Systems
8.6.5 Inversion of Fault Systems
8.6.6 Fault Systems and Paleostress
8.7 Faulting and Society
8.7.1 Faulting and Resources
87.2 Faulting and Earthquakes
8.8 Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
155 PART C DUCTILE STRUCTURES 203
156
15? 9 Ductile Deformation Processes 204
158
158 9.1 Introduction 204
159 9.2 Cataclastic Flow 206
160 9.3 Crystal Defects 207
160 9.3.1 Point Defects 20?
162 9.3.2 Line Defects or Dislocations 20?
163 9.4 Crystal Plasticity 210
163 9.4.1 Dislocation Glide 210
165 9.4.2 Cross-Slip and Climb 210
9.4.3 Mechanical Twinning 213
66 9.4.4 Strain-Producing versus Rate-Controlling
Mechanisms 216
166 9.4.5 Where Do Dislocations Come
169 From? 216
169 9.5 Diffusional Mass Transfer 217
9.5.1 Volume Diffusion and Grain-Boundary
172 Diffusion 218
9.5.2 Pressure Solution 218
174 9.6 Constitutive Equations or Flow Laws 219
1?6 9.7 A Microstructural View of Laboratory
1?? Behavior 220
179 9.8 Imaging Dislocations 221
1?9 9.9 Deformation Microstructures 222
182 9.9.1 Recovery 222
184 9.9.2 Recrystallization 225
184 9.9.3 Mechanisms of Recrystallization 226
9.9.4 Superplastic Creep 228
18? 9.10 Deformation Mechanism Maps 229
187 9.10.1 How to Construct a Deformation Mechanism
189 Map 232
190 9.10.2 A Note of Caution 233
191 9.11 Closing Remarks 234
192 Additional Reading 234
192 193 Appendix: Dislocation Decoration 236
195 195 10 Folds and Folding 238
196 10.1 Introduction 238
196 10.2 Anatomy of a Folded Surface 239
19? 10.2.1 Fold Facing: Antiform, Synform, Anticline,
19? and Syncline 241
19? 10.3 Fold Classification 243
198 10.3.1 Fold Orientation 244
199 10.3.2 Fold Shape in Profile 245
199 10.4 Fold Systems 246
201 10.4.1 The Enveloping Surface 24?
201 10.4.2 Folds Symmetry and Fold Vergence 248
CONTENTS
10.5 Some Special Fold Geometries
10.6 Superposed Folding
10.6.1 The Priciple of Fold Superposition
10.6.2 Fold Interference Patterns
10.6.3 Fold Style
10.6.4 A Few Philosophical Points
10.? The Mechanics of Folding
10.7.1 Passive Folding and Active Folding
10.7.2 Buckle Folds
10.7.3 Folded Multilayers
10.8 Kinematic Models of Folding
10.8.1 Flexural Slip/Flow Folding
10.8.2 Neutral-Surface Folding
10.8.3 Shear Folding
10.8.4 Fold Shape Modification
10.8.5 A Natural Example
10.9 A Possible Sequence of Events
10.10 Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
11 Fabrics: Foliations
and Lineations
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fabric Terminology
11.3 Foliations
11.3.1 What is Cleavage?
11.3.2 Disjunctive Cleavage
11.3.3 Pencil Cleavage
11.3.4 Slaty Cleavage
11.3.5 Phyllitic Cleavage and Schistosity
11.3.6 Crenulation Cleavage
11.3.7 Gneissic Layering and Migmatization
11.3.8 Mylonitic Foliation
11.4 Cleavage and Strain
11.5 Foliations in Folds and Fault Zones
11.6 Lineations
11.6.1 Form Lineations
11.6.2 Surface Lineations
11.6.3 Mineral Lineations
11.6.4 Tectonic Interpretation of Lineations
11? Other Physical Properties of Fabrics
11.8 Closing Remarks
Additional Reading
12 Ductile Shear Zones, Textures,
and Transposition
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mylonites
12.2. 1 Type Mylonites
250 12.3 Shear-Sense Indicators 298
252 12.3.1 Plane of Observation 298
252 12.3.2 Grain-Tail Complexes 299
254 12.3.3 Fractured Grains and Mica Fish 299
255 12.3.4 Foliations: C-Sand C-C
257 Structures 302
25? 12.3.5 A Summary of Shear-Sense
257 Indicators 303
259 12.4 Strain in Shear Zones 304
2G2 12.4.1 Rotated Grains 304
262 12.4.2 Deflected Foliations 305
2G2 12.5 Textures or Crystallographic-Preferred Fabrics 30?
263 12.5.1 The Symmetry Principle 308
264 12.5.2 Textures as Shear-Sense Indicators 310
265 12.6 Fold Transposition 311
265 12.G.1 Sheath Folds 313
266 12.? Closing Remarks 313
268 Additional Reading 315
269
13 Deformation, Metamorphism,
and Time 316
?0 13.1 Introduction 316
2?0 13.2 Field Observations and Study Goals 316
270 13.3 Pressure and Temperature 319
2?2 13.3.1 Status Report 1 321
273 13.4 Deformation and Metamorphism 322
274 13.4.1 Status Report II 324
277 13.5 Time 325
278 13.5.1 The Isochron Equation 325
278 13.5.2 The Isotopic Closure Temperature 327
280 13.5.3 Dating Deformation 328
282 13.5.4 Status Report III 329
284 13.6 D-P-T-t Paths 329
284 13.6.1 Temperature-Time [T-t) History 331
285 13.6.2 Pressure-Temperature [P-T] History 331
288 13.6.3 Pressure-Time (P-f) History 331
288 13.6.4 The Geothermal Gradient 331
289 13.6.5 The Deformational Setting 333
290 13.? Closing Remarks 333
290 Additional Reading 333
292
292
293 PART D TECTONICS 335
14 Whole-Earth Structure and
94 Plate Tectonics 336
294 14.1 Introduction 336
296 14.2 Studying Earth's Internal Layering 33?
297 14.3 Seismicallu Defined Lauers of the Earth 337
CONTENTS
16 Rifting, Seafloor Spreading,
and Extensional Tectonics
382
16.1 Introduction 382
16.2 Cross-Sectional Structure of a Rift 385
16.2.1 Normal Fault Systems 385 18.1
16.2.2 Pure-Shear versus Simple-Shear Models 18.2
of Rifting 389 18.2.1
16.2.3 Examples of Rift Structure in Cross Section 389 18.2.2
14.4 The Crust 342 16.3 Cordilleran Metamorphic Core Complexes 390
14.4.1 Oceanic Crust 342 16.4 Formation of a Rift System 394
14.4.2 Continental Crust 342 16.5 Controls on Rift Orientation 396
14.4.3 The Moho 348 16.6 Rocks and Topographic Features of Rifts 397
14.5 The Mantle 348 16.6.1 Sedimentary-Rock Assemblages in Rifts 39?
14.5.1 Internal Structure of the Mantle 348 16.6.2 Igneous-Rock Assemblage of Rifts 39?
14.5.2 Mantle Plumes 350 16.6.3 Active Rift Topography and Rift-Margin Uplifts 399
14.6 The Core 350 16.? Tectonics of Midocean Ridges 402
14.? Defining Earth Layers Based on Rheologic 16.8 Passive Margins 405
Behavior 350 16.9 Causes of Rifting 408
14.?.1 The Lithosphere 351 16.10 Closing Remarks 410
14.?.2 TheAsthenosphere 353 Additional Reading 410
147.3 Isostasy 353
14.8 The Tenets of Plate Tectonics Theory 355 1? Convergence and Collision 412
14.9 Basic Plate Kinematics 359
14.9.1 Absolute Plate Velocity 359 l?.l Introduction 412
14.9.2 Relative Plate Velocity 360 1?.2 Convergent Plate Margins 414
14.9.3 Using Vectors to Describe Relative Plate 1P.2.1 17.22 The DowngoingSlab The Trench 415 418
14.9.4 Velocity Triple Junctions 361 364 172.3 The Accretionary Prism 420
14.10 14.11 14.12 Plate-Driving Forces The Supercontinent Cycle Closing Remarks 364 366 36? 17.2.4 1P.2.5 1P.2.6 The Forearc Basin and the Volcanic Arc The Backarc Region Curvature of Island Arcs 424 425 428
Additional Reading 36?
1?.2.? Coupled versus Uncoupled Convergent
Margins 428
15 Geophysical Imaging of the 1?.3 Basic Stages of Collisional Tectonics 429
Continental Lithosphere— 17.3.1 Stage 1: Precollision and Initial Interaction 431
An Essay by Frederick A. Cook 368 17.32 Stage 2: Abortive Subduction and Suturing 433
17.3.3 Stage 3: Crustal Thickening and Extensional
15.1 Introduction 368 Collapse 435
15.2 What is Seismic Imaging? 368 1?.4 Other Consequences of Collisional Tectonics 436
15.3 How are Data Interpreted? 3?0 17.4.1 Regional Strike-Slip Faulting
15.4 Some Examples 3?0 and Lateral Escape 436
15.5 The Crust—Mantle Transition 3?2 17.42 Plateau Uplift 438
15.6 The Importance of Regional Profiles- 17.4.3 Continental Interior Fault-and-Fold Zones 438
Longer, Deeper, More Detailed 3?4 17.4.4 Crustal Accretion (Accetionary Tectonics) 440
15.? An Example from Northwestern Canada 375 1P.4.5 Deep Structure of Collisional
15.8 Other Geophysical Techniques 3?9 Orogens 442
15.9 Closing Remarks 381 17.5 Insights from Modeling Studies 442
Additional Reading 381 17.6 Closing Remarks 443
Additional Reading 443
18
Fold-Thrust Belts—An Essay
by Stephen Marshak and
M. Scott Wilkerson 444
Introduction 444
Fold-Thrust Belts in a Regional Context 448
Tectonic Settings of Fold-Thrust Belts 448
Mechanical Stratigraphy 452
CONTENTS
18.3 Geometry of Thrusts and Thrust Systems 452 21
18.3.1 A Cross-Sectional Image of a Thrust Fault 452
18.3.2 Thrust Systems 455 21.1
18.3.3 Overall Fold-Thrust Belt Architecture 45?
18.4 Thrust-Related Folding 459 21.1.1
18.5 Mesoscopic- and Microscopic-Scale Strain 21.1.2
in Thrust Sheets 465 21.1.3
18.6 Fold-Thrust Belts in Map View 465 21.1.4
18.7 Balanced Cross Sections 468 21.1.5
18.8 Mechanics of Fold-Thrust Belts 4?0 21.1.6
18.9 Closing Remarks 474
Additional Reading 474 21.1.? 21.1.8
19 Strike-Slip Tectonics 4?6 21.2
19.1 Introduction 476
19.2 Transform versus Transcurrent Faults 4?9 21.2.1
19.2.1 Transform Faults 4?9 21.2.2
19.2.2 Transcurrent Faults 481 21.2.3
19.3 Structural Features of Major Continental 21.2.4
Strike-Slip Faults 482 21.2.5
19.3.1 Description of Distributed Deformation
in Strike-Slip Zones 482 21.2.6
19.3.2 The Causes of Structural Complexity
in Strike-Slip Zones 484 21.3
19.3.3 Map-View Block Rotation in Strike-Slip Zones 48?
19.3.4 Transpression and Transtension 48?
19.3.5 Restraining and Releasing Bends 490 21.3.1
19.3.6 Strike-Slip Duplexes 492 21.3.2
19.3.? Deep-Crustal Strike-Slip Fault Geometry 492
19.4 Tectonic Setting of Continental Strike-Slip Faults 493 21.3.3
19.4.1 Oblique Convergence and Collision 493 21.3.4
19.4.2 Strike-Slip Faulting in Fold-Thrust Belts 493
19.4.3 Strike-Slip Faulting in Rifts 493 21.3.5
19.4.4 Continental Transform Faults 495
19.5 Oceanic Transforms and Fracture Zones 497 21.4
19.6 Closing Remarks 498
Additional Reading 498
PART E
REGIONAL PERSPECTIVES
20
20.1
20.2
20.3
20.4
20.5
A Global View
501
502
Introduction 502
Global Deformation Patterns 503
What Can We Learn from Regional Perspectives? 504
Some Speculation on Contrasting Orogenic Styles 506
Closing Remarks and Outline 507
Additional Reading 508
Eastern Hemisphere
509
21.4.1
21.4.2
21.4.3
21.4.4
The Tectonic Evolution of the European Alps
and Forelands—An Essay by Stefan M. Schmid 510
Introduction 510
The Major Tectonic Units of the European Alps 510
The Major Paleogeographic Units of the Alps 512
Three Alpine Transects and Their Deep Structure 514
Inferences Concerning Rheologic Behavior 51?
Evolution of the Alpine System and Its
Forelands in Time Slices 51?
Recent Movements in the Upper Rhine Graben 522
Closing Remarks 523
Additional Reading 524
The Tibetan Plateau and Surrounding Regions—
An Essay by Leigh H. Royden and B. Clark Burchfiel 525
Introduction 525
Precollisional History 525
Postcollisional Convergent Deformation 52?
Crustal Shortening and Strike-Slip Faulting 530
Extension of the Tibetan
Plateau 532
Closing Remarks 533
Additional Reading 533
Tectonics of the Altaids: An Example of
a Turkic-type Orogen—An Essay By
A. M. Celal S. engor and Boris A. Natal'in 535
Introduction 535
The Present Structure
of the Altaids 538
Evolution of the Altaids 539
Implications for Continental
Growth 545
Closing Remarks 545
Additional Reading 545
The Tasman Orogenic Belt, Eastern Australia:
An Example of Paleozoic Tectonic Accretion—
An Essay by David R. Gray and David A.
Foster 547
Introduction 54?
Crustal Structure and Main Tectonic Elements 548
Timing of Deformation and Regional Events 551
Mechanics of Deformation in Accretionary
Orogens 554
Additional Reading 555
22 Western Hemisphere 556
22.1 The North American Cordillera—An Essay by
Elizabeth L. Miller 557
22.1 .1 Introduction 55?
22.1 .2 Precambrian and Paleozoic History 558
xii
CONTENTS
22.1.3 Mesozoic History 559
22.1.4 Cenozoic History 560
22.1.5 Closing Remarks 564
Additional Reading 565
22.2 The Cascadia Subduction Wedge: The Role of
Accretion, Uplift, and Erosion—An Essay
by Mark T.Brandon 566
22.2.1 Introduction 566
22.2.2 Accretionary Flux 566
22.2.3 Wedges, Taper, and Stability 56?
22.2.4 Double-Sided Wedges 56?
22.2.5 Subduction Polarity and Pro-Side Accretion 568
22.2.6 The Cascadia Subduction Zone 569
22.2.? Comparison between the Cascadia and Alpine
Wedges 5?4
Additional Reading 5?4
22.3 The Central Andes: A Natural Laboratory
for Noncollisional Mountain Building—
An Essay by Richard W. Allmendinger
and Teresa E. Jordan 575
22.3.1 Introduction 5?5
22.3.2 The Andean Orogeny 5?5
22.3.3 Late Cenozoic Tectonics of the Andes 5??
22.3 A Crustal Thickening and Lithospheric Thinning 580
22.3.5 Closing Remarks 581
Additional Reading 581
22.4 The Appalachian Orogen—An Essay by
James P. Hibbard 582
22.4.1 Introduction 582
22.4.2 Overview 582
22.4.3 Tectonic Components 583
22.4.4 Assembly 58?
22.4.5 Closing Remarks 591
Additional Reading 591
22.5 The Caledonides—An Essay by Kevin T. Pickering
and Alan G. Smith 593
22.5.1 Introduction 593
22.5.2 Late Precambrian—Cambrian Extension
and Passive Margins 59?
22.5.3 Late Precambrian—Cambrian Arcs, Northern
and Northwestern Gondwana 59?
22.5.4 Early-Middle Ordovician Arcs, Marginal Basins,
andOphiolites 598
22.5.5 Early Ordovician Breakup of the Northwest
Margin of Gondwana 599
22.5.6 Middle-Late Ordovician Subduction,
Continental Fragmentation, and Collisions 600
22.5.? Middle Ordovician—Silurian Closure of the
Eastern lapetus Ocean 601
22.5.8 Late Ordovician Icehouse 603
22.5.9 Ordovician-Silurian Magmatic Arcs Elsewhere
in Europe 604
22.5.10 Postorogenic Continental Sedimentation and
Igneous Activity 605
22.5.11 Closing Remarks 605
Additional Reading 606
22.6 Tectonic Genealogy of North America—
An Essay by Paul F. Hoffman 607
22.6.1 Introduction 60?
22.6.2 Phanerozoic (545-0 Ma) Orogens and Pangea 608
22.6.3 Neoproterozoic (1000-545 Ma) Orogens
and Gondwanaland 608
22.6.4 Mesoproterozoic (1600-1000 Ma) Orogens
and Rodinia 609
22.6.5 Paleoproterozoic (2500-1600 Ma] Collisional
Orogens and Nuna 610
22.6.6 Paleoproterozoic Accretionary Orogens Add
to Nuna 611
22.6.? Archean Cratons and Kenorland 612
22.6.8 Closing Remarks 613
Additional Reading 613
22.7 Phanerozoic Tectonics of the United States
Midcontinent 615
22.?.1 Introduction 615
22.?.2 Classes of Structures in the Midcontinent 616
22.?.3 Some Causes of Epeirogeny 623
22.?.4 Speculations on Midcontinent
Fault-and-Fold Zones 625
22.?.5 Closing Remarks 626
Additional Reading 62?
appendix 1 Spherical Projections 628
appendix 2 Geologic Timescale 631
Credits 633
Index 641
CONTENTS
xiii |
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| spelling | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics Ben A. van der Pluijm ; Stephen Marshak. With contributions by Richard W. Allmendinger ... 2. ed. New York [u.a.] Norton 2004 XVI, 656 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geologia estrutural larpcal Tectônica de placas larpcal Geology, Structural Plate tectonics Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd rswk-swf Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 gnd rswk-swf Geologische Struktur (DE-588)4156696-8 gnd rswk-swf Erde (DE-588)1135962553 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Erde (DE-588)1135962553 g Geologische Struktur (DE-588)4156696-8 s Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 s DE-604 Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 s 2\p DE-604 Van der Pluijm, Ben A. 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)173053823 oth Marshak, Stephen 1955- Sonstige (DE-588)138008981 oth Allmendinger, Richard W. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012806682&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics Geologia estrutural larpcal Tectônica de placas larpcal Geology, Structural Plate tectonics Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 gnd Geologische Struktur (DE-588)4156696-8 gnd |
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| title | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics |
| title_auth | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics |
| title_exact_search | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics |
| title_full | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics Ben A. van der Pluijm ; Stephen Marshak. With contributions by Richard W. Allmendinger ... |
| title_fullStr | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics Ben A. van der Pluijm ; Stephen Marshak. With contributions by Richard W. Allmendinger ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics Ben A. van der Pluijm ; Stephen Marshak. With contributions by Richard W. Allmendinger ... |
| title_short | Earth structure |
| title_sort | earth structure an introduction to structural geology and tectonics |
| title_sub | an introduction to structural geology and tectonics |
| topic | Geologia estrutural larpcal Tectônica de placas larpcal Geology, Structural Plate tectonics Strukturgeologie (DE-588)4225664-1 gnd Tektonik (DE-588)4059351-4 gnd Geologische Struktur (DE-588)4156696-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geologia estrutural Tectônica de placas Geology, Structural Plate tectonics Strukturgeologie Tektonik Geologische Struktur Erde Einführung |
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