Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Pr.
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Techniques in ecology & conservation series
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 386 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780198520863 0198520859 0198520867 |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Pr. |c 2004 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132761483608064 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Bird ecology and conservation
Autor: Sutherland, William J.
Jahr: 2004
Contents
List of Contributors xvii
1. Bird diversity survey methods 1
Colin). Bibby
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Designing the fieldwork 3
1.3 Finding the birds 4
1.4 Standardizing the effort by time and space 6
1.5 Standardizing the effort by McKinnon s list method 7
1.6 Atlas studies 8
1.7 Estimating species richness 10
1.8 Conclusion 11
2. Bird census and survey techniques 17
Richard D. Gregory, David W. Gibbons, and Paul F. Donald
2.1 Introduction 17
2.1.1 What are bird surveys and why do we need them ? 17
2.1.2 What is monitoring and why do we need it? 18
2.1.3 Useful sources of information 19
2.1.4 Begin at the beginning 20
2.1.5 Population size or index? 21
2.1.6 Survey boundaries 21
2.1.7 Census or sample? 22
2.1.8 Sampling strategy 23
2.1.9 Sampling unit 23
2.1.10 Field methods 23
2.1.11 Accuracy, precision, and bias 23
2.2 Sampling strategies 27
2.2.1 How many sampling units? 27
2.2.2 Which sampling units to count? 27
2.2.3 Using stratification 29
2.3 Reid methods 35
2.3.1 Mapping 36
2.3.2 Transects 38
2.3.3 line transects 39
Contents
2.3.4 Point transects 40
2.3.5 Rules for recording birds in thefield 41
2.3.6 Choosing between line and point transects 41
2.3.7 Detection probabilities 42
2.3.8 Colonial birds 44
2.3.9 Counting roosts and flocks 45
2.3.10 Countingleks 46
2.3.11 Counting migrants 46
2.3.12 Capture techniques 47
2.3.13 Tape playback 50
2.3.14 Vocal individuality 51
2.4 Conclusions 52
3. Breeding biology 57
Rhys E. Green
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Choosing study areas 58
3.3 Measuring the success of individual breeding attempts 58
3.3.1 Finding and selecting nests 58
3.3.2 Recording the stage of a breeding attempt when it is located 60
3.3.3 Precautions to take so that nests can be relocated for checking 61
3.3.4 Nest checking 62
3.3.5 Determination of chick survival for species with precocial young 64
3.3.6 Estimation of nest success from nest check data 66
3.4 Determination of the proximate causes of breeding failure 67
3.4.1 Signs left at the nest 67
3.4.2 Wax or plasticine eggs in the nests of wild birds 68
3.4.3 Cameras 69
3.4.4 Temperature loggers 70
3.5 Using artificial nests to measure nest success and causes of failure 71
3.6 Measuring annual productivity 72
3.6.1 Why measure annual productivity? 72.
3.6.2 Productivity from counts after the breeding season 74
3.6.3 Productivity from captures after the breeding season 74
3.6.4 Intensive studies of breeding 75
3.6.5 Indices of productivity from surveys during
the breeding season 76
3.6.6 Use of simulation models 76
3.7 Timing of breeding 76
3.8 Measurements of eggs and chicks 78
3.9 Proximate and ultimate causes of breeding failure 79
Contents | ix
3.10 Value of experiments to disentangle ultimate and
proximate causes of breeding failure 79
85
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4. Birds in the hand
Andrew Cosier
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Welfare, ethical, and legislative issues
4.3 Catching the birds
4.3.1 The breeding season
4.3.2 Cage traps
4.3.3 Spring traps
4.3.4 A couple ofnestbox traps
4.3.5 Noose-carpet traps
4.3.6 Mist-nets
4.3.7 Clap-nets and whoosh-nets
4.3.8 Canon-nets
4.3.9 Capture by hand
4.4 Individual marking
4.5 Notes on bird handling
4.6 The bird at close quarters
4.6.1 Age and molt
4.6.2 Sex
4.6.3 Weight
4.6.4 Color, for example, UV reflectance
4.7 Size
4.71 Body size
4.7.2 Wing
4.73 Tail
4.7.4 Tarsus
4.75 Tarsus-and-toe
4.76 Bill
4.7.7 Total-head
4.78 Claw, eye-ring, and other measures
4.8 Condition
4.8.1 Asymmetry
4.8.2 Relative mass
4.8.3 Fat reserves
4.8.4 Muscle protein
4.8.5 Physiological measures
4.8.6 Molt and plumage
4.8.7 Parasites
4.9 Biopsy
x I Contents
5. Estimating survival and movement 119
James D. Nichols, William L Kendall, and Michael C. Runge
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 Tag type and subsequent encounters 120
5.3 Survival rates 120
5.3.1 Radio-telemetry 120
5.3.2 Capture-recapture/ resighting 124
5.3.3 Band recovery 127
5.4 Movement 129
5.4.1 Radio-telemetry 129
5.4.2 Capture-recapture/ resighting 131
5.4.3 Band recovery 133
5.5 Summary and general recommendations 134
6. Radio-tagging 141
Robert Kenward
6.1 Introduction 141
6.2 Choice of techniques 142
6.2.1 Constraints on radio tagging 142
6.2.2 Applications and advantages 143
6.2.3 Considerations for tag attachment 145
6.3 Forward planning 148
6.3.1 Equipment 148
6.3.2 Mobile tracking 150
6.3.3 Software 150
6.4 Approaches 151
6.4.1 Pilot studies 151
6.4.2 Recording locations 152
6.4.3 Using location data 154
6.4.4 Demography 155
6.5 The future 156
7. Migration 161
Susanne Akesson and Anders Hedenstrom
7.1 Introduction 161
7.2 Migration systems 161
72.1 Mark-recapture 162
72.2 Morphology 162
7.2.3 Cenetic markers 163
7.2.4 Stable isotopes 163
73 Migration behavior and strategies 165
73.1 Counting and observing migrants 165
Contents | xi
7.3.2 Tracking migrants 166
7.3.3 Remote sensing: infrared device 167
7.3.4 Remote sensing: radar 167
7.3.5 Stopover 169
7.4 Physiology of migration 169
7.4.1 Body composition 169
7.4.2 Energetics 170
7.4.3 Endocrinology 171
7.5 Flight in wind tunnels 171
7.6 Orientation and navigation 172
7.6.1 Emlen funnels 172
7.6.2 Manipulating sensory input 172
7.6.3 Displacement experiments 173
7.6.4 Selection experiments 174
7.6.5 Circular statistics 174
7.7 Modeling migration 175
78 Concluding remarks 176
8. Information from dead and dying birds 179
John E. Cooper
8.1 Introduction 179
8.1.1 Terminology—definitions and explanation 181
8.1.2 Methodology—an overview of techniques 181
8.2 The postmortem examination 183
8.3 Health and safety 185
8.4 Postmortem examinations (necropsies) 187
8.5 Laboratory investigations 194
8.6 Interpretation of findings 199
8.7 Legal aspects 201
8.8 Conclusions 203
9. Techniques in physiology and genetics 211
Alistair Dawson
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Sampling techniques 211
9.2.1 Ethical considerations 211
9.2.2 Legal considerations—catching wild birds for research 212
9.2.3 Legal considerations—scientific experiments on birds 213
9.2.4 Housing and husbandry 216
9.2.5 Blood sampling 217
9.2.6 Administration of substances 218
9.2.7 Anesthesia 219
xii I Contents
9.2.8 Implants 219
9.2.9 Laparotomy 220
9.3 Ecotoxicology 221
9.4 Endocrinology 222
9.5 Energetics 224
9.6 Molecular genetics 225
10. Diet and foraging behavior 233
William ). Sutherland
10.1 Introduction 233
10.2 Diet composition 233
10.2.1 Direct observation 233
10.2.2 Nest observations 235
10.2.3 Remains and signs 235
10.2.4 Dropping analysis 236
10.2.5 Pellet analysis 239
10.2.6 Stomach analysis 239
10.2.7 Direct observations of crop 240
10.2.8 Regurgitates 240
10.2.9 Cafeteria experiments 240
10.2.10 Morphology 240
10.2.11 Neck ligatures 241
10.2.12 Emetics and flushing 241
10.2.13 Isotope differences between habitats 241
10.3 Determining prey size 242
10.3.1 Direct observation of prey size 242
10.3.2 Determining size from prey remains 242
10.3.3 Determining prey size from regurgitates 242
10.3.4 Measuringfragments in pellets, droppings, or stomach 242
10.4 Prey quality 243
10.4.1 Energy content 243
10.4.2 Prey digestibility 244
10.5 Foraging behavior 244
10.5.1 Time budgets 244
10.5.2 Time spent feeding per day 245
10.5.3 Night observations 245
10.5.4 Handling time 246
10.5.5 Intake rate and the functional response 246
10.5.6 Interference 247
10.5.7 Depletion 247
10.5.8 Prey availability 248
10.5.9 Exc/osures 248
10.5.10 Mate provisioning and brood provisioning rates 249
Contents | xiii
11. Habitat assessment 251
William j. Sutherland and Rhys E. Green
11.1 Introduction 251
11.1.1 Habitat associations 251
11.1.2 Documenting changes over time 252
11.2 Protocols 252
11.3 Physical environment 254
11.3.1 Temperature and thermoregulation 254
11.3.2 Rainfall and soil wetness 255
11.3.3 Slope, aspect, elevation, and topography 255
11.3.4 Type, chemistry, and penetrability of soils 255
11.3.5 Water chemistry 256
11.4 Vegetation 257
11.4.1 Mapping of broad habitat types 257
11.4.2 Species composition of vegetation 258
11.4.3 Vegetation architecture 258
11.5 Quantifying habitat selection 260
11.5.1 Comparing the relative abundance of birds or records of
tracked birds in each of several habitats with the relative
areas of the habitats available 260
11.5.2 Relating numbers or densities of individuals or records of
tracked birds in spatial units to the habitat composition
of those units 262
11.5.3 Comparison of habitat at places used by birds with that
at places that are representative of the study area or
known to be unused 262
11.6 Food abundance and availability 263
11.7 Predator abundance 265
11.8 Disturbance 266
12. Conservation management of endangered birds 269
Carl C. Jones
12.1 Introduction 269
12.2 Process in the restoration of endangered species 269
12.2.1 Step one: know your species 270
12.2.2 Step two: diagnose causes of population decline
and test remedial action 270
12.2.3 Stage three: intensive management 271
12.2.4 Stage four population management 271
12.2.5 Stage five: monitoring 271
12.3 Broad population management approaches 272
12.3.1 Supplemental feeding 273
12.3.2 Enhancing nest-sites and the provision of nest-boxes 274
xiv I Contents
12.3.3 Disease control 277
12.3.4 Predator control 278
12.4 Intensive management of focal pairs 280
12.4.1 Close guarding and monitoring of nests 280
12.4.2 Clutch and brood manipulations 281
12.5 Reproduction and translocations 288
12.5.1 Reintroduction 288
12.5.2 Translocations 290
12.6 Supportive management for bird restoration projects 291
12.6.1 Role of captive facilities 291
12.6.2 Model or surrogate species 292
12.6.3 Artificial incubation and hand-rearing 292
12.7 Integrated management 293
12.8 Discussion 293
13. Exploitation 303
Michael C. Runge, William L Kendall, and fames D. Nichols
13.1 Introduction: assessment of exploitation 303
13.1.1 Taking a conservative approach 303
13.1.2 Minimum estimates of population size 303
13.1.3 Estimates of harvest levels 304
13.1.4 Population models and associated parameters 304
13.1.5 The use of trends 304
13.2 Theoretical basis for sustainable exploitation 305
13.2.1 Logistic growth model with perfect information 305
13.2.2 Incorporating uncertainty, potential
biological removal 307
13.2.3 A note about other methods of assessing sustainability 309
13.3 Harvest control and management objectives 310
13.3.1 Harvest management strategies 310
13.3.2 Harvest management objectives 311
13.4 Assessing harvest levels 312
13.4.1 Total harvest (H) versus harvest rate (h) 312
13.4.2 Harvest estimation when harvest is legal and observable 312
13.4.3 Harvest estimation when harvest is illegal 314
13.4.4 Measuring harvest rate 315
13.5 Assessing population size 316
13.5.1 Overview 316
13.5.2 Coping with uncertainty 316
13.6 Assessing population dynamics 317
13.6.1 Maximum growth rate (r^ 317
13.6.2 Other aspects of density dependence 318
13.6.3 Other driving forces 320
13.6.4 Model structure 320
Contents | xv
13.7 Addressing uncertainty 322
13.7.1 Motivation 322
13.7.2 Management experiments 322
13.7.3 Adaptive management 323
14. Habitat management 329
Malcolm Ausden
14.1 Introduction 329
14.2 Deciding what to do 330
14.3 Monitoring 333
14.4 General principles of managing habitats for birds 334
14.4.1 Factors influencing habitat use by birds 334
14.4.2 Taking account of the requirements of non-bird species 335
14.4.3 Controlling unwanted plants 336
14.4.4 Taking account of predicted climate change 337
14.5 Managing grasslands 337
14.5.1 Introduction 337
14.5.2 Effects of cutting and burning on sward condition 338
14.5.3 Effects of grazing on sward condition 339
14.5.4 Minimizing nest and chick loss during management 341
14.5.5 Using fertilizer 342
14.5.6 Hydrology of wet grasslands 343
14.6 Managing dwarf shrub habitats 344
14.7 Managing forests and scrub 345
14.7.1 Introduction 345
14.7.2 Crazing and browsing 347
14.7.3 Burning 348
14.7.4 Planting and harvesting regimes 349
14.7.5 Thinning and creating gaps 350
14.7.6 Increasing the quantity of dead wood 351
14.8 Managing deep water 351
14.9 Managing wetlands 352
14.9.1 Manipulating the proportions of open water.
ruderal vegetation, and swamp 352
14.9.2 Increasing food abundance for birds in shallow freshwater 353
14.9.3 Increasing food abundance for birds in shallow brackish
and saline water 355
14.9.4 Increasing accessibility of food for birds in shallow water 356
14.9.5 Providing islands and rafts 357
14.9.6 Managing reedbeds 357
14.9.7 Scrub 360
14.9.8 Wet woodlands 360
14.10 Managing intertidal habitats 360
14.11 Managing arable land and hedgerows 361
14.12 Conclusions 362
Index 371
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| id | DE-604.BV019338478 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:57:57Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780198520863 0198520859 0198520867 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012803136 |
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| physical | XV, 386 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ. Pr. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Techniques in ecology & conservation series |
| spelling | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques William J. Sutherland ... [ed.] 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Pr. 2004 XV, 386 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Techniques in ecology & conservation series Ecologie gtt Oiseaux - Protection Oiseaux - Écologie Ornithologie - Méthodologie Vogelbescherming gtt Ökologie Birds Birds Conservation Birds Ecology Conservation of Natural Resources Ecology Ornithology Methodology Vogelschutz (DE-588)4063737-2 gnd rswk-swf Vogelschutz (DE-588)4063737-2 s DE-604 Sutherland, William J. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012803136&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques Ecologie gtt Oiseaux - Protection Oiseaux - Écologie Ornithologie - Méthodologie Vogelbescherming gtt Ökologie Birds Birds Conservation Birds Ecology Conservation of Natural Resources Ecology Ornithology Methodology Vogelschutz (DE-588)4063737-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4063737-2 |
| title | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_auth | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_exact_search | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_full | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques William J. Sutherland ... [ed.] |
| title_fullStr | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques William J. Sutherland ... [ed.] |
| title_full_unstemmed | Bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques William J. Sutherland ... [ed.] |
| title_short | Bird ecology and conservation |
| title_sort | bird ecology and conservation a handbook of techniques |
| title_sub | a handbook of techniques |
| topic | Ecologie gtt Oiseaux - Protection Oiseaux - Écologie Ornithologie - Méthodologie Vogelbescherming gtt Ökologie Birds Birds Conservation Birds Ecology Conservation of Natural Resources Ecology Ornithology Methodology Vogelschutz (DE-588)4063737-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologie Oiseaux - Protection Oiseaux - Écologie Ornithologie - Méthodologie Vogelbescherming Ökologie Birds Birds Conservation Birds Ecology Conservation of Natural Resources Ecology Ornithology Methodology Vogelschutz |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012803136&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sutherlandwilliamj birdecologyandconservationahandbookoftechniques |