Understanding solids: the science of materials
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
2004
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 593 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0470852755 0470852763 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Tilley, Richard J. D. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Understanding solids |b the science of materials |c Richard J. D. Tilley |
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester [u.a.] |b Wiley |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 593 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Aggregatietoestanden |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Chemische binding |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Fasediagrammen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kristalstructuur |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Materiaalkunde |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Materiais |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Microstructuur |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Optische eigenschappen |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Polymeren |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Science des matériaux | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Solides | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Vastestoffysica |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Materials science | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Solids | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804132716973654016 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
xxi
PART
1
STRUCTURES AND MICROSTRUCTURES
1
1
The electron structure of atoms
3
1.1
Atoms
3
1.2
The hydrogen atom
5
1.2.1
The quantum mechanical description of a hydrogen atom
5
1.2.2
The energy of the electron
6
1.2.3
The location of the electron
7
1.2.4
Orbital shapes
8
1.3
Many-electron atoms
10
1.3.1
The orbital approximation
10
1.3.2
Electron spin and electron configuration
11
1.3.3
The periodic table
13
1.4
Atomic energy levels
15
1.4.1
Electron energy levels
15
1.4.2
The vector model
15
1.4.3
Terms and term schemes
16
Answers to introductory questions
17
What is a wavefunction and what information does it provide?
17
Why does the periodic table summarise both the chemical and the physical properties
of the elements?
17
What is a term scheme?
18
Further reading
18
Problems and exercises
18
2
Chemical bonding
23
2.1
Ionic bonding
23
2.1.1
Ions
23
2.1.2
Ionic bonding
· 24
2.1.3
Madelung energy
24
2.1.4
Repulsive energy
26
2.1.5
Lattice energy
26
2.1.6
The formulae and structures of ionic compounds
27
viii CONTENTS
2.1.7
Ionic
size and shape
28
2.1.8
Ionic structures
29
2.2
Covalent bonding
30
2.2.1
Molecular
orbitais
30
2.2.2
The energies of molecular
orbitais
in diatomic molecules
31
2.2.3
Bonding between unlike atoms
34
2.2.4
Electronegativity
35
2.2.5
Bond strength and direction
36
2.2.6
Orbital hybridisation
37
2.2.7
Multiple bonds
40
2.2.8
Resonance
43
2.3
Metallic bonding
44
2.3.1
Bonding in metals
44
2.3.2
Chemical bonding
44
2.3.3
Atomic
orbitais
and energy bands
46
2.3.4
Divalent and other metals
46
2.3.5
The classical free-electron gas
47
2.3.6
The quantum free-electron gas
48
2.3.7
The
bermi
energy and Fermi surface
49
2.3.8
Energy bands
51
2.3.9
Brillouin zones
53
2.3.10
Alloys and noncrystalline metals
53
2.3.11
Bands in ionic and covalent solids
54
Answers to introductory questions
56
What are the principle geometrical consequences of ionic, covalent and metallic bonding?
56
What
orbitais
are involved in multiple bond formation between atoms ?
56
What are allowed energy bands?
56
Further reading
56
Problems and exercises
57
3
States of aggregation
61
3.1
Formulae and names
61
3.1.1
Weak chemical bonds
61
3.1.2
Chemical names and formulae
64
3.1.3
Polymorphism and other transformations
65
3.2
Maerostruetures, mierostruetures and nanostructures
66
3.2.1
Structures and mierostruetures
66
3.2.2
Crystalline solids
67
3.2.3
Nonerystalline solids
67
3.2.4
Partly crystalline solids
69
3.2.5
Nanostruetures
70
3.3
The development of mierostruetures
71
3.3.1
Solidification
71
3.3.2
Processing
73
3.4
Defects
73
3.4.
і
Point defects in crystals of elements
73
3.4.2
Solid solutions
75
3.4.3
Schottky defects
75
3.4.4
Frenkel defects
77
3.4.5
Nonstoichiometrie compounds
78
3.4.6
Edge dislocations
79
3.4.7
Screw dislocations
80
3.4.8
Partial and mixed dislocations
81
CONTENTS ix
3.4.9
Multiplication
of dislocations
82
3.4.10
Planar defects
83
3.4.11
Volume defects: precipitates
84
Answers to introductory questions
85
What type of bonding causes the noble gases to condense to liquids?
85
What is the scale implied by the term nanostructure ?
N5
What line defects occur in crystals ?
85
Further reading
86
Problems and exercises
86
4
Phase diagrams
91
4.1
Phases and phase diagrams
91
4.1.1
One-component (unary) systems
91
4.2
Binary phase diagrams
94
4.2.1
Two-component (binary) systems
94
4.2.2
Simple binary phase diagrams: nickel-copper
94
4.2.3
Binary .systems containing a eutectic point: lead-tin
96
4.2.4
Solid solution formation
99
4.2.5
Binary systems containing intermediate compounds
100
4.2.6
The iron-carbon phase diagram
101
4.2.7
Steels and cast irons
103
4.2.8
Invariant points
104
4.3
Ternary systems
104
4.3.1
Ternary phase diagrams
104
Answers to introductory questions
107
What is a binary phase diagram ?
107
What is a peritectic transformation?
107
What is the difference between carbon steel and ca.st iron?
107
Further reading 1
07
Problems and exercises
108
5
Crystallography and crystal structures
115
5.1
Crystallography
115
5.1.1
Crystal lattices
115
5.1.2
Crystal structures and crystal systems
117
5.1.3
Symmetry and crystal classes 11H
5.1.4
Crystal planes and Miller indices
119
5.1.5
Hexagonal crystals and Miller-Bravais indices
120
5.1.6
Directions
121
5.1.7
The reciprocal lattice
122
5.2
The determination of crystal structures
123
5.2.1
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction
124
5.2.2
Powder X-ray diffraction and crystal identification
124
5.2.3
Neutron diffraction
126
5.2.4
Electron diffraction
¡26
5.3
Crystal structures
127
5.3.1
unit cells, atomic coordinates and nomenclature
127
5.3.2
The density of a crystal
1
2H
5.3.3
The cubic close-packed
í
Al)
structure
129
5.3.4
The body-centred cubic I A2i structure
130
χ
CONTENTS
5.3.5
The hexagonal
(A3)
structure
130
5.3.6
The diamond
(A4)
structure 131
5.3.7
The hexagonal (graphite), A9 structure
131
5.3.8
The structure of boron nitride
132
5.3.9
The halite (rock salt, sodium chloride, Bl) structure
132
5.3.10
The spinel
(Hli)
structure
133
5.4
Structural relationships
134
5.4.1
Sphere packing
134
5.4.2
Ionic structures in terms of
anion
packing
136
5.4.3
Polyhedral representations
138
Answers to introductory questions
140
How does a lattice differ from a structure?
140
What is a unit cell?
140
What is meant by a
(100)
plane?
140
Further reading
141
Problems and exercises
141
PART
2
CLASSES OF MATERIALS
149
6
Metals, ceramics, polymers and composites
151
6.1
Metals
151
6.1.1
The crystal structures of pure metals
152
6.1.2
Metallic radii
153
6.1.3
Alloy solid solutions
154
6.1.4
Metallic glasses
157
6.1.5
The principal properties of metals
158
6.2
Ceramics
159
6.2.1
Bonding and structure of silicate ceramics
159
6.2.2
Bonding and structure of nonsfficate ceramics
163
6.2.3
The preparation and processing of ceramics
165
6.2.4
The principal properties of ceramics
165
6.3
Glass
166
6.3.1
Bonding and structure of silicate glasses
166
6.3.2
Glass deformation
168
6.3.3
Strengthened glass
170
6.3.4
Glass ceramics
170
6.4
Polymers
172
6.4.1
The chemical structure of some polymers
172
6.4.2
Microstructures
of polymers
176
6.4.3
Production of polymers
180
6.4.4
Elastomers
183
6.4.5
The principal properties of polymers
185
6.5
Composite materials
187
6.5.1
Fibre-reinforced plastics
187
6.5.2
Metal-matrix composites
188
6.53
Ceramic-matrix composites
188
6.5.4
Cement and concrete
188
Answers to introductory questions
191
Are hydrides alloys or ceramics?
191
Are glasses liquids?
191
Are polymers glasses?
191
Why are plastic bags difficult to degrade?
192
CONTENTS xi
Further reading
192
Problems and exercises
192
PART
3
REACTIONS AND TRANSFORMATIONS
201
7
Diffusion
203
7.1
Self-diffusion, tracer diffusion and tracer impurity diffusion
203
7.2
Nonsteady-state diffusion
206
7.3
Steady-state diffusion
208
7.4
Temperature variation of the diffusion coefficient
208
7.5
The effect of impurities
209
7.6
The penetration depth
210
7.7
Self-diffusion mechanisms
210
7.8
Atomic movement during diffusion
211
7.9
Atomic migration and diffusion coefficients
212
7.10
Self-diffusion in crystals
212
7.11
The Arrhenius equation and the effect of temperature
213
7.12
Correlation factors for self-diffusion
214
7.13
Ionic conductivity
215
7.14
The relationship between ionic conductivity and the diffusion coefficient
217
Answers to introductory questions
218
What is a steady-state diffusion?
218
How does one obtain a quick estimate of the distance moved by diffusing atoms?
218
How does the energy barrier for ionic diffusion change when an electric field is present?
218
Further reading
218
Problems and exercises
218
8
Reactions and transformations
225
8.1
Dynamic equilibrium
225
8.1.1
Reversible reactions and equilibrium
225
8.1.2
Equilibrium constants
226
8.1.3
Combining equilibrium constants
227
8.1.4
Equilibrium conditions
227
8.1.5
Pseudochemical equilibrium
228
8.2
Phase diagrams and
microstructures
229
8.2.1
Equilibrium solidification of simple binary alloys
229
8.2.2
Nonequilibrium solidification and coring
230
8.2.3
Solidification in systems containing a eutectic point
231
8.2.4
Equilibrium heat treatment of steels
233
8.2.5
Rapid cooling of steels
236
8.3
Martensitic transformations
237
8.3.1
Displacive transitions
237
8.3.2
Martensitic transitions in alloys
238
8.3.3
Shape-memory alloys
239
8.4
Sintering
241
8.4.1
Sintering and reaction
241
8.4.2
The driving force for sintering
242
xii CONTENTS
8.4.3
The kinetics of neck growth
243
8.5
High-temperature oxidation of metals
244
8.5.1
The driving force for oxidation
244
8.5.2
The rate of oxidation 244
8.5.3
Mechanisms of oxidation
245
8.6
Solid-state reactions
247
8.6.1
Spinel formation
247
8.6.2
The kinetics of spinel formation
249
Answers to introductory questions
249
What is dynamic equilibrium?
249
What defines a martensitic transformation?
250
What is the main driving force for sintering?
250
Further reading
250
Problems and exercises
251
9
Oxidation and reduction
257
9.1
Redox
reactions
257
9.1.1
Oxidation and reduction
257
9.2
Galvanic cells
258
9.2.1
The Daniel cell
258
9.2.2
Standard electrode potentials
259
9.2.3
Cell potential and free energy
261
9.2.4
Concentration dependence
262
9.2.5
Chemical analysis using galvanic cells
263
9.3
Batteries
265
9.3.1
Dry and alkaline primary batteries
265
9.3.2
Lithium-ion primary batteries
266
9.3.3
The lead-acid secondary battery
267
9.3.4
Nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd, nicad) rechargable batteries
267
9.3.5
Nickel-metal-hydride rechargeable batteries
268
9.3.6
Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries
269
9.3.7
Fuel cells
270
9.4
Corrosion
272
9.4.1
The reaction of metals with water and aqueous acids
272
9.4.2
Dissimilar-metal corrosion
274
9.4.3
Single-metal electrochemical corrosion
275
9.5
Electrolysis
277
9.5.1
Electrolytic cells
277
9.5.2
Electrolysis of fused salts
277
9.5.3
The electrolytic preparation of titanium by the Fray-Farthing-Chen Cambridge process
278
9.5.4
Electrolysis of aqueous solutions
280
9.5.5
The amount of product produced during electrolysis
281
9.5.6
Electroplating
282
9.6
Pourbaix diagrams
283
9.6.1
Passivation and corrosion
283
9.6.2
Variable valence states
283
9.6.3
Pourbaix diagram for a metal showing two valence states, M2+ and M3+
284
9.6.4
Pourbaix diagram displaying tendency for corrosion
285
9.6.5
Limitations of Pourbaix diagrams
285
Answers to introductory questions
286
What is an electrochemical cell?
286
What are the electrode materials in nickel-metal-hydride batteries?
286
What information is contained in a Pourbaix diagram?
286
CONTENTS xiii
Further reading
287
Problems and exercises
287
PART
4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
293
10
Mechanical properties of solids
295
10.1
Deformation
296
10.1.1
Strength
296
10.1.2
Stress and strain
296
10.1.3
Stress-strain curves
297
10.1.4
Elastic deformation: the elastic (Young s) modulus
300
10.1.5
Poisson s ratio
301
10.1.6
Toughness and stiffness
302
10.1.7
Brittle fracture
302
10.1.8
Plastic deformation of metals and ceramics
305
10.1.9
Dislocation movement and plastic deformation
306
10.1.10
Brittle and ductile materials
307
10.1.11
Plastic deformation of polymers
310
10.1.12
Fracture following plastic deformation
311
10.1.13
Strengthening
313
10.1.14
Hardness
314
10.2
Time-dependent properties
316
10.2.1
Fatigue
316
10.2.2
Creep
317
10.3
Nanoscale properties
320
10.3.1
Solid lubricants
320
10.3.2
Auxetic materials
322
10.3.3
Thin films
323
10.4
Composite materials
326
10.4.1
Elastic modulus of large-particle composites
326
10.4.2
Elastic modulus of fibre-reinforced composites
326
10.4.3
Elastic modulus of a two-phase system
328
Answers to introductory questions
328
How are stress and strain defined?
328
Why are alloys stronger than pure metals?
329
What are solid lubricants?
329
Further reading
330
Problems and exercises
330
11
Insulating solids
337
11.1
Dielectrics
337
11.1.1
Relative permittivity and polarisation
337
11.1.2
Polarisability
339
11.1.3
Polarisability and relative permittivity
340
11.1.4
The frequency dependence of polarizability and relative permittivity
341
11.1.5
Polarisation in nonisotropic crystals
343
11.2
Piezoelectrics, pyroelectrics and ferroelectrics
343
11.2.1
The piezoelectric and pyroelectric effects
343
11.2.2
Piezoelectric mechanisms
345
xiv CONTENTS
11.2.3 Piezoelectric
polymers
347
11.2.4 The pyroelectric
effect
349
11.3 Ferroelectrics 3^°
11.3.1
Ferroelectric crystals
350
11.3.2
Hysteresis in ferroelectric crystals
351
11.3.3
Antiferroelectrics
351
11.3.4
The temperature dependence of ferroelectricity and antiferroelectricity
352
11.3.5
Ferroelectricity due to hydrogen bonds
352
11.3.6
Ferroelectricity due to polar groups
354
11.3.7
Ferroelectricity due to medium-sized transition-metal cations
354
11.3.8
Poling and polycrystalline ferroelectric solids
355
11.3.9
Doping and modification of properties
356
Answers to introductory questions
356
How are the relative permittivity and refractive index of a transparent solid related?
356
What is the relationship between ferroelectric and pyroelectric crystals?
357
How can a ferroelectric solid be made from a polycrystalline aggregate?
357
Further reading
357
Problems and exercises
358
12
Magnetic solids
363
12.1
Magnetic materials
363
12.1.1
Characterisation of magnetic materials
363
12.1.2
Types of magnetic material
364
12.1.3
Atomic magnetism
367
12.2
Weak magnetic materials
368
12.2.1
Diamagnetic materials
368
12.2.2
Paramagnetic materials
368
12.2.3
The temperature dependence of paramagnetic susceptibility
371
12.3
Ferromagnetic materials
372
12.3.1
Ferromagnetism
372
12.3.2
Exchange energy
373
12.3.3
Antiferromagnetism and superexchange
374
12.3.4
Ferrimagnetism and double exchange
375
12.3.5
Cubic spinel
ferrites
376
12.3.6
Hexagonal
ferrites
377
12.4
Microstractures of ferromagnetic solids
378
12.4.1
Domains
378
12.4.2
Hysteresis
379
12.4.3
Hysteresis loops: hard and soft magnetic materials
380
12.5
Free electrons
381
12.5.1 Pauli
paramagnetism
381
12.5.2
Transition metals
382
12.6
Nanostructures
383
12.6.1
Small particles and data recording
383
12.6.2
Superparamagnetism and thin films
383
12.6.3
Molecular magnetism
384
Answers to introductory questions
385
What atomic feature renders a material paramagnetic?
385
Why do ferromagnetic solids show a domain structure?
385
What is a ferrimagnetic material?
385
Further reading
386
Problems and exercises
386
CONTENTS xv
13 Electronic
conductivity in solids
391
13.1 Metals 391
13.1.1 Metals,
semiconductors and insulators
391
13.1.2
Conductivity of metals and alloys
393
13.2
Semiconductors
396
13.2.1
Intrinsic semiconductors
396
13.2.2
Carrier concentrations in intrinsic semiconductors
398
13.2.3
Extrinsic semiconductors
399
13.2.4
Carrier concentrations in extrinsic semiconductors
400
13.2.5
Characterisation
401
13.2.6
The
p
-η
junction diode
405
13.2.7
Modification of insulators
408
13.2.8
Conducting polymers
408
13.3
Nanostmctures and quantum confinement of electrons
412
13.3.1
Quantum wells
412
13.3.2
Quantum wires and quantum dots
414
13.4
Superconductivity
415
13.4.1
Superconductors
415
13.4.2
The effect of magnetic fields
415
13.4.3
The effect of current
417
13.4.4
The nature of superconductivity
417
13.4.5
Ceramic high-temperature superconductors
418
13.4.6
Josephson
junctions
421
Answers to introductory questions
422
How are donor atoms and acceptor atoms in semiconductors differentiated?
422
What is a quantum well?
422
What are Cooper pairs?
422
Further reading
422
Problems and exercises
423
14
Optical aspects of solids
431
14.1
The electromagnetic spectrum
431
14.1.1
Lightwaves
431
14.1.2
Photons
433
14.1.3
The interaction of light with matter
433
14.2
Sources of light
434
14.2.1
Luminescence
434
14.2.2
Incandescence
435
14.2.3
Fluorescence and solid-state lasers
436
14.2.4
The ruby laser: three-level lasers
437
14.2.5
The neodymium (Nd3+) solid-state laser: four-level lasers
438
14.2.6
Light-emitting diodes
439
14.2.7
Semiconductor lasers
441
14.3
Colour and appearance
441
14.3.1
Luminous solids
441
14.3.2
Nonluminous solids
441
14.3.3
The Beer-Lambert law
443
14.4
Refraction and dispersion
443
14.4.1
Refraction
443
14.4.2
Refractive index and structure
445
14.4.3
The refractive index of metals and semiconductors
446
14.4.4
Dispersion
446
xvi CONTENTS
/1/17
14.5
Reflection
Τ
14.5.1
Reflection from a surface ^
14.5.2
Reflection from a single thin film
448
14.5.3
The reflectivity of a single thin film in air 449
14.5.4
The colour of a single thin film in air
449
14.5.5
The colour of a single thin film on a substrate
450
14.5.6
Low-reflectivity (antireflection) and high-reflectivity coatings
450
14.5.7
Multiple thin films and dielectric mirrors
451
14.6
Scattering 452
14.6.1
Rayleigh scattering
452
14.6.2
Mie
scattering 453
14.7
Diffraction
454
14.7.1
Diffraction by an aperture
454
14.7.2
Diffraction gratings
455
14.7.3
Diffraction from crystal-like structures
456
14.7.4
Photonic crystals 456
14.8
Fibre optics 457
14.8.1
Optical communications
457
14.8.2
Attenuation in glass fibres
4-58
14.8.3
Dispersion and optical fibre design 459
14.8.4
Optical amplification
460
14.9
Nonlinear optical materials
461
14.9.1
Nonlinear optics
461
14.10
Energy conversion
462
14.10.1
Photoconductivity and photovoltaic solar cells
462
14.10.2
Photoelectrochemical cells
463
14.11
Nanostractures
464
14.11.1
The optical properties of quantum wells
465
14.11.2
Quantum wires and quantum dots
465
Answers to introductory questions
466
What are lasers?
466
Why are thin films often brightly coloured?
466
What produces the colour in opal?
466
Further reading
466
Problems and exercises
467
15
Thermal properties
473
15.1
Temperature effects
473
15.1.1
Heat capacity
473
15.1.2
Theory of heat capacity
474
15.1.3
Quantum and classical statistics
475
15.1.4
Thermal conductivity
475
15.1.5
Heat transfer
478
15.1.6
Thermal expansion
478
15.1.7
Thermal expansion and interatomic potentials
480
15.1.8
Thermal contraction
481
15.2
Thermoelectric effects
483
15.2.1
Thermoelectric coefficients
483
15.2.2
Thermoelectric effects and charge carriers
484
15.2.3
Thermocouples, power generation and refrigeration
485
Answers to introductory questions
487
What is zero-point energy?
487
CONTENTS xvii
What solids are named high thermal conductivity materials?
487
What physical property does thermoelectric refrigeration utilise?
487
Further reading
487
Problems and exercises
487
PART
5
NUCLEAR PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
491
16
Radioactivity and nuclear reactions
493
16.1
Radioactivity
493
16.1.1
Radioactive elements
493
16.1.2
Isotopes and nuclides
494
16.1.3
Nuclear equations
494
16.1.4
Radioactive series
495
16.1.5
Transuranic elements
497
16.1.6
Artificial radioactivity
497
16.2
Rates of decay
499
16.2.1
Nuclear stability
499
16.2.2
The rate of nuclear decay
499
16.2.3
Radioactive dating
501
16.3
Nuclear power
502
16.3.1
The binding energy of nuclides
502
16.3.2
Nuclear fission
503
16.3.3
Thermal reactors for power generation
504
16.3.4
Fuel for space exploration
505
16.3.5
Fast breeder reactors
505
16.3.6
Fusion
505
16.3.7
Solar cycles
506
16.4
Nuclear waste
506
16.4.1
Nuclear accidents
507
16.4.2
The storage of nuclear waste
507
Answers to introductory questions
508
What is the difference between an isotope and a nuclide?
508
What chemical or physical procedures can be used to accelerate radioactive decay?
509
Why does nuclear fission release energy?
509
Further reading
509
Problems and exercises
509
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL
513
SI Supplementary material to Part
1:
structures and
microstructure
515
S
1.1
Chemical equations and units
515
S
1.2
Electron configurations
516
S
1.2.1
The electron configurations of the lighter atoms
516
S
1.2.2
The electron configurations of the
3d
transition metals
516
S
1.2.3
The electron configurations of the lanthanides
517
S
1.3
Energy levels and term schemes
517
S
1.3.1
Energy levels and terms schemes of many-electron atoms
517
S
1.3.2
The ground-state term of an atom
519
xviii CONTENTS
519
S
1.4 Madelung
constants
S
1.5
The phase
rule ™
S
1.5.1
The phase
rale for one-component (unary) sytems
520
SI.
5.2
The phase
rale for two-component (binary) systems
521
S
1.6
Miller indices 522
S
1.7
Interplanar
spacing and unit cell
volume
522
S
1.8
Construction
of a reciprocal lattice
522
52
Supplementary material to Part
2:
classes of materials
525
S2.
1
Summary of organic chemical nomenclature
525
52.1.1 Hydrocarbons
525
52.1.2 Functional groups
529
53
Supplementary material to Part
3:
reactions and transformations
531
53.1 Diffusion
531
53.1.1
The relationship between
D
and diffusion distance
531
53.1.2
Atomic migration and the diffusion coefficient
532
53.1.3
Ionic conductivity
533
53.2
Phase transformations and thermodynamics
534
53.2.1 Phase stability
534
53.2.2 Reactions
534
53.2.3 Oxidation
535
53.2.4 Temperature
536
53.2.5 Activity
536
53.3 Oxidation numbers
537
53.4 Cell notation
537
53.5 The stability field of water
538
53.6
Corrosion and the calculation of the Pourbaix diagram for iron
539
53.6.1
Corrosion of iron
539
53.6.2 The simplified Pourbaix diagram for iron in water and air
540
54 Supplementary material to Part
4:
physical properties
543
54.
1
Elastic and bulk moduli
543
54.1.1 Young s modulus or the modulus of elasticity,
Y
от Е
543
54.1.2 The shear modulus or modulus of rigidity,
G
543
54.
1.3
The bulk modulus,
К от В
544
54.1.4 The longitudinal or axial modulus,
M
545
54.1.5 Poisson s ratio,
v
545
Ѕ4Л.6
Relations between the elastic moduli
545
S4.1.7 The calculation of elastic and bulk moduli
545
54.2 Estimation of fracture strength
547
54.2.
1
Estimation of the fracture strength of a brittle solid
547
54.2.2 Estimation of the fracture strength of a brittle solid containing a crack
548
54.3 Formulae and units used to describe the electrical properties of insulators
549
54.4 Formulae and units used to describe the magnetic properties of materials
550
S4.4.1 Conversion factors for superconductivity
551
54.5 Crystal field theory and ligand field theory
552
54.6 Electrical resistance and conductivity
553
CONTENTS xix
54.7
Current flow
554
54.8 The electron and hole concentrations in intrinsic semiconductors
555
54.9 Energy and wavelength conversions
557
54.10 Rates of absorption and emission of energy
557
54.1
1
The colour of a thin film in white light
559
54.12 Classical and quantum statistics
560
54.13 Physical properties and vectors
561
Answers to problems and exercises
563
Chemical Index
575
Subject Index
585
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Tilley, Richard J. D. |
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| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV019306372 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
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| callnumber-search | TA403 |
| callnumber-sort | TA 3403 |
| callnumber-subject | TA - General and Civil Engineering |
| classification_rvk | UP 1000 VE 9300 VE 9301 |
| classification_tum | WER 001f PHY 601f CHE 194f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)54543926 (DE-599)BVBBV019306372 |
| dewey-full | 620.1/1 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| dewey-raw | 620.1/1 |
| dewey-search | 620.1/1 |
| dewey-sort | 3620.1 11 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Chemie / Pharmazie Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften Chemie |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV019306372 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:57:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0470852755 0470852763 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012774378 |
| oclc_num | 54543926 |
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| physical | XXII, 593 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Wiley |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Tilley, Richard J. D. Verfasser aut Understanding solids the science of materials Richard J. D. Tilley Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 2004 XXII, 593 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aggregatietoestanden gtt Chemische binding gtt Fasediagrammen gtt Kristalstructuur gtt Materiaalkunde gtt Materiais larpcal Microstructuur gtt Optische eigenschappen gtt Polymeren gtt Science des matériaux Solides Vastestoffysica gtt Materials science Solids Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd rswk-swf Festkörperchemie (DE-588)4129288-1 gnd rswk-swf Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 s DE-604 Festkörperchemie (DE-588)4129288-1 s Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0415/2004004221.html Table of contents Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012774378&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Tilley, Richard J. D. Understanding solids the science of materials Aggregatietoestanden gtt Chemische binding gtt Fasediagrammen gtt Kristalstructuur gtt Materiaalkunde gtt Materiais larpcal Microstructuur gtt Optische eigenschappen gtt Polymeren gtt Science des matériaux Solides Vastestoffysica gtt Materials science Solids Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Festkörperchemie (DE-588)4129288-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4016921-2 (DE-588)4079184-1 (DE-588)4129288-1 |
| title | Understanding solids the science of materials |
| title_auth | Understanding solids the science of materials |
| title_exact_search | Understanding solids the science of materials |
| title_full | Understanding solids the science of materials Richard J. D. Tilley |
| title_fullStr | Understanding solids the science of materials Richard J. D. Tilley |
| title_full_unstemmed | Understanding solids the science of materials Richard J. D. Tilley |
| title_short | Understanding solids |
| title_sort | understanding solids the science of materials |
| title_sub | the science of materials |
| topic | Aggregatietoestanden gtt Chemische binding gtt Fasediagrammen gtt Kristalstructuur gtt Materiaalkunde gtt Materiais larpcal Microstructuur gtt Optische eigenschappen gtt Polymeren gtt Science des matériaux Solides Vastestoffysica gtt Materials science Solids Festkörperphysik (DE-588)4016921-2 gnd Werkstoffkunde (DE-588)4079184-1 gnd Festkörperchemie (DE-588)4129288-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Aggregatietoestanden Chemische binding Fasediagrammen Kristalstructuur Materiaalkunde Materiais Microstructuur Optische eigenschappen Polymeren Science des matériaux Solides Vastestoffysica Materials science Solids Festkörperphysik Werkstoffkunde Festkörperchemie |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0415/2004004221.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012774378&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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