The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia,: 1915 - 17
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
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Michigan
Univ. Microfilms International Ann Arbor
1978
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| Beschreibung: | V, 322 Bl. |
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ABSTRACT
The First World War lasted longer, took more lives, and
provoked economic and political changes far exceeding the
Great Powers* expectations. What made all this possible was
the unprecedented mobilization of industrial resources and the
corresponding organization of the civilian populations. To the
extent that the respective governments were able to capitalize
on national sentiment and effectively exercise coercive powers,
they could gear their societies for war and avoid internal
upheavals. The Russian government, whose prosecution of the war
expended more lives than any other, was singularly unsuccessful
in mobilizing industry or sustaining support for the war effort.
It was left to others, primarily industrialists previously
excluded from military1 production, to undertake this task.
The central objective of this study is to examine the
organization which was created by Russian industrialists to
mobilize industry, the War-Industries Committees, and to analyze
how the government and other sections of society reacted to
this organization *s efforts. Special emphasis is placed on the
committees economic activities and the political consequences
of their interrelations with government and society.
The present study represents the first monograph to analyze
the War-Industries Committees as a nationwide movement of the
Russian commercial-industrial class. It is based primarily on
two types of sources: first, the contemporary press including
the committees1 publications, trade journals, and newspapers of
both liberal and conservative persuasion; and second, the
-1x1-
develcpments to the political maturation of the Russian
commercial-industrial class. Chapter I discusses the attitudes
of industrialists to the war and the munitions shortage which
did so much to undermine their support for the government in
the first year of war. The following chapter (II) charts the
rise of the War-Industries Committees, their social composition
and political orientation. Chapter III recounts the challenge
which the committees posed to the existing administrative
structure and how the government acted against this challenge·
At this point, the essentially political narrative is replaced
by a discussion of the War-Industries Committees in the war
economy. Chapter IV evaluates the committees1 contribution to
the supply of the army with war materials. The evaluation
actually encompasses several stages in the productive process
from the distribution of orders, to the types of enterprises
contracting with the committees, to the prerequisites for and
rates of fulfilment. Such an exercise is useful not only as an
assessment of the committees’ share in war-production, but as
an indication of the obstacles faced by enterprises converting
from market production during war-time. Chapter V assesses the
committees’ role in the regulation of industry and transport.
The committees’ opposition to bureaucratic control and advocacy
*
of public regulation are discussed in several contexts. A good
deal of attention is paid to the links of the committees’
members with private enterprises and how these links influenced
the organization’s policies. Chapter VI deals with the
committees։ efforts to regulate industrial relations through
their workers ’ groups. This experiment in class collaboration
-av-
is analyzed in terms of the campaign to elect workers1
representatives and the programme of social reform developed
by the committees* leaders and their worker-collaborators to
avoid strikes and industrial disputes. The final chapter (VII)
follows the committees* participation in the liberal opposition
movement from 1916 to the February Revolution and examines
♦
the reasons for the gradual weakening of the organization in
1917.
It is the main contention of the present study that because
the War-Industries Committees could not come to terms with the
government they increased the instability of industrial life
in Russia to the detriment of an effectively administered war
economy. This irony is explained by the fact that the committees
were an organization led by industrialists whose remedy for the
crisis of authority in Russia was an expansion of private
industry’s political and economic power. As such, the organiza-
tion clashed with other groups - bureaucrats, generals, and
those financier-industrialists who were closely tied with the
bureaucratic circles and foreign capital. By the same token,,
the committees* efforts to put industrial relations on a
’European* footing by attracting representatives of the working
class also failed. The intractability of the government and
many of the committees * own members discredited any normal
system of arbitration, and, in the eyes of many workers, those
willing to cooperate with the committees*
Despairing of the possibility of coming to power or
exercising enough influence to control the war economy, the
committees* leaders resorted to conspiracy* At the same time,
-V-
the workers f group in Petrograd through its factory cells
campaigned for mass action to replace the Tsarist regime with
a provisional revolutionary government· Neither venture
amounted to very much· The February Revolution which swept
away the monarchy and put the Ministers of the public* in
power was not of their doing. The War-Industries Committees
emerged from the revolution to raise their banners for the
Provisional Government and the continuation of the war to a
victorious end. But the problems inherent in the continuation
of the war could not be solved by the Provisional Government
which had to share power with the soviets· Large numbers of
soldiers were deserting the front and workers were forcibly
removing industrialists and engineers from many enterprises to
assume control of production· The committees which had repre-
sented the most politically dynamic sections of the commercial-
industrial class feebly resisted these movements until, further
weakened by the departure of their original cadre, they too
succumbed to the rule of the soviets.
-1 -
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
War is a terrible thing but it is also a terribly
profitable thing. It can bind a nation together by riveting
attention on a foreign enemy ; it can eliminate that enemy as
a competitor for economic wealth; it can stimulate industries
and new productive processes; and for all these reasons it can
be an avenue of political power for those willing to serve it.
This is a study of an organization which dedicated itself
to war, the War-Industries Committees in Russia, 1915-17, The
War-Industries Committees were first of all a businessmen s
organization, an organization of those involved in industry and
commerce either as owners or managers. Its creation ¿;as roughly
contemporaneous with that of similar institutions in Western
Europe, the Confederation of British Industries, the
Kriegsausschuss der Deutschen Industrie, and the Comite des
Forges in France.
Apart from the bombastic patriotism inspired by the war,
the Russian committees shared with these institutions similar
pursuits: the adjustment of industry to the exigencies of the
war, and the protection of private industry from countervailing
forces such as labour demands, the army s manpower requirements,
and the state s more active role in production and distribution.
In each country, the opportunities and dangers presented by the
war assumed different forms, and it would be folly to try to
analyze them in a single work. In choosing the Russian case,
I have been animated by the plethora of issues which
industrialists confronted and how their failure to resolve them
-2-
was reflected in the struggle for power in 1917,
There has previously been no full-length study of the
War-Industries Committees. Soviet historians dealt fleetingly
with them in the 1920’s and 1930 s in connection with the
mobilization of industry during the war, the political struggle
of the middle classes with Tsarism, and the labour movement.
Though in each case it was acknowledged that the committees
played a prominent role, no attempt was made to analyze them
as a whole.
On the eve of the Soviet Union’s involvement in the Second
World War, appeared the only article ever published on the
War-Industries Committees.^ The aim of the article was to
demonstrate that the committees contribution to the war effort
was negligible and that their main purpose was the political
mobilization of the Russian bourgeoisie. This argument, which
became the touchstone for many subsequent studies bearing on
the committees, rested on weak ground - a speech given at the
committees’ second congress, a quotation from the chairman of
the central committee referring to tactics adopted by liberals
• 2
m 1913, and other misleading and irrelevant information. No
archival material pertaining to the committees was used.
The Soviet victory in the Second World War invited
comparisons with the less successful performance of the Tsarist
army and war-industrial production in 1914-17. A dissertation
submitted in 1947 by N.I. Razumovskaia analyzed the central
1. A. P. Pogrebinskii , 1 2 Voenno-promyshlennye komitety* ,
Istoricheskie zapiski, xi (1941), 160-200.
2. ibid., pp. 167,177.
-3-
-j
committee1 2 3 4 s economic activities in considerable depth. The
author made extensive use of archival material. However, she
neglected to discuss several important questions such as the
relationship of the central committee in Petrograd to the
provincial committees, the preparations for post-war development,
the role of the technical intelligentsia, and the issues raised
0
by the workers * groups ·
The regulation of the economy in the First World War and
its shortcomings attracted a good deal of attention in the
2
post-Stalin years. A.L. Sidorov s numerous articles and K.N.
3
Tarnovskii s study of the metallurgical industry contain much
information on conflicts between the government and the committees
and among industrialists. Much of this information is based on
archival material unavailable to Western scholars. The debt
which I owe to these historians works is acknowledged
especially in chapters I and V*
In 1967, the fiftieth anniversary of the February and
October Revolutions, two Soviet historians, V.Ia. Laverychev
and V.S. Diakin gave the committees prominence in their studies
of the political activities of the Russian bourgeoisie. Diakinfs
is a particularly judicious work and is of great help in
determining the relation of the liberal parties to the committees.
*
1. N.I. Razumovskaia, Tsentral*nyi voenno-promyshlennyi komitet1
(candidate s dissertation, 1947).
2. Some of Sidorov s articles have been republished posthumously
in Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi
voiny (Moscow, 1973) . *
3. K.N. Tarnovskii, Formirovanie gosudarStvenno-monopolist-
icheskogo kapitalizma v Rossii y g ody pervoi mirovoi voiny
(Moscow, 19 5 8).
4. V.Ia. Laverychev, Po tu storonu barrikad (Moscow, 1967);
V.S. Diakin, Rusgtkaia burzhuaziiaTitsarizm y gody pervoi
mirovoi voiny, 1914-19 17 (Leningrad»~T9~67~)T
-4-
Of great interest also, as much for the questions it raises
as the provocative conclusions which it draws , is Dr. George
Katkov’s book, the only work in English which has hitherto·
dealt at any length with the War-Industries Committees.
A word about primary sources is in order. The committees*
own newspapers and occasional publications were directed toward
influencing public opinion in their favour. They have been used
with great caution. Where possible, I have attempted to
corroborate their information with press reports or other
sources, recognizing that these too contain biases. Memoir
• 2
material pertaining to the committees . is almost nonexistent.
I have therefore, been particularly fortunate to have had access
to a large body of archival material while an exchange student
in the Soviet Union (1973-74). To the best of my knowledge, I am
the first Western scholar to have used the archives of the
Special Council of Defence and the Committee on Cotton.
For this privilege, X am grateful to the International
Research and Exchanges Board for sponsoring my year of study in
the Soviet Union, the Soviet Archival Administration, and
Professor V.I. Bovykin, my faculty supervisor in Moscow. I am
also indebted to Mr. L.F. Magurovsky, the curator of the Russian
archives at Columbia University for permission to read and cite
the Countess Panina collection; Dr. J.E.O. Screen, former
director of the library of the School of Slavonic and East 1 2
1. G. Katkov, Russia 1917, The February Revolution (2nd edition,
London, 19 69) 7՜
2. A.I. Guchkov, the only leading figure in the committees to
have left memoirs, scarcely mentions the organization which
he served for two years as chairman. See Poslednie novosti
(Paris} , .Aug.-Sept. 19 36.
-5-
European Studies, for his assistance in making available Sir
Bernard Pares* papers; the administration of the Finnish State
Archives for granting access to the Baron A.F. Meyendorff
collection; to the staff of the Helsinki University Library;
and to the Director of the Foundation for Research and
Development in Higher Education in Finland, Lie, of Political
History H. Rautkallio for the use of the foundation’s facilities.
Ms. Diane Koenker and Dr. Stuart Grover took time away from
their work to read sections of my drafts and to them I extend
thanks. My special thanks go to Dr. H. Shukman , my Oxford
supervisor, who patiently and generously gave his time. Finally,
to my wife, Leena Siegelbaum, who assisted me in innumerable
ways, I owe deep gratitude and compensation.
-6-
CONTENTS
Preface and Acknowledgements.......................... 1
List of Abbreviations and Special Notes............... 3
Introduction. ....................................... 9
I The Russian Commercial-Industrial Class in the First
Year of the War........................................ 15
i) The patriotic enthusiasm of Russian
industrialists..................................
ii) The munitions shortage of 191U-15................. 21*
II Moscow Comes to the Rescue........................... U1
i) Riabushinskii and the mobilization of Russian
industrialists ................................. ^2
ii) The district and local War-Industries
Committees.................................... .. 5 3
iii) The Central and Moscow War-Industries
Committees....................................... 51
iv) The First All-Russian Congress............... 7U
III The High Politics of Defence, June-September 1915..... 81
i) The War-Industries Committees and the Special
Councils.......................................... 3 2
ii) The War-Industries Committees triumvirate and
the Progressive Bloc............... .............. 37
IV The War-industries Committees and the Production of
Military Supplies .....................................1 OU
i) The distribution of state orders..................^37
ii) The contractors of the War-Industries
Committees........................... ............12 2
iii) The War-Industries Committees* enterprises and
the development of new industries.................^30
iv) The fulfilment of orders....................... ... 136
v) Conclusions................................... *-156
V The War-Industries Committees and the Regulation of
the War Economy........................................159
i) Metals and foreign purchases................. .16U
ii) Coal and oil......................................185
iii ) Cotton. ................................. ...197
iv) Evacuation and rail transport....................205
v) Manpower................. ........................21U
vi) Conclusions.......................................223
-7-
VI The Labour Question - The Workers* groups of
•the War-Indus tries Committees..................,...226
i) Class collaborâtion vs. * boycottism*..........227
ii) The self-regulation of industrial relations.... 242
VII The Challenge of Revolution. .......................265
i) From patriotic despair to revolution............265
ii) The War-Industries Committees from February
to October. ....................293
Epilogue......................................... 307
Bibliography..................................... 309
Tables
I Social Composition of District and Local
Committees (1916)......................... .....56
II The Distribution and Fulfilment of Orders
by the Central War-Industries Committee.........111
lit Regional Distribution of Contracts for
Articles Ordered through the Central War*
Industries Committee. . ...................... 119
IV Main Articles Ordered by the Mechanical
Section of the Central War-Industries
Committee
120
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| institution | BVB |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-011239713 |
| oclc_num | 642099583 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | V, 322 Bl. |
| psigel | BSBWK1 BSBWKA_N |
| publishDate | 1978 |
| publishDateSearch | 1978 |
| publishDateSort | 1978 |
| publisher | Univ. Microfilms International Ann Arbor |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Siegelbaum, Lewis H. 1949- Verfasser (DE-588)130092681 aut The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 Michigan Univ. Microfilms International Ann Arbor 1978 London V, 322 Bl. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier This is an authorized facsimile Oxford, Univ., Diss., 1976 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Industrie / Rußland bsbaltswk Russland bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd rswk-swf Kriegswirtschaft (DE-588)4134037-1 gnd rswk-swf Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Russland (DE-588)4076899-5 g Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 s Kriegswirtschaft (DE-588)4134037-1 s Geschichte z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011239713&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011239713&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Siegelbaum, Lewis H. 1949- The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Industrie / Rußland bsbaltswk Russland bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Kriegswirtschaft (DE-588)4134037-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4079163-4 (DE-588)4134037-1 (DE-588)4076899-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 |
| title_auth | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 |
| title_exact_search | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 |
| title_full | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 |
| title_fullStr | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 |
| title_full_unstemmed | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, 1915 - 17 |
| title_short | The war-industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in Russia, |
| title_sort | the war industries committees and the politics of industrial mobilization in russia 1915 17 |
| title_sub | 1915 - 17 |
| topic | Weltkrieg 1914-18 bsbaltswk Industrie / Rußland bsbaltswk Russland bsbaltswk Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg (DE-588)4079163-4 gnd Kriegswirtschaft (DE-588)4134037-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Weltkrieg 1914-18 Industrie / Rußland Russland Weltkrieg (1914-1918) Erster Weltkrieg Kriegswirtschaft Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011239713&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=011239713&sequence=000002&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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