Surgical neuroangiography: 2,2 Clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults : cerebral arteriovenous shunts ; spinal arteriovenous shunts ; spinal vascular tumors ; technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery ; 155 tables
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2004
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXIV S., S. 566 - 1269 Ill. |
| ISBN: | 3540416684 |
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| 049 | |a DE-355 |a DE-20 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Lasjaunias, Pierre L. |d 1948- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)111120705 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Surgical neuroangiography |n 2,2 |p Clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults : cerebral arteriovenous shunts ; spinal arteriovenous shunts ; spinal vascular tumors ; technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery ; 155 tables |c P. Lasjaunias ; A. Berenstein ; K. G. ter Brugge |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV S., S. 566 - 1269 |b Ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 700 | 1 | |a Berenstein, Alex |d 1947- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)111120713 |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Brugge, Karel G. ter |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| _version_ | 1804130560473300992 |
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| adam_text | CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 1 OCCLUSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 2 1.2 ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 3 1.2.1 CEREBROVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 3 1.2.1.1 THE BLOOD*BRAIN BARRIER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 1.2.1.2 CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2.1.3 CEREBRAL AUTOREGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2.1.4 CEREBRAL BLOOD VOLUME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2.1.5 BLOOD VISCOSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1.6 METABOLISM IN CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2.1.7 CARBON DIOXIDE REACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1.8 OXYGEN REACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1.9 NITROUS OXIDE IN CEREBRAL CIRCULATION . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.2.1.10 OTHER FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10 1.2.2 ARTERIAL ISCHEMIC STROKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.2.2.1 DEFINITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14 1.2.2.2 NEURONAL METABOLISM AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA . . . . . . 17
1.2.2.3 SELECTIVE NEURONAL VULNERABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.2.2.4 HEMODYNAMIC EFFECTS OF ISCHEMIA . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.2.5 NITROUS OXIDE AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.2.2.6 WINDOW OF OPPORTUNITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.2.2.7 NEUTROPHIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 1.2.3 ATHEROSCLEROSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23 1.2.3.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 23 1.2.3.2 EPIDEMIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 23 1.2.3.3 PATHOGENESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 24 1.2.3.4 MECHANISMS OF ATHEROGENESIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24 1.2.3.5 FATTY STREAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 27 1.2.3.6 FIBROUS PLAQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 28 1.2.3.7 UNSTABLE FIBROUS PLAQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 28 1.2.3.8 COMPLICATED PLAQUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 28 1.2.3.9 CAROTID ATHEROSCLEROSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 29 1.2.3.10 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 29 1.2.3.11 NEUROIMAGING OF ISCHEMIC STROKE . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 30 1.2.4 ISCHEMIC STROKE TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31 1.2.4.1 MEDICAL TREATMENT OF ACUTE STROKE . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.2.4.2 THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY: INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.4.3 THROMBOLYTICS (IV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.4.4 RECOMBINED TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR . . . . . . . . 32
1.2.4.5 STREPTOKINASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.2.4.6 ANTIPLATELETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
34 1.2.4.7 COUMADIN VERSUS ASPIRIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.4.8 NEUROPROTECTIVE AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.2.4.9 PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF NEUROPROTECTIVE DRUGS . 40
1.2.4.10 BINDING PROPERTIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.4.11 ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.2.4.12 MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY STROKE: NATURAL HISTORY . . . . . 44
1.2.4.13 LOCAL INTRA-ARTERIAL THROMBOLYSIS IN THE ANTERIOR CIRCULATION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 1.2.4.14 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
OCCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 1.2.4.15 CAROTID DISSECTION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1.2.4.16 CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY
OCCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 1.2.4.17 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
STENOSIS ABOVE THE CAROTID BULB 68 1.2.4.18 GENERAL ORGANIZATION OF A
STROKE EMERGENCY TEAM . . . 70 1.2.4.19 EVOLVING TREATMENT STRATEGIES .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 1.2.5 EXTRACRANIAL CAROTID ARTERY
STENOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1.2.5.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1.2.5.2 NATURAL HISTORY . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 1.2.5.3 CAROTID BRUIT . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 1.2.5.4 IMAGING . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 1.2.5.5 TREATMENT . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1.2.5.6 SYMPTOMATIC CAROTID
STENOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1.2.5.7 ASYMPTOMATIC CAROTID
STENOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1.2.5.8 RESTENOSIS AFTER CAROTID
ENDARTERECTOMY . . . . . . . . . 89 1.2.6 CAROTID ANGIOPLASTY AND
STENTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1.2.6.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 1.2.6.2 TECHNIQUES OF CAROTID
ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING . . . . . 93 1.2.6.3 INTIMAL HYPERPLASIA AND
RESTENOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 1.2.6.4 FOLLOW-UP MONITORING . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.2.7 POSTERIOR CIRCULATION STROKE
(STROKE PREVENTION) . . . . . 98 1.2.7.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.2.7.2 CLINICAL PRESENTATION . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.2.7.3 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION IN
CEREBRAL VASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 1.2.7.4
MANAGEMENT OF POSTERIOR CIRCULATION INSUFFICIENCY . . . 104 1.2.7.5
BASILAR THROMBOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 1.2.7.6
TAKAYASU*S ARTERITIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 1.2.8
CEREBRAL ANGIOPLASTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 1.2.8.1
VASOSPASM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 1.3
VENOUS OCCLUSIVE DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
1.3.1 ETIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
1.3.2 INCIDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
136 1.3.3 CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND NATURAL HISTORY . . . . . . . . 137
1.3.4 IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
1.3.5 TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 VIII
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 2 DURAL AND BONY TUMORS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 153 2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 154 2.2 MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 154 2.2.1 EPIDEMIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 154 2.2.1.1 ORIGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 154 2.2.1.2 INCIDENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 154 2.2.1.3 ASSOCIATION OF MENINGIOMAS WITH OTHER TUMORS
. . . . 155 2.2.1.4 SEX HORMONE RECEPTORS IN MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . .
. 156 2.2.1.5 CHROMOSOMAL PATTERNS IN MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . 156
2.2.1.6 MENINGIOMAS IN CHILDREN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
2.2.1.7 FAMILIAL OCCURRENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
157 2.2.1.8 MENINGIOMA INCIDENCE, PREVALENCE, AND MORTALITY . . . . 157
2.2.1.9 ETIOLOGY OF HUMAN MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
2.2.1.10 ONCOGENIC VIRUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
2.2.2 PATHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
2.2.2.1 GROWTH AND SPREAD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2.2.2.2 MALIGNANT MENINGIOMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
2.2.2.3 ANGIOBLASTIC MENINGIOMA AND/OR HEMANGIOPERICYTOMA 165 2.2.2.4
MENINGIOANGIOMATOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2.2.2.5
MENINGEAL MENINGIOMATOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 2.2.3
CLINICAL PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
2.2.3.1 SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 169 2.2.3.2 EPIDURAL MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
177 2.2.3.3 MENINGIOMAS OF THE ORBIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
177 2.2.3.4 MENINGIOMAS INVOLVING THE CAVERNOUS SINUS . . . . . . . 178
2.2.3.5 MENINGIOMAS IN OTHER UNUSUAL SITES . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2.2.3.6 INTRACRANIAL VASCULAR INVOLVEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
2.2.3.7 PERITUMORAL EDEMA IN MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2.2.4
PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2.2.4.1
CT SCANNING IN MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 2.2.4.2 MRI
SCANNING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 2.2.4.3
ANGIOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 2.2.4.4
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 2.2.5
THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY AND CLINICAL OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . 187 2.2.6
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 2.2.7
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN MENINGIOMA EMBOLIZATION . . 192 2.2.7.1
EXTRACRANIAL TUMOR EXTENSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 2.2.7.2
RECURRENT MENINGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 2.2.7.3
INTERNAL CAROTID SUPPLY TO RECURRENT OR MALIGNANT MENINGIOMAS AFTER
RADIATION THERAPY HAS FAILED . . . . 194 2.2.7.4 PIAL SUPPLY . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 2.2.7.5 PRE- AND
POSTEMBOLIZATION MEDICAL MANAGEMENT . . . . 194 2.2.7.6 TIME OF
OPERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 2.2.7.7
COMPLICATIONS OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 2.3 OTHER
BONY AND DURAL TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 2.3.1 CEREBRAL
TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 2.3.2
NEURINOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 2.3.3
ESTHESIONEUROBLASTOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 CONTENTS
OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 IX 3 NASOPHARYNGEAL TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 201 3.1 JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 201 3.1.1 MACROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 201 3.1.2 MICROSCOPIC PATHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
204 3.1.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
205 3.1.4 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
206 3.1.4.1 JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMAS AND SEX HORMONES . . . . . . . 206
3.1.4.2 PHYSIOLOGY AND THE NASAL MUCOSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
3.1.4.3 HORMONES AND THE VASCULAR SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
3.1.4.4 GLOBAL HYPOTHESIS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE ANGIOFIBROMAS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 3.1.5 CLINICAL FINDINGS . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 3.1.6 NATURAL HISTORY . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.1.7 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.1.7.1 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.1.7.2 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.1.7.3 ANGIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 3.1.8 THERAPEUTIC GOALS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 3.1.8.1 RADIATION THERAPY . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 3.1.9 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF EMBOLIZATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . 221 3.1.10 TUMOR RECURRENCE . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 223 3.2 OTHER NASOPHARYNGEAL TUMORS . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 224 3.3 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 226 4 PARAGANGLIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 227 4.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 227 4.2 EMBRYOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
228 4.3 EPIDEMIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
4.4 PATHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
4.4.1 VASCULAR ARCHITECTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4.5 NATURAL HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.6 CLINICAL ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.6.1 TYMPANIC PARAGANGLIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
4.6.2 JUGULAR PARAGANGLIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.6.3 CERVICAL PARAGANGLIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
4.6.4 PARAGANGLIOMAS IN OTHER LOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
4.6.5 SECRETORY PARAGANGLIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
4.6.6 ASSOCIATED LESIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246
4.7 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 4.8
PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 4.8.1
ANGIOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 4.8.2
TEMPORAL PARAGANGLIOMAS: SPECIFIC FEATURES . . . . . . . 252 4.8.3
CERVICAL PARAGANGLIOMAS: SPECIFIC FEATURES . . . . . . . . 257 4.9
THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 4.10
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 4.11
COMPLICATIONS OF EMBOLIZATION OF PARAGANGLIOMAS . . . 264 X CONTENTS OF
VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 5 OTHER HEAD AND NECK TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 265 5.1 THYROLARYNGEAL TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
5.2 CRANIOFACIAL TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 6
TRAUMATIC ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . 277 6.1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 6.2
TRAUMATIC CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . 279 6.2.1
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 6.2.2
CLINICAL ASPECTS OF TRAUMATIC CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULAE 285 6.2.2.1
OPHTHALMOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.2.2.2
CORNEAL ULCERATIONS AND/OR INFECTIONS AND SECONDARY GLAUCOMA . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 293 6.2.2.3 DIPLOPIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 6.2.2.4 CRANIAL NERVE INVOLVEMENT IN
TRAUMATIC CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . 298 6.2.2.5 BRUIT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 6.2.2.6
ARTERIAL STEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.2.2.7 HEMISPHERIC ARTERIAL INSUFFICIENCY . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
6.2.2.8 ASSOCIATED TRAUMATIC LESIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
6.2.3 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
6.2.3.1 LOCATION OF THE FISTULA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
308 6.2.3.2 VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE FISTULA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
314 6.2.4 THERAPEUTIC OBJECTIVES AND STRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.2.4.1 EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
6.2.4.2 EMERGENCY TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
6.2.4.3 SURGICAL APPROACH TO CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULAE . . . . 324
6.2.4.4 CONSERVATIVE TREATMENT OF TRAUMATIC CAROTID CAVERNOUS FISTULAE .
. . . . . . . . 325 6.2.5 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . .
. . . . . . 325 6.2.5.1 BALLOON SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 325 6.2.5.2 MANUAL COMPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 332 6.2.5.3 THE USE OF NBCA IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CAROTID
CAVERNOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 6.2.6
POSTEMBOLIZATION CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 6.3
OTHER TRAUMATIC ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . 334 6.3.1
EXTRACAVERNOUS ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . 334 6.3.2
VERTEBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 6.3.3
COMMON CAROTID FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 6.3.4
EXTERNAL CAROTID FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 6.3.5
MALIGNANT FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 6.3.6
OTHER EPISTAXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
6.3.6.1 COAGULOPATHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
6.3.6.2 SPONTANEOUS EPISTAXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
6.3.6.3 TUMORAL EPISTAXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
357 6.3.6.4 BIOPSY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 359 6.3.6.5 TRAUMATIC EPISTAXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 362 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 XI 7 ANEURYSMAL VASCULOPATHIES .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 7.1 FROM ANEURYSM TO ANEURYSMAL
VASCULOPATHIES . . . . . 366 7.1.1 GENERAL PERSPECTIVES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 366 7.1.1.1 MEDICAL CHALLENGE . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 7.1.1.2 DECISION-MAKING CHALLENGE IN
PATIENTS WITH UNRUPTURED ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
7.1.1.3 ETHICAL CHALLENGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
370 7.1.1.4 ACADEMIC AND NOSOLOGICAL CHALLENGES . . . . . . . . . . 371
7.1.2 PHYSIOPATHOGENESIS AND RISKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
7.1.2.1 CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
374 7.1.3 SEGMENTAL VULNERABILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
375 7.1.3.1 EMBRYOLOGICAL ORIGIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
377 7.1.3.2 AGE OF ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
380 7.2 EXTRADURAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
7.2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
7.2.2 EXTRADURAL INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ANEURYSMS . . . . . 382 7.2.2.1
CERVICAL INTERNAL CAROTID ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . 384 7.2.2.2
ACUTE SPONTANEOUS DISSECTION OF THE CAROTID ARTERY . . 394 7.2.2.3
PETROUS INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . 399 7.2.2.4
ANEURYSMS OF THE CAVERNOUS SEGMENT OF THE INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 401 7.2.2.5 CERVICAL FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 415 7.2.3 INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY OCCLUSION IN
EXTRADURAL INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY ANEURYSMS . . . . 417 7.2.3.1
TOLERANCE TO CAROTID OCCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418 7.2.3.2
POSTEMBOLIZATION CARE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 7.2.4
EXTRADURAL VERTEBRAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420 7.2.5
ANEURYSMS OF THE EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY . . . . . . . . 425 7.3
INTRADURAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 7.3.1
SACCULAR ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS AND ASSOCIATED DISEASES . . 431 7.3.1.1
POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 7.3.1.2
EHLERS*DANLOS SYNDROME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 7.3.1.3
NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 7.3.1.4
BOURNEVILLE DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436
7.3.1.5 FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438
7.3.2 SACCULAR ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS WITHOUT DIAGNOSED ASSOCIATED DISEASES
. . . . . . . . . 438 7.3.2.1 NONSYNDROMIC FAMILIAL ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS .
. . . . . . 438 7.3.2.2 MULTIPLE SACCULAR ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . .
. . . . . 440 7.3.2.3 ARTERIAL ANATOMY, SINGLE, MIRROR, AND TWIN
SACCULAR ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . 442 7.4 INTRADURAL
ARTERY DISSECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 7.5 INTRADURAL
GIANT SACCULAR AND NONSACCULAR ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . .
478 7.5.1 GENERAL REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
478 7.5.2 GIANT INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS WITH THROMBOSIS . . . . . 486
7.5.3 NONSACCULAR GIANT ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . 497
7.5.3.1 MEGADOLICHO ARTERIES AND SERPENTINE ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS 498 XII
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 7.5.4 MULTIPLE GIANT ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS
AND MIRROR GIANT ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . 500 7.6
INFECTIOUS, IMMUNE, AND INFLAMMATORY INTRADURAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . .
. 502 7.6.1 INFECTIOUS ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
502 7.6.2 INTRADURAL FUSIFORM ANEURYSMS IN PATIENTS WITH IMMUNE
DEFICIENCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 7.6.3 INFLAMMATORY
DISEASES AND ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . 513 7.7 FLOW-RELATED ARTERIAL
ANEURYSMS AND OTHER ANEURYSMAL VASCULOPATHIES . . . . . . . . . . 514
7.7.1 INTRADURAL TRAUMATIC ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . 518 7.7.2
ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS ASSOCIATED WITH PROLIFERATIVE DISEASES 523 7.7.3
ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISORDERS AND COARCTATION OF
THE AORTA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 7.8 THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 7.8.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 7.8.2 METHOD . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 532 7.8.3 RESULTS OF THE ENDOVASCULAR
APPROACH . . . . . . . . . . 538 7.8.4 MANAGEMENT OF MULTIPLE ARTERIAL
ANEURYSMS . . . . . . 549 7.8.5 MANAGEMENT OF GIANT ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS .
. . . . . . . 560 8 DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 565 8.1 HISTORICAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
566 8.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
8.3 THE OSTEODURAL*VENOUS COMPLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571 8.3.1
DURAL VENOUS PLEXUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572 8.3.2
TRANSDURAL VEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573 8.4
CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 8.5
CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS . . 579 8.5.1
CRANIAL NERVE SYMPTOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 8.5.2
TINNITUS AND OBJECTIVE BRUITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581 8.5.3
FOCAL NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 8.5.4
GLOBAL NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585 8.5.5
INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 8.5.6
HORMONAL INFLUENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 8.5.7
ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS AND MULTIPLICITY . . . . . . . . . . 590 8.6
NATURAL HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 8.7
PROGRESSION OF SYMPTOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 8.8
PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 8.9
THERAPEUTIC ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 8.9.1
INDICATIONS AND STRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598 8.9.2
TOPOGRAPHIC CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602 8.9.3
TECHNICAL ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 8.9.4
TIMING OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 8.9.5
RESULTS OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 XIII 8.9.6 COMPLICATIONS OF EMBOLIZATION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 606 8.9.7 SURGERY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607 9 CEREBRAL VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS:
INCIDENCE, CLASSIFICATION, ANGIOARCHITECTURE, AND SYMPTOMATOLOGY OF
BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS AND VENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 609 9.1 INCIDENCE OF CEREBRAL VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS . . . . . 609 9.2
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612 9.3
CLASSIFICATION OF CEREBRAL VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS . . . 614 9.3.1 BRAIN
ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615 9.3.1.1 GENERAL
APPEARANCE OF ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS . . . . . . 615 9.3.1.2 MULTIPLE
BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . 618 9.3.1.3 TOPOGRAPHIC
ANALYSIS OF BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 625
9.3.1.4 ANGIOARCHITECTURE OF BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS 631
9.3.1.5 CLINICAL*ANGIOARCHITECTURAL CORRELATION IN BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 677 9.3.2 VENOUS VARIATIONS,
MALFORMATIONS, AND MIXED LESIONS . . 684 9.3.2.1 DEVELOPMENTAL VENOUS
ANOMALIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685 9.3.2.2 CAVERNOUS HEMANGIOMAS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686 9.3.2.3 CEREBRAL CAVERNOUS
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 687 9.3.2.4 OCCULT AND CRYPTIC
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 690 9.3.2.5 STURGE*WEBER SYNDROME
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691 10 GOALS AND OBJECTIVES IN THE
MANAGEMENT OF BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . 695 10.1
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695 10.2
INDICATIONS FOR TREATMENT OF BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . .
. . . . . 696 10.2.1 AGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 700 10.2.2 SEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 701 10.2.3 LIFESTYLE AND OCCUPATION . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 701 10.2.4 PRESENTING SYMPTOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 703 10.2.4.1 HEMORRHAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 703 10.2.4.2 SEIZURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 704 10.2.4.3 HEADACHES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 704 10.2.4.4 NEUROLOGICAL DEFICITS . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 708 10.2.5 LOCATION, SIZE, AND DEEP VENOUS
DRAINAGE . . . . . . . . 708 10.2.6 BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS
AND ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708 10.3
THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT STRATEGY . . . . . . . . . . . . 715 10.4
EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 10.4.1
PARTIAL (TARGETED) EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 10.4.2
PARTIAL (PALLIATIVE) EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 XIV
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 10.4.3 CURATIVE EMBOLIZATION . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 10.4.4 PREOPERATIVE EMBOLIZATION . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 728 10.4.5 INTRAOPERATIVE EMBOLIZATION THERAPY .
. . . . . . . . . . 729 10.4.6 EMBOLIZATION PRIOR TO RADIOSURGERY . . .
. . . . . . . . . 729 10.4.6.1 SIZE REDUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 729 10.4.6.2 TARGETED EMBOLIZATION PRIOR TO
STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY 731 10.4.7 STAGING OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 732 10.4.8 EMERGENCY EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 732 10.4.9 CONTRAINDICATIONS FOR ENDOVASCULAR
TREATMENT . . . . . 732 10.4.10 EMBOLIZATION RESULTS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 734 11 SPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . .
. . . 737 11.1 PARACHORDAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE (EXTRACRANIAL,
VERTEBRO-VERTEBRAL, PARASPINAL, EXTRADURAL, AND EXTRASPINAL
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE) . . . . . . . . . 738 11.1.1 GENERAL REMARKS . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 11.1.2 CRANIAL (BRANCHIAL)
ARTERIOVENOUS SHUNTS . . . . . . . . 740 11.1.2.1 MAXILLARY
ARTERY-TO-VEIN ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE (STAPEDIAL) 743 11.1.2.2 ASCENDING
PHARYNGEAL-INTERNAL JUGULAR ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE (HYPOGLOSSAL) . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743 11.1.3 VERTEBRO-VERTEBRAL
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE (PROATLANTAL AND INTERSEGMENTAL) . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 743 11.1.3.1 VERTEBRO-VERTEBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . .
. . . . 743 11.1.3.2 CLINICAL FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 751 11.1.4 PARASPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 752 11.2 SPINAL CORD VASCULAR LESIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 758 11.3 SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . 760
11.3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767 11.3.2 ANGIOARCHITECTURE . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 11.3.2.1 ARTERIAL FEATURES .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775 11.3.2.2 DIRECT
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784 11.3.2.3
HIGH-FLOW ANGIOPATHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 786 11.3.2.4
ARTERIAL ANEURYSMS IN SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . . . . .
. 786 11.3.2.5 DURAL SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 794 11.3.2.6 NIDUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 794 11.3.2.7 VEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 802 11.3.3 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 808 11.3.3.1 CLINICAL ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 808 11.3.3.2 NONINVASIVE IMAGING MODALITIES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 808 11.3.3.3 ANGIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 809 11.4 SPINAL CORD HEMODYNAMICS . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 810 11.4.1 PARTICULAR FORMS OF SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . 811 11.4.1.1 SPINAL CORD INTRADURAL
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . . 811 11.4.1.2 SPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS
METAMERIC SYNDROMES . . . . . . . 813 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 XV
11.4.1.3 ASSOCIATED CEREBRAL AND SPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . .
. . . . . . . 822 11.4.2 CLINICAL ASPECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 825 11.4.2.1 NATURAL HISTORY AND CLINICAL PRESENTATION .
. . . . . . . 825 11.4.2.2 PROGNOSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 830 11.4.2.3 AGGRAVATING FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 831 11.5 TREATMENT OF VASCULAR LESIONS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 833 11.5.1 INDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 833 11.5.2 RESULTS OF SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATION EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839 11.5.3
COMPLICATIONS OF EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840 11.5.4
SURGERY IN THE TREATMENT OF SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS . .
. . . . 842 11.5.5 RADIOTHERAPY OF SPINAL CORD ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . 843 11.5.6 MEDICAL THERAPY . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 843 12 SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . .
. . . . . . . 849 12.1 PATHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 850 12.1.1 MACROSCOPIC APPEARANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 851 12.1.2 MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 853 12.1.3 PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE SPINAL CORD . . . . . . .
. . 854 12.2 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
854 12.3 CLINICAL PRESENTATION OF SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE .
. . . . . . . . . 858 12.4 IMAGING OF SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS
FISTULAE . . . . . 859 12.5 TREATMENT OF SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS
FISTULAE . . . 867 12.5.1 INDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 867 12.5.2 EMBOLIZATION OF SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS
FISTULAE: TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
867 12.5.3 RESULTS OF SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA EMBOLIZATION
869 12.5.4 SURGERY FOR SPINAL DURAL ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAE . . . . . 871
12.5.5 POSTOPERATIVE FOLLOW-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 872
13 TUMORS OF THE SPINAL COLUMN AND SPINAL CORD . . 873 13.1 INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 13.2 SPINAL
ANGIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 13.3
ANGIOGRAPHIC PROTOCOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 13.4
EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 13.4.1
CERVICAL TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 13.4.2
THORACIC, LUMBAR, AND SACRAL TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . 877 13.4.3
CHEMOEMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 13.4.4
INTRALESIONAL EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880 13.5
BENIGN TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 13.5.1
VERTEBRAL HEMANGIOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 13.5.1.1
ASSOCIATED LESIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 XVI
CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 13.5.1.2 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 888 13.5.1.3 TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 13.5.1.4 EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 13.5.2 ANEURYSMAL BONE CYSTS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 13.5.2.1 CLINICAL PRESENTATION . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 890 13.5.2.2 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 13.5.2.3 ANGIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 13.5.2.4 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 13.5.2.5 PATHOGENESIS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 892 13.5.3 OTHER BENIGN
VASCULAR TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 13.5.4 GIANT CELL TUMORS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 13.5.4.1 PATHOLOGY . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 13.5.4.2 CLINICAL
PRESENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 13.5.4.3
RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893 13.5.4.4
EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 13.6
MALIGNANT TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 895 13.6.1
PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 13.6.2
EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897 13.7
SPINAL CORD TUMORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
13.7.1 HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898
13.7.1.1 HISTOPATHOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
898 13.7.1.2 VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
900 13.7.2 PRETHERAPEUTIC EVALUATION OF HEMANGIOBLASTOMAS . . . . 904
13.7.2.1 COMPUTERIZED TOMOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
13.7.2.2 MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 904
13.7.2.3 ANGIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
905 13.7.3 FEEDING ARTERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 906 13.7.4 DRAINING VEINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 906 13.7.5 TREATMENT AND EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 906 13.8 OTHER INTRADURAL VASCULAR TUMORS AND SPINAL HEMORRHAGE 909 14
TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF SURGICAL NEUROANGIOGRAPHY . . 913 14.1 INTRODUCTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 14.2 PATIENT
PREPARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 14.2.1
ANGIOGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 14.2.2
PREOPERATIVE MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
14.2.2.1 CORTICOSTEROIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
918 14.2.2.2 ANTICONVULSANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 918 14.2.2.3 ANTIPLATELETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 919 14.3 ANESTHESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 919 14.3.1 GENERAL ANESTHESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 919 14.3.2 NEUROLEPTIC ANALGESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 920 14.3.3 TRACHEOSTOMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 920 14.3.4 LOCAL ANESTHESIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 920 14.3.5 INPUT AND OUTPUT MONITORING . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 921 14.3.6 ARTERIAL LINE AND VENOUS LINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 921 14.3.7 HEPARINIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 923 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 XVII 14.3.8 ACTIVATED COAGULATION
TIME MONITORING . . . . . . . . . 924 14.3.9 FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 14.3.9.1 SOMATOSENSORY- AND
MOTOR-EVOKED POTENTIALS . . . . . . 925 14.3.9.2 FACIAL NERVE MONITORING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 925 14.3.10 PHARMACOLOGICAL TESTING
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 14.3.10.1 AMOBARBITAL . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 926 14.3.10.2 XYLOCAINE . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 14.3.10.3
MUCOCUTANEOUS TERRITORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 14.4
ARTERIOTOMY SITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 929 14.4.1
INTRODUCER SHEATH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 930 14.4.2
CLOSURE DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932
14.4.2.1 HEMOSTASIS OF THE ARTERIOTOMY SITE CLOSURE . . . . . . . 932
14.4.2.2 INTERNAL CLOSURE DEVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
932 14.5 CATHETERS AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
14.5.1 GUIDING CATHETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
14.5.2 MICROCATHETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
934 14.5.3 BALLOON CATHETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
942 14.5.3.1 TOLERANCE TESTING AND FLOW CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . .
942 14.5.3.2 DETACHABLE BALLOONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
955 14.5.3.3 ANGIOPLASTY BALLOON CATHETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
958 14.5.3.4 BALLOON-MOUNTED STENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
962 14.5.3.5 STENT DELIVERY CATHETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 962 14.6 GUIDEWIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
965 14.6.1 MICROGUIDEWIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
965 14.7 EMBOLIC AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
969 14.7.1 PARTICULATE AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 969 14.7.1.1 ABSORBABLE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 970 14.7.1.2 NONABSORBABLE PARTICULATE MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . .
. 974 14.7.1.3 FLOW-DIRECTED PARTICLE EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . .
980 14.7.1.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN ANEURYSM TREATMENT . . . . . . . .
1020 14.7.1.5 GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF COIL TREATMENT OF ANEURYSMS . . .
1030 14.7.2 NONABSORBABLE LIQUID AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1059 14.7.2.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 1059 14.7.2.2 ACRYLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1059 14.7.2.3 SCLEROTHERAPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1074 14.7.2.4 ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMER . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1083 14.7.3 EVOH IN BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
TREATMENT 1089 14.8 OPACIFYING AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1092 14.8.1 TANTALUM POWDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1092 14.8.2 IOPHENDYLATE (PANTOPAQUE) . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1093 14.8.3 IODIZED OIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1093 14.8.4 ETHIODOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1093 14.9 CHEMOTHERAPY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1093 14.9.1 INTRA-ARTERIAL INFUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1093 14.9.2 TIME-RELEASED MICROCAPSULES
(CHEMOEMBOLIZATION) . . 1094 14.10 MISCELLANEOUS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1094 14.10.1 SYRINGES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094 XVIII CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2
14.10.2 STOPCOCKS AND Y-ADAPTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1095
14.10.3 TRAY CONTAINERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1095 14.10.4 FLUSHING SOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 1095 14.10.5 CORTICOSTEROIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1096 14.10.6 NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERIES .
. . 1096 14.11 FLOW CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1097 14.11.1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 1097 14.11.2 FLOW CONTROL IN THE CRANIOFACIAL AREA . . . . . .
. . . . . 1097 14.11.2.1 PROTECTION OF AN ENDANGERED ANASTOMOSIS . . . .
. . . . 1101 14.11.2.2 INTRALESIONAL FLOW CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1101 14.11.2.3 OCCLUSIVE BALLOON FLOW REVERSAL . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1102 14.11.2.4 FUNCTIONAL REARRANGEMENT OF THE SUPPLY TO A
TERRITORY . 1104 14.11.2.5 SURGICAL FLOW CONTROL . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1104 14.11.3 FLOW CONTROL IN THE MENINGEAL ARCADE AND
DURAL SURFACES 1104 14.11.4 FLOW CONTROL IN THE CEREBRAL CIRCULATION . .
. . . . . . . 1104 14.11.4.1 DISTAL CATHETERIZATION . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 1106 14.11.4.2 FLOW REVERSAL . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1108 14.11.4.3 FLOW ARREST . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 14.11.4.4 SYSTEMIC HYPOTENSION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 14.11.4.5 CATHETER WITHDRAWAL . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111 14.11.5 SPINE AND SPINAL CORD . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113 14.11.5.1 TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF
ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT IN THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113 14.12 POSTEMBOLIZATION CARE . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1128 14.12.1 HEAD AND NECK . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1128 14.12.2 CEREBRAL ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . 1128 14.12.3 INTRADURAL ANEURYSMS . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1128 14.12.4 SPINAL ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 14.13 COMPLICATIONS OF
EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 14.13.1 COMPLICATIONS OF
HEAD AND NECK EMBOLIZATION . . . . . 1129 14.13.1.1 NEUROLOGICAL DEFICIT
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 14.13.1.2 CRANIAL NERVE
DEFICIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 14.13.1.3
POSTOPERATIVE SWELLING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130
14.13.1.4 SKIN NECROSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1130 14.13.2 COMPLICATIONS OF CEREBRAL EMBOLIZATION . . . . . . . . .
1130 14.13.2.1 MEDICAL THERAPY FOR ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE . . . . . . .
1130 14.13.2.2 RECANALIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 1131 14.13.2.3 MICROCIRCULATION AGENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1132 14.13.2.4 ANTIPLATELETS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1132 14.13.2.5 ANTICOAGULATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 1132 14.13.2.6 BIORHEOLOGICAL FACTORS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1133 14.13.2.7 ANTIEDEMA AND PHARMACOLOGICAL
PROTECTION AGENTS . . . 1134 14.13.2.8 ADDITIONAL MEASURES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135 14.13.3 HEMORRHAGE . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135 14.13.3.1 GENERALITIES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135 14.13.3.2 BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS
MALFORMATION RUPTURE . . . . . . . 1137 14.13.3.3 ANEURYSM RUPTURE . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1141 14.13.3.4 ARTERIAL STENOSIS . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1143 14.13.3.5 VASOSPASM . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1146 CONTENTS OF VOLUMES
2.1 AND 2.2 XIX 14.14 FOLLOW-UP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 1146 14.15 COMBINED ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENTS . . . . . . . .
. . . 1146 14.15.1 COMBINED ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT IN ANEURYSM THERAPY .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147 14.15.2 COMBINED ENDOVASCULAR
TREATMENT IN BRAIN ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION THERAPY . . . . . . 1147
14.15.3 COMBINED ENDOVASCULAR TREATMENT IN OCCLUSIVE AND HEMORRHAGIC
VASCULAR DISEASE . . . . . . . . . . . . 1147 14.16 TECHNIQUES OF
CAROTID ANGIOPLASTY AND STENTING . . . . . 1152 14.16.1 INTRODUCTION . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1152 14.16.2 HEMODYNAMIC
DISTURBANCES DURING STENTING . . . . . . 1152 14.16.3 PREMEDICATION . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153 14.16.4 VASOACTIVE
MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154 14.16.5
INTERVENTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1154
14.16.6 PREDILATATION ANGIOPLASTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1164 14.16.7 STENT SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 1164 14.16.7.1 SELF-EXPANDABLE STENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 1169 14.16.7.2 NITINOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 1169 14.16.7.3 BALLOON-EXPANDABLE STENTS . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1171 14.16.7.4 LOW-PROFILE BALLOON-EXPANDABLE STENTS . .
. . . . . . . . 1171 14.16.7.5 GFX II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 1171 14.16.8 POSTDILATATION ANGIOPLASTY . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 14.16.8.1 DISTAL CEREBRAL PROTECTION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173 14.16.9 MECHANICAL REVASCULARIZATION OF
TOTALLY OCCLUDED BRACHIOCEPHALIC VESSELS . . . . . . . 1176 14.16.10
COMPLICATIONS OF MECHANICAL REVASCULARIZATION . . . . . 1178 14.16.11
STENT RETRIEVAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1179
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1183 SUBJECT INDEX FOR VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1259 MANUFACTURERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1271 XX CONTENTS OF VOLUMES 2.1 AND 2.2
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Lasjaunias, Pierre L. 1948- Berenstein, Alex 1947- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)111120705 (DE-588)111120713 |
| author_facet | Lasjaunias, Pierre L. 1948- Berenstein, Alex 1947- |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:22:58Z |
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| isbn | 3540416684 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Lasjaunias, Pierre L. 1948- Verfasser (DE-588)111120705 aut Surgical neuroangiography 2,2 Clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults : cerebral arteriovenous shunts ; spinal arteriovenous shunts ; spinal vascular tumors ; technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery ; 155 tables P. Lasjaunias ; A. Berenstein ; K. G. ter Brugge 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2004 XXIV S., S. 566 - 1269 Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Berenstein, Alex 1947- Verfasser (DE-588)111120713 aut Brugge, Karel G. ter Sonstige oth (DE-604)BV017978238 2,2 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010733818&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Lasjaunias, Pierre L. 1948- Berenstein, Alex 1947- Surgical neuroangiography |
| title | Surgical neuroangiography |
| title_auth | Surgical neuroangiography |
| title_exact_search | Surgical neuroangiography |
| title_full | Surgical neuroangiography 2,2 Clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults : cerebral arteriovenous shunts ; spinal arteriovenous shunts ; spinal vascular tumors ; technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery ; 155 tables P. Lasjaunias ; A. Berenstein ; K. G. ter Brugge |
| title_fullStr | Surgical neuroangiography 2,2 Clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults : cerebral arteriovenous shunts ; spinal arteriovenous shunts ; spinal vascular tumors ; technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery ; 155 tables P. Lasjaunias ; A. Berenstein ; K. G. ter Brugge |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surgical neuroangiography 2,2 Clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults : cerebral arteriovenous shunts ; spinal arteriovenous shunts ; spinal vascular tumors ; technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery ; 155 tables P. Lasjaunias ; A. Berenstein ; K. G. ter Brugge |
| title_short | Surgical neuroangiography |
| title_sort | surgical neuroangiography clinical and endovascular treatment aspects in adults cerebral arteriovenous shunts spinal arteriovenous shunts spinal vascular tumors technical aspects of endovascular neurosurgery 155 tables |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010733818&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV017978238 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT lasjauniaspierrel surgicalneuroangiography22 AT berensteinalex surgicalneuroangiography22 AT bruggekarelgter surgicalneuroangiography22 |