The moving text: localization, translation, and distribution
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Benjamin
2004
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Benjamins translation library
49 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVII, 220 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1588115089 902721655X |
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| adam_text | The Moving Text
Localization, translation, and distribution
Anthony Pym
John Benjamins Publishing Company
Amsterdam / Philadelphia
Table of contents
Introduction xv
CHAPTER 1
Distribution 1
Localization in the computer 2
Software localization is seen as a case of general localization, visible in its
mistakes Translation is a part of localization, but both are general processes
that work on language
The movements behind localization 4
A wider sense of localization is found in a French newspaper advertisement,
structured by the logics of material distribution
Types of locales and localization 9
The logics of distribution set up positions for participative, observational, and
excluded locales, which may in turn correspond to different degrees of
localization
Determination by distribution 10
The degrees of localization respond to variable resistance to distribution, in
both the computer and the newspaper advertisement
What our notion of distribution is not 12
This kind of distribution is material movement in time and space; it does not
necessarily involve cultural integration; it is not a mental process
Distribution is a precondition for localization 14
Localization and translation are responses to distribution, but only as general
phenomena; there is no one-to-one causation
Exactly what is distributed? 17
Texts are distributed, as objects marked with meaningful materiality, found in
the example of an indigenous cave painting Texts cannot be separated from
this materiality, so localization cannot be separated from distribution
Where do locales end? 21
The limits of a locale can be defined as the points where texts have been
localized Localization thus forms locales
Localization can be approached from distribution 23
The material determinants on distribution can account for the adaptation of
texts, as seen in an English translation of De Gaulle
VIII Table of contents
Distribution can be approached through localization 25
The logical analysis of distribution and its negation can produce the concepts
of source text and distributed text, both non-material positions, and thus
account for pseudotranslations
Internal and external knowledge 28
Internal knowledge of localization works on the alternatives not selected, and
thus on logics of negation External knowledge works from material
distribution Our theory needs both approaches
CHAPTER2
Asymmetries of distribution 29
Denning localization 29
Standard definitions create confusion between localization,
internationalization, and globalization
Internationalization 30
Internationalization is the preparation of a generic text for multiple
localizations The concept can be extended to include terminology databases
and controlled languages, occupying the guiding position once accorded to the
source text
Internationalization and differences between locales 37
Internationalization can enhance rather than restrict the differences between
locales, as is suggested by the language varieties that computer programs are
marketed for
Asymmetries based on the size of locales 40
The principle factor determining how many texts move may be the relative size
of locales It is possible that the larger the locale, the greater the percentage of
texts moved from that locale and the smaller the percentage of movements into
that locale It is also possible that the distribution a locale receives without
localization tends to be directly proportional to the distribution it receives with
localization
Against complete localization 45
Localization is rarely complete, since asymmetries remain in the technical
terminology This incompletion potentially allows end-users to move to the
locales of production
The lure of the global 49
Complete internationalization may be an ideal, but it could involve saying as
little as a message sent into space
Table of contents ix
CHAPTER 3
Equivalence, malgre tout 51
Denning translation 51
Industry discourse on localization defines translation in a very restrictive way,
in terms of discontinuities that can be identified in practice
A brief history of translational equivalence 54
The restrictive notion of equivalence comes at a time when translation theory
is moving toward a broader view, like that of localization
An equivalence-based theory of translation 57
Traditional translation theories associate equivalence with the end result of a
one-way process occurring in an apparently subjectless place
Signification and value 59
Saussure s distinction between signification and value would make
translational equivalence difficult to ground, although the distinction becomes
relatively inoperative in fields structured by internationalization
Equivalence in translation and internationalization 62
The kind of equivalence based on internationalization is not like the operative
fictions used by translation, where equivalence retains its associations with
directionality and constrained quantities
CHAPTER 4
How translations speak 67
Seeing anonymity 67
The operative anonymity of translators is a consequence of translational
equivalence It maybe thought of in terms of discontinuities rather than dines
Two maxims defining translation 70
Translation can be defined in terms of a maxim of first-person displacement
and a maxim of quantitative equivalence
The utterance I am translating is necessarily false 71
Since the first person of a translation cannot refer to the translator, the discursive
operator is best described as translates as, relating texts rather than people
Second persons 74
Translational discourse also tends to shift second persons to neutral worlds,
characterized by third-person relationships
Participative and observational second persons 76
In these terms, translation or non-translation can be used to change the status
of second persons, as seen in the French newspaper advertisement
Third persons in paratexts 79
The textual frontiers that present translations are in the third person; they can
use defining or relative clauses
Table of contents
The discursive creation of neutral worlds 80
In some circumstances, translators can speak through their translations,
challenging the representational maxims In other circumstances, retreat to the
third person conceals the positions not just of the translator, but of the source
and target locales as well
Third persons can conflict 84
In some cases, the need to select between third-person terms must itself
position the translator This is yet another instance where translation can be
used to modify and direct discourse
CHAPTER 5
Quantity speaks 87
Why quantity is important 87
The maxim of representational quantity contradicts Zipf s rank-frequency law,
making the maxim difficult to maintain in practice
Types of quantitatively based equivalence 89
The maxim is challenged differently according to whether the presentation is
with or without a source text, or with more than one target text
Transliteration 90
The straight use of source-text material attains a degree of equivalence so
absolute as to be often unacceptable
Double presentation 92
If a translation is presented alongside its presumed source, the presumed source
will tend to be accorded more value than the translation, although this relation
may undergo ironic inversion in cases of extreme quantitative discrepancy
Quantities of translation within localization 95
Non-ironic journalistic localizations of the Spanish term La Movida suggest
that the longer the translation, the more value is accorded to the source
Predication is a quantitative threshold 97
Translational expansion is difficult to extend beyond the level of the sentence
Single presentation 98
When only the translation is presented, there is limited codification of
expansion, abbreviation, addition, and deletion
Notes are expansion by a different name 100
Translators notes give the translator a first person not possible in in-text
expansion
Deletion and abbreviation 101
Reductive strategies are difficult to justify, since most distributions are away from
the centers of highest frequency and thus require longer, more explicit terms
Table of contents xi
Deletion and addition 102
Explicit deletion and addition mostly require an authority external to the
translating translator, although translation has frequently been linked with
editorial responsibilities
Multiple presentation 105
The presentation of more than one translation leads to contradictory modes of
equivalence The most recent translation might be accorded more value, but
there is also a right of first possession, allowing some translations to be come
pseudo-originals
Archaizing translations 107
A translation may adopt a language variety older than that of the target locale,
enabling it to work as a special kind of pseudo-original
CHAPTER 6
Belonging as resistance 111
The opposite of localization 111
Localization opposes non-distribution, which itself depends on the various
ways in which texts belong in some locales and not in others
There are no solo performances 113
Performative utterances link texts not just to a first-person action, but also to a
second person who recognizes the power to perform
Extending performance 115
Performatives can be seen at the base of instrumental translations, as opposed
to documentary translations Translation may thus extend performance away
from the locales of primary belonging
How discourse resists distribution 118
The distribution of discourses is largely restricted by the structuring of the
I-here-now The resulting elasticity may be tested on the thresholds of shared,
referential, or unlimited distribution
Textual worlds overcome resistance to distribution 120
The more a text is explicit and codified within its own world, the easier it is to
distribute and the weaker is its belonging to an original I-here-now
Variation and implicit knowledge 121
The use of local variants can have a performative effect, resisting distribution
by creating implicit knowledge The movement of such texts may require
extreme explicitation, creating textual worlds through the use of narrative
Belonging and vagueness 123
Belonging means that the specific referents of many terms remain vague even
in their source locales, creating significant indeterminism even before the
moment of distribution to another locale
XII Table of contents
The tongue carries forgotten belonging 125
Natural languages strongly reinforce relations of belonging because they bind
together experience in many different fields, and do so by discursively structuring
the subject This power is overlooked in many models of localization processes
Embeddedness is complex belonging 128
Natural languages use terms in many different locales, and thus embed
language within cultural complexes This embedding resists distribution
Cultural embeddedness conditions difficulty 130
Relative embeddedness explains why specialized texts are easier to localize than
general texts, terminology is easier than everyday language, and distribution
over long distance may similarly reduce resistance
CHAPTER 7
Transaction costs 133
Assuming effability 133
Everything can be localized into every locale if and when unlimited effort can
be invested in the localization processes Real-world projects then require
calculations of how much effort is justified in each case
The size of communication acts 134
In this analysis, the size of the communication act is defined by the mutual
benefits to be attained
Negotiation and mutual benefits 136
Cooperation is defined as the attainment of benefits for all participants in a
communication act
How this concerns communication between cultures 140
Cooperation is harder to attain in cross-cultural communication because there
are more occasions for potential mistrust More effort is thus put into
communication, or the information loads are reduced
Transaction costs 141
Transaction costs quantify the effort put into communication The lower they
are, the more leeway there is for cooperation to be attained
Localization as a set of transaction costs 143
Localization and translation involve relatively high transaction costs, although
they can be used to structure such costs
The parameters of localization costs 144
Localization costs can be adjusted in accordance with the diversity of locales
and the size of the communication act These adjustments are different for
internationalization, translation, and language learning
Reducing transaction costs 149
Transaction costs can be reduced by limiting directionality, promoting passive
language competence, using internationalization, or reducing the quantities or
qualities of texts
Table of contents xm
The interests of intermediaries 152
The reduction of transaction costs may be in the long-term interest of
intermediaries because they will gain more work from the enhanced
possibilities of cooperation
Defending the transaction-cost model 154
The neo-classical model can be extended beyond its simplistic psychology,
becoming compatible with several realist strands of translation theory
CHAPTER8
Professionalization 159
Segmentation 159
One of the effects of globalization is the breaking up of the market for
linguistic mediation into separate segments, with technology as a major hurdle
between the segments
The effects of market segmentation 164
Segmentation leads to a narrowing of the role of translation within
localization, and the development of separate professional institutions
Professionalization and professional identity 166
Segmentation may be challenged by controlling the mediating professions
bureaucratically, or by trying to develop a shared professional identity
Suspicion of the intermediary 167
All intermediaries are subject to mistrust, which has historically been controlled
by restricted access to the profession or by hierarchical state regulations
Inspiration 169
A later solution to the problem of mistrust was to claim collective inspiration,
making the profession its own control mechanism
Teamwork 171
The authority of mediating teams was then historically enhanced through the
principle of diverse provenance, where professionals are selected because of
their differences and can thus check on each other
The hierarchy of languages 172
The medieval professions also drew authority from the ideological hierarchy of
languages, a structure that returns in the age of electronic communication
An unstable source 174
Medieval mediation was also characterized by unstable source texts, which
allowed the mediator greater professional responsibilities This too returns in
the age of constantly rewritten electronic texts
Ethical principles 176
Ethical principles help build professional identity, but should not do so on the
basis of idealist understanding or assumed neutrality An ethics of cooperation
can avoid those essentialisms
xiv Table of contents
CHAPTER 9
Humanizing discourse 181
Seeking the long view 181
Mediation should seek to humanize cross-cultural relations, working with
technology rather than against it
Adaptation as humanization 184
If humanization involves working at local levels of discourse, it should be the
ideological aim of localization Localization technology, however, brings about
significant transformations in the way language is used
The loss of discursive linearity 185
One of the main effects that internationalization and localization have on
discourse is the relative loss of linearity This may not be dehumanizing in itself
Persons 188
Technical discourse, like translation, tends to avoid first and second persons
This can be reinforced by the loss of linearity and is felt to be dehumanizing
Accessibility 191
Professional technical texts are less accessible than technical texts for general
users This might be dehumanizing if localization locks the user into one kind
of locale or another
Rhetoric and social segmentation 193
Renaissance humanism sought exchanges between many types and levels of
discourse, working against segmentation Humanizing discourse might be that
which pedagogically enables users to move between locales, and uses linearity
to this end
Explicitness 195
Professional technical discourse is more explicit than non-professional
discourse Explicitness, however, may be pedagogically empowering and
should be regarded as a positive value
Mediation and its vices 197
Localization and translation can be used to humanize discourse in all these
aspects Complete localization, however, which would position users in just
one locale, does not promise the necessary mobility
Notes 199
References 205
Subject index 215
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| spellingShingle | Pym, Anthony 1956- The moving text localization, translation, and distribution Benjamins translation library localisation des logiciels - traduction profession - image - traducteur qualité - traduction Übersetzung (DE-588)4061418-9 gnd Theorie (DE-588)4059787-8 gnd Übersetzungswissenschaft (DE-588)4438228-5 gnd |
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| title | The moving text localization, translation, and distribution |
| title_auth | The moving text localization, translation, and distribution |
| title_exact_search | The moving text localization, translation, and distribution |
| title_full | The moving text localization, translation, and distribution Anthony Pym |
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| title_short | The moving text |
| title_sort | the moving text localization translation and distribution |
| title_sub | localization, translation, and distribution |
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