Holdings: Process centrifugal compressors

Process centrifugal compressors: basics, function, operation, design, application

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Lüdtke, Klaus H. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2004
Series:	Engineering online library
Subjects:	Compresseurs Compressors Kreiselverdichter
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Physical Description:	XVII, 328 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540404279

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adam_text	CONTENTS 1 BASIC COMPRESSOR AERO-THERMODYNAMICS ...................................................... 1 1.1 THE BEGINNINGS OF TURBOMACHINERY............................................................ 1 1.1.1 PROCESS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSOR .......................................................... 1 1.1.2 TURBOCHARGER........................................................................................ 2 1.1.3 CENTRIFUGAL REFRIGERATION MACHINE ...................................................... 2 1.1.4 TURBOJET AIRCRAFT ENGINE...................................................................... 2 1.1.5 AXIAL COMPRESSOR ................................................................................ 5 1.1.6 STEAM TURBINE...................................................................................... 5 1.1.7 STATIONARY GAS TURBINE ........................................................................ 6 1.1.8 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP ................................................................................. 6 1.1.9 ROCKET ENGINE...................................................................................... 6 1.2 PROCESSES...................................................................................................... 8 1.3 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY..................................................................... 12 1.3.1 COMPRESSOR ........................................................................................ 12 1.3.2 IMPELLER, STAGE, SECTION ..................................................................... 13 1.4 METHOD OF PRESENTING EQUATIONS................................................................ 14 1.5 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS ........................................................... 16 1.6 REFERENCE COMPRESSION PROCESSES............................................................. 18 1.6.1 HEAT IN THE TEMPERATUREENTROPY DIAGRAM ....................................... 18 1.6.2 ENTHALPY DIFFERENCE IN THE TEMPERATUREENTROPY DIAGRAM .............. 19 1.6.3 WORK IN REFERENCE PROCESSES............................................................. 20 1.6.4 APPLICATION OF REFERENCE WORK ......................................................... 25 1.6.5 HEAD/EFFICIENCY, PRACTICAL FORMULAE, PERFECT GAS BEHAVIOR ............. 25 1.7 THE EULER TURBOMACHINERY EQUATION ........................................................ 30 1.7.1 CHANGE OF STATE IN THE MOLLIER DIAGRAM ............................................ 32 1.8 VELOCITY TRIANGLES ..................................................................................... 33 1.8.1 INLET TRIANGLES .................................................................................... 35 1.8.2 EXIT TRIANGLES..................................................................................... 35 1.9 LAWS OF ENERGY TRANSFER, SUMMARY OF INFERENCES.................................... 36 1.10 COMPRESSOR CHARACTERISTICS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE ................................. 37 1.10.1 FLOW COEFFICIENT .............................................................................. 37 1.10.2 POLYTROPIC HEAD COEFFICIENT............................................................. 40 1.10.3 WORK INPUT FACTOR............................................................................ 40 1.10.4 POLYTROPIC EFFICIENCY ....................................................................... 40 1.10.5 MACHINE MACH NUMBER (TIP SPEED MACH NUMBER)........................ 41 1.10.6 MACHINE REYNOLDS NUMBER.............................................................. 43 1.10.7 SPECIFIC SPEED.................................................................................. 44 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 44 XIV CONTENTS 2 THERMODYNAMICS OF REAL GASES...................................................................... 47 2.1 GAS THERMODYNAMICS................................................................................ 48 2.1.1 POLYTROPIC AND ISENTROPIC EXPONENTS ................................................ 48 2.1.2 SUMMARY OF FORMULAE FOR HEAD AND DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE ........... 54 2.2 REAL-GAS EQUATIONS OF STATE...................................................................... 58 2.2.1 BWRS EQUATION OF STATE.................................................................... 59 2.2.2 RKS EQUATION OF STATE ....................................................................... 61 2.2.3 LKP EQUATION OF STATE ....................................................................... 61 2.2.4 PR EQUATION OF STATE.......................................................................... 62 2.2.5 COMPUTATION OF ISENTROPIC EXPONENTS................................................ 63 2.2.6 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE USE OF REAL-GAS EQUATIONS ...................... 66 2.3 HANDY FORMULAE FOR HUMID GASES............................................................ 66 2.3.1 RELATIVE HUMIDITY, VOLUME FRACTION, HUMID MOLAR MASS................ 66 2.3.2 ABSOLUTE WATER CONTENT, HUMID MASS, VOLUME FLOW....................... 67 2.3.3 CALCULATION OF SATURATION PRESSURE..................................................... 68 2.3.4 CALCULATION OF DEW POINT................................................................... 68 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 69 3 AERO COMPONENTS * FUNCTION AND FEATURES .................................................. 71 3.1 IMPELLER ..................................................................................................... 71 3.1.1 CENTRIFUGAL IMPELLER TYPES ................................................................ 71 3.1.2 THE SHROUDED 2D-IMPELLER ................................................................ 72 3.1.3 THE SHROUDED 3D-IMPELLER ................................................................ 72 3.1.4 THE SEMI-OPEN IMPELLER.................................................................... 73 3.1.5 IMPELLER FAMILY.................................................................................. 74 3.1.6 IMPELLER APPLICATION .......................................................................... 75 3.1.7 IMPELLER MANUFACTURE......................................................................... 75 3.1.8 IMPELLER STRESS ANALYSIS..................................................................... 77 3.2 INLET DUCT................................................................................................... 78 3.3 ADJUSTABLE INLET GUIDE VANES.................................................................... 79 3.4 ANNULAR DIFFUSER........................................................................................ 81 3.5 VANED DIFFUSER .......................................................................................... 84 3.6 RETURN (CROSSOVER) BEND........................................................................... 86 3.7 RETURN VANE CHANNEL ................................................................................ 87 3.8 SIDE-STREAM INLET....................................................................................... 88 3.9 VOLUTE........................................................................................................ 90 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 92 4 COMPRESSOR DESIGN CONSTRAINTS ..................................................................... 93 4.1 INTRINSIC PARAMETER CONSTRAINTS ................................................................. 93 4.1.1 FLOW COEFFICIENT ................................................................................ 93 4.1.2 ROTATIONAL SPEED ................................................................................ 94 4.1.3 IMPELLER TIP SPEED............................................................................. 94 4.1.4 MACH NUMBER .................................................................................... 95 4.1.5 DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE...................................................................... 97 4.1.6 IMPELLER EXIT WIDTH ........................................................................... 98 4.1.7 IMPELLER OUTER DIAMETER .................................................................... 98 CONTENTS XV 4.1.8 SHAFT STIFFNESS .................................................................................... 98 4.2 DERIVED COMPOUND CONSTRAINTS ................................................................ 99 4.2.1 STAGE HEAD AND STAGE PRESSURE RATIO................................................. 99 4.2.2 MAXIMUM NUMBER OF IMPELLERS PER ROTOR....................................... 100 4.2.3 MAXIMUM VOLUME FLOW PER FRAME SIZE......................................... 104 4.2.4 MINIMUM DISCHARGE VOLUME FLOW OF TURBOCOMPRESSORS............... 108 4.2.5 IMPELLER ARRANGEMENT ...................................................................... 108 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 111 5 COMPRESSOR OFF-DESIGN OPERATION............................................................... 113 5.1 REGULATION METHODS AND NOMENCLATURE .................................................. 113 5.1.1 VARIABLE SPEED ................................................................................. 116 5.1.2 SUCTION THROTTLING ............................................................................ 117 5.1.3 ADJUSTABLE INLET GUIDE VANES .......................................................... 118 5.1.4 ADJUSTABLE DIFFUSER VANES ............................................................... 120 5.1.5 BYPASS REGULATION............................................................................ 122 5.2 CUSTOMARY PERFORMANCE MAPS FOR MULTISTAGE PROCESS COMPRESSORS ...... 123 5.2.1 VARIABLE SPEED ................................................................................. 126 5.2.2 SUCTION THROTTLING ............................................................................ 128 5.2.3 ADJUSTABLE INLET GUIDE VANES .......................................................... 130 5.3 PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR VARIABLE CONDITIONS.......................................... 133 5.4 IN SEARCH OF AN INVARIANT PERFORMANCE CURVE.......................................... 134 5.5 PERFORMANCE-CURVE LIMITS ...................................................................... 140 5.5.1 SURGE ................................................................................................ 140 5.5.2 CHOKE ............................................................................................... 148 5.5.3 BEYOND CHOKE (EXPANSION MODE IN THE FOURTH QUADRANT).............. 151 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 156 6 AERODYNAMIC COMPRESSOR DESIGN: CASE STUDY ........................................... 157 6.1 APPROXIMATE COMPRESSOR SIZING............................................................. 158 6.2 DETAILED COMPRESSOR DESIGN ................................................................... 165 6.2.1 IMPELLER INLET.................................................................................... 165 6.2.2 IMPELLER EXIT .................................................................................... 174 6.2.3 STAGE EFFICIENCY ............................................................................... 184 6.2.4 HEAD, PRESSURE, TEMPERATURE, POWER ............................................... 193 6.2.5 DIFFUSER AERODYNAMICS .................................................................... 196 6.2.6 RETURN VANE CHANNEL ....................................................................... 201 6.2.7 VOLUTE AND CONICAL EXIT DIFFUSER..................................................... 202 6.3 IMPELLER BLADE DESIGN ............................................................................. 208 6.4 AXIAL ROTOR THRUST................................................................................... 210 6.5 LEAKAGE FLOW THROUGH LABYRINTH SEALS................................................... 216 6.6 FINAL COMPRESSOR DESIGN ........................................................................ 217 6.7 ROTORDYNAMICS: LATERAL VIBRATION ANALYSIS ............................................ 218 6.7.1 LATERAL CRITICAL SPEEDS ..................................................................... 218 6.7.2 STABILITY............................................................................................ 220 6.7.3 LOGARITHMIC DECREMENT ................................................................... 222 6.8 PERFORMANCE MAP .................................................................................... 224 XVI CONTENTS 6.9 PERFORMANCE TEST..................................................................................... 227 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 229 7 APPLICATION EXAMPLES .................................................................................... 231 7.1 HYDROGEN-RICH GAS COMPRESSORS ........................................................... 232 7.2 NATURAL-GAS COMPRESSORS........................................................................ 236 7.3 AIR COMPRESSORS...................................................................................... 244 7.4 REFRIGERATION COMPRESSORS...................................................................... 247 7.5 CHLORINE COMPRESSORS ............................................................................. 251 7.6 METHANOL SYNTHESIS GAS COMPRESSORS..................................................... 255 8 IMPROVING EFFICIENCY AND OPERATING RANGE................................................ 259 8.1 INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY.............................................................................. 259 8.1.1 OPTIMIZATION OF AERO-THERMODYNAMICS .......................................... 259 8.1.2 INCREASED DIFFUSER DIAMETER RATIO................................................... 261 8.1.3 IMPROVED VOLUTE GEOMETRY ............................................................. 264 8.1.4 IMPELLER-BLADE CUT-BACK ................................................................. 266 8.1.5 COVER-DISK LABYRINTH SEAL .............................................................. 266 8.1.6 REDUCTION OF PLENUM INLET LOSS....................................................... 267 8.1.7 REDUCTION OF FLOW-CHANNEL SURFACE ROUGHNESS.............................. 267 8.1.8 MINIMIZING IMPELLER/DIAPHRAGM CLEARANCE .................................... 268 8.1.9 REDUCTION OF RECIRCULATION LOSSES................................................... 270 8.2 INCREASE OF OPERATING RANGE ................................................................... 271 8.2.1 DELAY OF SYSTEM SURGE..................................................................... 271 8.2.2 DELAY OF STAGE STALL.......................................................................... 273 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 279 9 RERATE OF PROCESS CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS ................................................ 281 9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 281 9.1.1 DEFINITION OF RERATES........................................................................ 281 9.1.2 INCREASE OF MASS FLOW ..................................................................... 282 9.2 NEW WIDER IMPELLERS AND DIAPHRAGMS ................................................... 283 9.3 HIGHER ROTATIONAL SPEED.......................................................................... 285 9.3.1 ADDITIONAL LOSSES............................................................................. 287 9.3.2 CASE STUDY 1: WIDER IMPELLERS AND SPEED INCREASE COMBINED ....... 287 9.4 SUPERCHARGING WITH A BOOSTER COMPRESSOR ............................................. 294 9.5 RERATE METHODS: ADVANTAGES/DISADVANTAGES........................................... 305 9.6 ANTICIPATING RERATES ................................................................................ 305 9.7 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................. 306 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 307 10 STANDARDIZATION OF COMPRESSOR COMPONENTS............................................ 309 10.1 MERIDIONAL IMPELLER BLADE CUTOFF ......................................................... 309 10.2 MODULAR DESIGN SYSTEM ........................................................................ 311 10.2.1 AERODYNAMIC STAGE RATING RANGE ................................................. 312 10.2.2 IMPELLER FAMILY.............................................................................. 313 10.2.3 FRAME-SIZE STANDARDIZATION ........................................................... 314 CONTENTS XVII 10.2.4 DIAPHRAGMS .................................................................................... 315 10.2.5 DISCHARGE VOLUTES.......................................................................... 315 10.2.6 SYSTEMATIC TESTS OF MODULAR DESIGN STAGES .................................. 316 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 317 UNIT EQUATIONS............................................................................................... 317 ENGLISH*GERMAN GLOSSARY ON COMPRESSORS .................................................. 319 SUBJECT INDEX ..................................................................................................... 325
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spelling	Lüdtke, Klaus H. Verfasser aut Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application Klaus H. Lüdtke Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2004 XVII, 328 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Engineering online library Compresseurs Compressors Kreiselverdichter (DE-588)4165600-3 gnd rswk-swf Kreiselverdichter (DE-588)4165600-3 s DE-604 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010717330&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
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title	Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application
title_auth	Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application
title_exact_search	Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application
title_full	Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application Klaus H. Lüdtke
title_fullStr	Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application Klaus H. Lüdtke
title_full_unstemmed	Process centrifugal compressors basics, function, operation, design, application Klaus H. Lüdtke
title_short	Process centrifugal compressors
title_sort	process centrifugal compressors basics function operation design application
title_sub	basics, function, operation, design, application
topic	Compresseurs Compressors Kreiselverdichter (DE-588)4165600-3 gnd
topic_facet	Compresseurs Compressors Kreiselverdichter
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