The power of iron: iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Tallinn
Inst. of History
2003
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Muinasaja teadus
12 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | PST: Raua vägi |
| Beschreibung: | 363 S. zahlr. Ill. u. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9985503627 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
RESEARCH INTO ANCIENT TIMES 12
Jiiri Peets
THE POWER OF IRON
IRON PRODUCTION AND BLACKSMITHY
IN ESTONIA AND NEIGHBOURING AREAS
IN PREHISTORIC PERIOD AND THE MIDDLE AGES
TALLINN 2003
CONTENTS
Foreword 13
Introduction 17
Research history 18
The importance of folklore 21
Methods 22
Articulation of the book 23
PART I: MAN AND IRON
1 Toponymies connected with iron-working 27
2 Raw materials 31
2 1 Iron ores 31
Prospecting for ores 35
The primary processing of ore 36
2 2 Charcoal 37
2 3 Charring experiments in Tuiu and Palmse 40
3 Direct production of iron 43
3 1 The process 43
3 2 Slags 45
3 3 Iron-smelting furnaces 47
3 4 Iron production in the forest belt of East Europe 48
4 The beginning of iron production in Estonia, Finland, Karelia, Latvia
and Lithuania 51
4 1 Estonia 51
411 The iron-smelting site of Metskiila in Maetaguse 51
412 The iron-smelting sites of Tindimurru and Puiato 57
413 The iron-smelting sites of Rae and Jiiri 62
414 The iron-smelting furnaces from the Olustvere settlement site 63
415 The iron-smelting sites of Siksali 64
416 The settlement and iron-smelting site of Kalatsova 67
417 Types of iron-smelting furnacesl 68
418 The iron-smelting site of Saunakunka 71
419 The iron-smelting site of Raatvere 72
4 2 Finland and Karelia 76
4 3 Latvia and Lithuania 79
5 Iron production in Estonia at the end of the Iron Age and in the Middle Ages
(12th-14th centuries) 83
5 1 Iron-smelting in Northeast and East Estonia 84
511 Iron-smelting sites in Ilumae and Uuskiila 85
512 The iron-smelting site of Palasi 87
513 The iron-smelting site of Rebu 91
Contents
514 The iron-smelting site of Tarumaa 93
515 Iron-smelting sites in East Estonia The iron-smelting site of Punikvere 98
5 2 Iron production in Saaremaa The iron-smelting sites of Tuiu and Torise 99
521 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site A1 104
522 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site A2 109
523 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site A3 113
524 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site A3 a 116
525 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site B3 117
526 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site B4 119
527 Tuiu, trial pits B1 and B2 121
528 Tuiu, the iron-smelting site C2 122
529 The iron-smelting site of Torise 123
5 3 Furnace and forge constructions 127
5 4 Tuyeres 128
5 5 Iron-smelting experiments in Estonia 131
551 Iron-smelting experiments throughout the times 131
552 Iron-smelting experiments on Saaremaa 132
6 Summary of Part I Production, society and trade 135
PART II: THE CRAFTS OF THE BLACKSMITH
Introduction and a brief glossary of metallographic terms 139
1 Product 143
1 1 Physical-chemical properties of iron lumps from Estonian iron-smelting sites 143
1 2 Blooms and bars 151
121 Furnace blooms and currency blooms 151
122 Currency blooms in North Europe and Russia 152
123 Experiments of forging of bloom iron in Russia 154
124 Currency bars 155
2 Smithy tools 159
2 1 Tools and technology 159
2 2 Single finds and find assemblages 159
2 3 The finds of smithy tools from Estonia Grave finds and stray finds 161
231 Hammers 162
232 Hammers made of broken axes 165
233 Anvils 167
234 Wiredrawing or nail-making tools 168
235 Charcoal spades 170
236 Tongs 172
237 Sheet shears 172
3 Smithies 175
3 1 Smithies and their equipment 175
Conten ts
3 2 Smithy remains of the Iron Age and the Middle Ages from Finland,
Latvia and Lithuania 178
3 3 Smithy remains from Kiev Russia 178
3 4 Smithy remains of the Late Iron Age and the Middle Ages from Estonia 179
341 The smithery centre in Tartu 180
342 The smithy of the village Paatsa 181
343 The hillfort of Paatsa 191
4 Iron artefacts 199
4 1 Axes 199
411 Axes east of the Baltic Sea 199
412 Research methods 200
413 Artefacts 200
414 On forging technologies of axes 209
4 2 Knives ' 210
421 Knives and battle knives 214
422 The problem of secondary (reforged) knives 215
423 Manufacturing techniques of knives 216
424 Research methods 222
425 Artefacts 222
426 The Early Iron Age (lst-5lh centuries AD) 222
427 The tar and-graves of Viimsi 223
428 The tarand-graves of Virunuka 223
429 Sickle knives scythe knives, sickles and scythes 225
4 2 10 Sickle knives and scvthe knives 225
4 2 11 Sickles 228
4 2 12 Knives and other cutting tools from the The Viking and the Late Iron Ages 233
4 2 13 The hillfort of Otepaa 233
4 2 14 The hillfort of Soontagana 241
4 2 15 The hillfort of Valjala 244
4 2 16 The hillfort of Lohavere 246
4 2 17 The hillfort and settlement site of Rouge 249
4 2 18 The cemetery of Pada 250
4 2 19 The stone grave of Madi 251
4 2 20 The settlement site of Kuusalu 253
4 2 21 The settlement site of Kivivare 253
4 2 22 Medieval rural cemeteries (13lh-18,h centuries) 255
4 2 23 Comparative material from Finland 260
4 2 24 Steel and pattern-welded steel 264
5 Summary of Part II Blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas 267
Plates I-IX 271
Conclusions: The dawn of Iron Era 287
Abbreviations 293
References 295
Conten ts
ROAUA VAGI: KOKKUVOTE
Sissejuhatus 311
Uurimislugu 311
Rahvaluule tahtsusest muistse rauametallurgia uurimisel 312
Metoodika 313
Too iilesehitus 314
I OSA: INIMENE JA RAUD 317
1 Rauatooga seonduv toponutimika 317
2 Toorained 317
2 1 Maak 317
2 2 Siisi 318
2 3 Soepoletuskatsed Tuius ja Palmses 319
3 Raua tootmine 320
3 1 Protsess 320
3 2 Rabu ehk slakk 320
3 3 Rauasulatusahjud 321
3 4 Rauatootmine Ida-Euroopa metsavoondis 322
4 Rauatootmise algus Eestis, Soomes, Karjalas, Latis ja Leedus 322
4 1 Eesti 322
411 Maetaguse Metsktila rauasulatuskoht Ida-Virumaal 322
412 Tindimurru ja Puiato rauasulatuskohad Pohja-Tartumaal 323
413 Rae ja Jiiri rauasulatuskohad 323
414 Rauasulatusahjud Olustvere muinasasulast 324
415 Siksali rauasulatuskohad 324
416 Kalatsova muinasasula ja rauasulatuskoht 325
417 Ahjutuiibid 325
418 Saunakunka rauasulatuskoht Ida-Virumaal 326
419 Raatvere rauasulatuskoht 326
4 2 Soome ja Karjala 326
4 3 Lciti ja Leedu 327
5 Rauatootmine Eestis rauaaja lopul ning keskajal (12 -14 sajand) 329
5 1 Rauatootmine Kirde- ja Ida-Eestis 12 -14 sajandil 329
511 Rauasulatuskohad Ilumael ja Uusktilas 330
512 Palasi rauasulatuskoht 330
513 Rebu rauasulatuskoht 331
514 Tarumaa rauasulatuskoht 331
515 Punikvere rauasulatuskoht 332
5 2 Rauatootmine Saaremaal Tuiu Rauasaatmemaed ja Torise 332
5 3 Rauasulatusahjude ja aaside ehitus 334
5 4 Ohutusdiiusid ehk loorikutorud (loorikud) 335
5 5 Rauasulatuskatsed Eestis 335
6 1 osa kokkuv5te Toodang, iihiskond ja kaubandus 336
Contents
II OSA: SEPAKUNST 339
Abiks lugejale Liihike sepatoo- ja metallograafiaalane oskussonastik 339
1 Toodang 339
1 1 Eesti rauasulatuskohtade toorraua fiiusikalis-keemilised omadused 339
1 2 Toorraud ja rauakangid 340
121 Ahjutoorikud ja kaubatoorikud 340
122 Kaubatoorikud Euroopa pohjaosast ja Venemaalt 341
123 Rauatoorikute sepistamiskatsed Venemaal 342
124 Rauakangid 342
2 Sepatooriistad 344
2 1 Tooriistad ja tehnoloogia 344
2 2 Uksikleiud ja leiukogumid 344
2 3 Sepainventari leiud Eestist Haualeiud ja juhuleiud 345
231 Haamrid 345
232 Murdunud kirvest valmistatud haamrid 346
233 Alasid 347
234 Traadit5mbamis- voi naelarauad 347
235 Soelabidad 347
236 Pihid 348
237 Plekikaarid 348
3 Sepikojad 349
3 1 Sepikojad ja nende sisustus 349
3 2 Muinas- ja keskaegsed sepikojajaanused Soomes, Latis ja Leedus 349
3 3 Sepikojajaanused Kiievi-Venest 350
3 4 Muinas- ja hiliskeskaegsed sepikojajaanused Eestist 350
341 Muinas- ja keskaegne sepatookeskus Tartus 350
342 Paatsa muinas- ja keskaegsed sepikojajaanused Saaremaal 351
343 Paatsa linnamagi 352
4 Rauast too- ja tarberiistad 353
4 1 Kirved 353
4 2 Noad 354
421 Tarbenoad ja v5itlusnoad 356
422 Teiseste tootlemistunnustega nugade probleem 356
423 Nugade valmistamistehnoloogiast 356
424 Metoodika 357
425 Esemeline materjal 357
426 Teras ja damaskitud teras 359
5 II osa kokkuvote Traditsioonilise sepatoo kujunemine ja areng muinas- ja keskajal 359
L5petuseks: Raudse ajastu koidikul 361 |
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| spelling | Peets, Jüri Verfasser aut The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages Jüri Peets Tallinn Inst. of History 2003 363 S. zahlr. Ill. u. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Muinasaja teadus 12 PST: Raua vägi Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1300 gnd rswk-swf Funde Geschichte Blacksmithing Europe, Northern History Excavations (Archaeology) Europe, Northern Iron industry and trade Europe, Northern History Iron Europe, Northern Metallurgy History Ironwork Europe, Northern History Metallurgy in archaeology Europe, Northern Eisenherstellung (DE-588)4151526-2 gnd rswk-swf Europe, Northern Antiquities Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 gnd rswk-swf Estland (DE-588)4015587-0 g Eisenherstellung (DE-588)4151526-2 s Geschichte 500 v. Chr.-1300 z DE-604 Muinasaja teadus 12 (DE-604)BV009898537 12 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010713805&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Peets, Jüri The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages Muinasaja teadus Funde Geschichte Blacksmithing Europe, Northern History Excavations (Archaeology) Europe, Northern Iron industry and trade Europe, Northern History Iron Europe, Northern Metallurgy History Ironwork Europe, Northern History Metallurgy in archaeology Europe, Northern Eisenherstellung (DE-588)4151526-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4151526-2 (DE-588)4015587-0 |
| title | The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages |
| title_auth | The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages |
| title_exact_search | The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages |
| title_full | The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages Jüri Peets |
| title_fullStr | The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages Jüri Peets |
| title_full_unstemmed | The power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages Jüri Peets |
| title_short | The power of iron |
| title_sort | the power of iron iron production and blacksmithy in estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the middle ages |
| title_sub | iron production and blacksmithy in Estonia and neighbouring areas in prehistoric period and the Middle Ages |
| topic | Funde Geschichte Blacksmithing Europe, Northern History Excavations (Archaeology) Europe, Northern Iron industry and trade Europe, Northern History Iron Europe, Northern Metallurgy History Ironwork Europe, Northern History Metallurgy in archaeology Europe, Northern Eisenherstellung (DE-588)4151526-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Funde Geschichte Blacksmithing Europe, Northern History Excavations (Archaeology) Europe, Northern Iron industry and trade Europe, Northern History Iron Europe, Northern Metallurgy History Ironwork Europe, Northern History Metallurgy in archaeology Europe, Northern Eisenherstellung Europe, Northern Antiquities Estland |
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