Natural and induced radioactivity in food:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vienna
2002
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 136 S. |
Internformat
MARC
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804130249898721280 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Titel: Natural and induced radioactivity in food
Autor: Loaharanu, Paisan
Jahr: 2002
CONTENTS
SUMMARY.....................................................................................................................................1
1. BACKGROUND RADIATION..................................................................................................2
1.1. Natural radioactivity in foods...............................................................................................2
1.2. Radiation from terrestrial sources.........................................................................................3
1.3. Cosmic radiation...................................................................................................................4
2. HEALTH EFFECTS CAUSED BY LOW LEVEL RADIATION............................................5
2.1. Basic physical effects of radiation on living matter.............................................................5
2.2. Dose-rate effects....................................................................................................................7
2.3. Different consequences of primary radiation damage.........................................................8
2.4. Threshold for harmful effects and possibility of beneficial effects.....................................8
2.5. Effects on germ cells and genetic damage...........................................................................9
2.6. What should the guidelines be?............................................................................................9
3. ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF FOOD............................................................................12
4. ISOMERIC RADIOACTIVITY................................................................................................13
4.1. Induced isomeric radioactivity............................................................................................13
5. PHOTONEUTRON ACTIVITY INDUCED BY X RAYS.....................................................15
5.1. Theoretical estimates of photoneutron activation..............................................................15
5.2. Intensity spectrum I(Eo, E) of X rays..................................................................................17
5.3. Cross-sections for the production of photoneutrons..........................................................18
5.4. Photoneutron activity produced by X ray irradiation.........................................................19
6. PHOTONEUTRON ACTIVITY INDUCED BY 10 MeV ELECTRONS.............................21
6.1. Relations between photon-induced and electron-induced activities..................................21
6.2. Photoneutron activity of trace elements in food.................................................................21
6.3. Effects caused by the accelerator window and the packaging...........................................22
6.4. Activities produced in electron irradiation versus X ray irradiation.................................23
7. OTHER PHOTON-INDUCED ACTIVITIES..........................................................................25
8. YIELD OF NEUTRONS IN FOOD IRRADIATED BY X RAYS.........................................27
8.1. Photoneutrons produced in food per kGy of X rays in food..............................................27
8.2. Photoneutrons from Ta, W, Au and Fe per kJ of electron beam.......................................28
8.3. Photoneutron production in the window............................................................................28
8.4. Fraction of the beam energy that enters food in the form of X rays..................................29
8.5. Fraction of neutrons from the X ray target that enters the food.........................................29
9. THE FLUENCE OF NEUTRONS IN IRRADIATED FOOD................................................31
9.1. Absorption of neutrons in elements of food.......................................................................31
9.2. Fluence of neutrons in X ray facilities................................................................................32
9.3. Initial distribution of thermalized neutrons........................................................................32
9.4. Diffusion of thermalized neutrons......................................................................................35
9.5. Scattering of fast neutrons and diffusion of thermal neutrons...........................................37
10. NEUTRON CAPTURE ACTIVITY IN FOOD IRRADIATED BY X RAYS.....................39
10.1. Neutron capture activities if the fluence is one neutron per cm .....................................39
10.2. Actual fluence and neutron-capture activities and related dose in mSv/year..................39
11. COMPARING WITH OTHER AUTHORS THEORETICAL ESTIMATES......................41
11.1. Comparing with other theoretical estimates of photoneutron activities........................41
11.2. Comparing with other theoretical estimates of neutron-capture activities....................43
12. COMPARING THE THEORY WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS................................45
12.1. Comparing with experimental results of Glass and Smith...............................................45
12.2. Comparing with experimental results of Smith................................................................45
12.3. Comparing with experimental results of Miller and Jensen............................................47
12.4. Comparing with experimental results of McKeown et al................................................48
13. GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES..........................................................................49
13.1. Good manufacturing practices in gamma ray facilities...................................................49
13.2. Good manufacturing practices in electron accelerator facilities......................................49
13.3. Good manufacturing practices in X ray facilities.............................................................50
13.4. Monitoring the neutron fluence in X ray facilities for food irradiation...........................51
14. CONCLUSIONS......................................................................................................................52
REFERENCES...............................................................................................................................53
TABLES.........................................................................................................................................59
FIGURES......................................................................................................................................105
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND................................................................................................131
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Average dose equivalent rates from various sources of natural
background radiation in the United States of America...............................................61
Table 2. Average annual effective dose equivalent of ionizing background
radiations to US population........................................................................................61
Table 3. Elemental composition of reference food sample.......................................................62
Table 4. Typical concentration of some of the major trace elements in food...........................62
Table 5. Average elemental distribution in the body of a standard man (70 kg)......................63
Table 6. Isomers with lifetimes greater than 1 minute..............................................................64
Table 7. Threshold energies Eth(y, n) and Eth(y, p) in the natural isotopes, and
the half-lives and decay modes of the produced isotopes...........................................65
Table 8. Photoneutron activity produced in reference food irradiated with X rays..................80
Table 9. Photoneutron activity produced in reference food irradiated with electrons..............87
Table 10. The dose in mSv/year from photoneutron activity when consuming
50kg/year of reference food sterilized by 60 kGy with 10 MeV electrons...............90
Table 11. The number of neutrons produced per gram of reference food per kGy of
X ray dose as function of the electron energy...........................................................91
Table 12. The number of neutrons produced per kJ of incident electron beam
impinging on thick targets of tungsten, tantalum, gold, and iron.............................91
Table 13. Forward emitted X ray energy as % of the incident beam energy............................92
Table 14. Neutron-capture activity in food and relevant characteristics of isotopes................92
Table 15. The number of atoms in 100 kg of food that absorb a neutron if the neutron
fluence is one per cm2.............................................................................................103
Table 16. Neutron-capture activity dose in mSv/year from consumption of
reference food exposed to fluences of 105 and 3108 neutrons per cm2..................104
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 1. Dose due to cosmic ray neutrons.................................................................................107
Fig. 2. Health effect as a function of dose..............................................................................108
Fig. 3. Absorption of thermal neutrons emitted in center plane as a
function of sample thickness.......................................................................................109
Fig. 4. Fraction of neutrons absorbed in water in shape of a box with dimensions a a-t cm3
as a function of box size..............................................................................................110
Fig. 5. The dose in mSv/year from isomers when consuming 50 kg/year of food irradiated
with X rays to a dose of 60 kGy.................................................................................Ill
Fig. 6. Photoneutrons thresholds in isotopes..........................................................................112
Fig. 7. Photo-proton thresholds in isotopes............................................................................113
Fig. 8. X-ray intensity spectrum for incident electron energies of 4, 6, 8, and 10 MeV........114
Fig. 9. Photoneutron cross section in deuterium.....................................................................115
Fig. 10. Number of neutrons produced by X rays per gram of food and per kGy of
X ray dose in food.....................................................................................................116
Fig. 11. Number of neutrons produced by X rays per gram of food and per kGy of
X ray dose in food.....................................................................................................117
Fig. 12. Number of neutrons produced in the X ray target per kJ of
electron beam striking the target...............................................................................118
Fig. 13. Number of neutrons produced in iron per kJ of electron beam striking the iron......119
Fig. 14. Fraction of the incident electron energy emitted as X rays
inside the forward X ray cone...................................................................................120
Fig. 15. Dose due to photoneutron activities in reference food irradiated by 10 MeV
electrons to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 50 kg/year....................................121
Fig. 16. Dose due to photoneutron activities in reference food irradiated by 10 MeV
electrons to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 50 kg/year....................................122
Fig. 17. Dose due to photoneutron activities in reference food irradiated with 10 MeV
electrons to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 50 kg/year....................................123
Fig. 18. Dose due to neutron capture activities in reference food irradiated with 10 MeV
electrons to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 40 kg/year of the food..................124
Fig. 19. Dose due to photoneutron activities in reference food irradiated with 10 MeV
electrons to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 40 kg/year of the food..................125
Fig. 20. Dose due to neutron capture activities in reference food irradiated with 10 MeV
electrons to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 40 kg/year of the food..................126
Fig. 21. Dose due to neutron capture activities in reference food irradiated with
5 MeV X rays to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 40 kg/year............................127
Fig. 22. Dose due to neutron capture activities in reference food irradiated with
5 MeV X rays to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 40 kg/year............................128
Fig. 23. Dose due to neutron capture activities in reference food irradiated with
5 MeV X rays to a dose of 60 kGy, when consuming 40 kg/year............................129
Fig. 24. Average energy absorption coefficient in water for 3 to 10 MeV X rays.................130
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| physical | 136 S. |
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| spelling | Natural and induced radioactivity in food International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA IAEA TECDOC 1287 Vienna 2002 136 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Radiation preservation of food Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 gnd rswk-swf Lebensmittel (DE-588)4034870-2 gnd rswk-swf Natürliche Radioaktivität (DE-588)4171291-2 gnd rswk-swf Lebensmittel (DE-588)4034870-2 s Natürliche Radioaktivität (DE-588)4171291-2 s DE-604 Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 s HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010507547&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Natural and induced radioactivity in food Radiation preservation of food Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 gnd Lebensmittel (DE-588)4034870-2 gnd Natürliche Radioaktivität (DE-588)4171291-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4136519-7 (DE-588)4034870-2 (DE-588)4171291-2 |
| title | Natural and induced radioactivity in food |
| title_alt | IAEA TECDOC 1287 |
| title_auth | Natural and induced radioactivity in food |
| title_exact_search | Natural and induced radioactivity in food |
| title_full | Natural and induced radioactivity in food International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA |
| title_fullStr | Natural and induced radioactivity in food International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA |
| title_full_unstemmed | Natural and induced radioactivity in food International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA |
| title_short | Natural and induced radioactivity in food |
| title_sort | natural and induced radioactivity in food |
| topic | Radiation preservation of food Radioaktive Kontamination (DE-588)4136519-7 gnd Lebensmittel (DE-588)4034870-2 gnd Natürliche Radioaktivität (DE-588)4171291-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Radiation preservation of food Radioaktive Kontamination Lebensmittel Natürliche Radioaktivität |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010507547&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |