Electrical engineering: a pocket reference
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2003
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 620 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 354043965X |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Kories, Ralf |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)124515649 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Electrical engineering |b a pocket reference |c Ralf Kories ; Heinz Schmidt-Walter |
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 620 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Électrotechnique | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Electrical engineering |v Handbooks, manuals, etc | |
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| adam_text |
RALF KORIES * HEINZ SCHMIDT-WALTER
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
A POCKET REFERENCE
WITH 610 FIGURES
SPRINGER
CONTENTS
1 DC SYSTEMS 1
1.1 BASIC QUANTITIES, BASIC LAWS 1
1.1.1 ELECTRIC CHARGE 1
1.1.2 ELECTRIC CURRENT 1
1.1.3 VOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL 2
1.1.4 OHM'S LAW 2
1.1.5 RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE 3
1.1.6 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTANCE 3
1.1.7 INDUCTANCE 4
1.1.8 CAPACITANCE 4
1.1.9 IDEAL VOLTAGE SOURCE 5
1.1.10 IDEAL CURRENT SOURCE 5
1.1.11 KIRCHHOFF'S LAW 6
1.1.11.1 KIRCHHOFF'S FIRST LAW (CURRENT LAW) 6
1.1.11.2 KIRCHHOFF'S SECOND LAW (VOLTAGE LAW) 6
1.1.12 POWER AND ENERGY 7
1.1.12.1 ENERGY AND POWER IN A RESISTOR 7
1.1.12.2 ENERGY IN AN INDUCTOR 8
1.1.12.3 ENERGY IN A CAPACITOR 9
1.1.13 EFFICIENCY 9
1.1.14 MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER 10
1.2 BASIC CIRCUITS 11
1.2.1 REAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT SOURCES 11
1.2.1.1 REAL VOLTAGE SOURCE 11
1.2.1.2 REAL CURRENT SOURCE 12
1.2.1.3 VOLTAGE-CURRENT SOURCE CONVERSION 13
1.2.2 CIRCUIT ELEMENTS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL 13
1.2.2.1 SERIES COMBINATION OF RESISTORS 13
1.2.2.2 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF RESISTORS 13
1.2.2.3 SERIES COMBINATION OF CONDUCTANCES 14
1.2.2.4 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF CONDUCTANCES 14
1.2.2.5 SERIES COMBINATION OF INDUCTANCES 15
1.2.2.6 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF INDUCTANCES 15
1.2.2.7 SERIES COMBINATION OF CAPACITANCES 16
1.2.2.8 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF CAPACITANCES 16
1.2.3 STAR-DELTA TRANSFORMATION 17
1.2.4 VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVIDER 18
1.2.4.1 VOLTAGE DIVIDER 18
1.2.4.2 CURRENT DIVIDER 18
1.2.4.3 CAPACITIVE AND INDUCTIVE DIVIDERS 19
1.2.5 RC AND RL COMBINATIONS 19
1.2.5.1 SERIES COMBINATION OF R AND C DRIVEN BY A VOLTAGE
SOURCE 21
1.2.5.2 SERIES COMBINATION OF R AND C DRIVEN BY A CURRENT
SOURCE 21
1.2.5.3 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF R AND C DRIVEN BY A CURRENT
SOURCE 22
1.2.5.4 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF R AND C DRIVEN BY A VOLTAGE
SOURCE 22
VIII CONTENTS
1.2.5.5 SERIES COMBINATION OF R AND L DRIVEN BY A VOLTAGE
SOURCE 23
1.2.5.6 SERIES COMBINATION OF R AND L DRIVEN BY A CURRENT
SOURCE 23
1.2.5.7 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF R AND L DRIVEN BY A VOLTAGE
SOURCE 24
1.2.5.8 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF R AND L DRIVEN BY A CURRENT
SOURCE 24
1.2.6 RLC COMBINATIONS 25
1.2.6.1 SERIES COMBINATION OF R, L AND C 26
1.3 CALCULATION METHODS FOR LINEAR CIRCUITS 29
1.3.1 RULES FOR SIGNS 29
1.3.2 CIRCUIT CALCULATION WITH MESH AND NODE ANALYSIS 30
1.3.3 SUPERPOSITION 31
1.3.4 MESH ANALYSIS 32
1.3.5 NODE ANALYSIS 33
1.3.6 THEVENIN'S AND NORTON'S THEOREM 33
1.3.6.1 CALCULATING A LOAD CURRENT BY THEVENIN'S THEOREM . 34
1.3.6.2 CALCULATING A CURRENT WITHIN A NETWORK 36
1.4 NOTATION INDEX 37
1.5 FURTHER READING 38
2 ELECTRIC FIELDS 39
2.1 ELECTROSTATIC FIELDS 39
2.1.1 COULOMB'S LAW 39
2.1.2 DEFINITION OF ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH 40
2.1.3 VOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL 41
2.1.4 ELECTROSTATIC INDUCTION 42
2.1.5 ELECTRIC DISPLACEMENT 43
2.1.6 DIELECTRICS 44
2.1.7 THE COULOMB INTEGRAL 44
2.1.8 GAUSS'S LAW OF ELECTROSTATICS 45
2.1.9 CAPACITANCE 46
2.1.10 ELECTROSTATIC FIELD AT A BOUNDARY 47
2.1.11 OVERVIEW: FIELDS AND CAPACITANCES OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC CON-
FIGURATIONS 48
2.1.12 ENERGY IN AN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD 49
2.1.13 FORCES IN AN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD 50
2.1.13.1 FORCE ON A CHARGE 50
2.1.13.2 FORCE AT THE BOUNDARY 50
2.1.14 OVERVIEW: CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ELECTROSTATIC FIELD 52
2.1.15 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD QUANTITIES 53
2.2 STATIC STEADY-STATE CURRENT FLOW 53
2.2.1 VOLTAGE AND POTENTIAL 53
2.2.2 CURRENT 54
2.2.3 ELECTRIC FIELD STRENGTH 54
2.2.4 CURRENT DENSITY 55
2.2.5 RESISTIVITY AND CONDUCTIVITY 56
2.2.6 RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE 57
2.2.7 KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 58
2.2.7.1 KIRCHHOFF'S FIRST LAW (CURRENT LAW) 58
2.2.7.2 KIRCHHOFF'S SECOND LAW (MESH LAW) 59
2.2.8 STATIC STEADY-STATE CURRENT FLOW AT BOUNDARIES 60
CONTENTS IX
2.2.9 OVERVIEW: FIELDS AND RESISTANCES OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC
CONFIGURATIONS 61
2.2.10 POWER AND ENERGY IN STATIC STEADY-STATE CURRENT FLOW 62
2.2.11 OVERVIEW: CHARACTERISTICS OF STATIC STEADY-STATE CURRENT FLOW .
63
2.2.12 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN QUANTITIES IN STATIC STEADY-STATECURRENT
FLOW 64
2.3 MAGNETIC FIELDS 64
2.3.1 FORCE ON A MOVING CHARGE 65
2.3.2 DEFINITION OF MAGNETIC FLUX DENSITY 66
2.3.3 BIOT-SAVART'S LAW 68
2.3.4 MAGNETIC FIELD STRENGTH 69
2.3.5 MAGNETIC FLUX 70
2.3.6 MAGNETIC VOLTAGE AND AMPERE'S LAW 71
2.3.7 MAGNETIC RESISTANCE, MAGNETIC CONDUCTANCE, INDUCTANCE 73
2.3.8 MATERIALS IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 74
2.3.8.1 FERROMAGNETIC MATERIALS 75
2.3.9 MAGNETIC FIELDS AT BOUNDARIES 77
2.3.10 THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT 78
2.3.11 MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH A PERMANENT MAGNET 80
2.3.12 OVERVIEW: INDUCTANCES OF DIFFERENT GEOMETRIC CONFIGURATIONS .
82
2.3.13 INDUCTION 83
2.3.13.1 INDUCTION IN A MOVING ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR 83
2.3.13.2 FARADAY'S LAW OF INDUCTION 84
2.3.13.3 SELF-INDUCTION 87
2.3.14 MUTUAL INDUCTION 88
2.3.15 TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLE 90
2.3.16 ENERGY IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 90
2.3.16.1 ENERGY IN A MAGNETIC CIRCUIT WITH AN AIR GAP 91
2.3.17 FORCES IN A MAGNETIC FIELD 92
2.3.17.1 FORCE ON A CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR 92
2.3.17.2 FORCE AT THE BOUNDARIES 93
2.3.18 OVERVIEW: CHARACTERISTICS OF A MAGNETIC FIELD 94
2.3.19 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE MAGNETIC FIELD QUANTITIES 95
2.4 MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS 95
2.5 NOTATION INDEX 96
2.6 FURTHER READING 98
AC SYSTEMS 99
3.1 MATHEMATICAL BASICS OF AC 99
3.1.1 SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS 99
3.1.1.1 ADDITION OF SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS 100
3.1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS 101
3.1.2.1 COMPLEX ARITHMETIC 102
3.1.2.2 REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 103
3.1.2.3 CHANGING BETWEEN DIFFERENT REPRESENTATIONS 105
3.1.3 COMPLEX CALCULUS 105
3.1.3.1 COMPLEX ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION 105
3.1.3.2 MULTIPLICATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS 106
3.1.4 OVERVIEW: COMPLEX NUMBER ARITHMETIC 107
3.1.5 THE COMPLEX EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION 107
3.1.5.1 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION WITH IMAGINARY EXPONENTS 108
3.1.5.2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION WITH COMPLEX EXPONENTS 108
3.1.6 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS WITH COMPLEX ARGUMENTS 109
3.1.7 FROM SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS TO PHASORS 109
3.1.7.1 COMPLEX MAGNITUDE 109
CONTENTS
3.1.7.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
AND PHASORS 110
3.1.7.3 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION OF PHASORS ILL
3.2 SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS 112
3.2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS 113
3.2.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF NONSINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS 115
3.3 COMPLEX IMPEDANCE AND ADMITTANCE 116
3.3.1 IMPEDANCE 116
3.3.2 COMPLEX IMPEDANCE OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS 118
3.3.2.1 RESISTOR 118
3.3.2.2 INDUCTOR 118
3.3.2.3 CAPACITOR 118
3.3.3 ADMITTANCE 119
3.3.4 COMPLEX ADMITTANCE OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS 120
3.3.5 OVERVIEW: COMPLEX IMPEDANCE 121
3.4 IMPEDANCE OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS 122
3.5 COMBINATIONS OF PASSIVE COMPONENTS 123
3.5.1 SERIES COMBINATIONS 123
3.5.1.1 GENERAL CASE 123
3.5.1.2 RESISTOR AND INDUCTOR IN SERIES 124
3.5.1.3 RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR IN SERIES 125
3.5.1.4 RESISTOR, INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR IN SERIES 126
3.5.2 PARALLEL COMBINATIONS 128
3.5.2.1 GENERAL CASE 128
3.5.2.2 RESISTOR AND INDUCTOR IN PARALLEL 129
3.5.2.3 RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR IN PARALLEL 130
3.5.2.4 RESISTOR, INDUCTOR AND CAPACITOR IN PARALLEL 132
3.5.3 OVERVIEW OF SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS 134
3.6 NETWORK TRANSFORMATIONS 135
3.6.1 TRANSFORMATION FROM PARALLEL TO SERIES CIRCUITS AND VICE VERSA .
135
3.6.2 STAR-DELTA (WYE-DELTA) AND DELTA-STAR (DELTA-WYE)
TRANSFORMATIONS 137
3.6.3 CIRCUIT DUALITY 139
3.7 SIMPLE NETWORKS 140
3.7.1 COMPLEX VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DIVISION 140
3.7.2 LOADED COMPLEX VOLTAGE DIVIDER 142
3.7.3 IMPEDANCE MATCHING 143
3.7.4 VOLTAGE DIVIDER WITH DEFINED INPUT AND OUTPUT RESISTANCES 145
3.7.5 PHASE-SHIFTING CIRCUITS 146
3.7.5.1 RC PHASE SHIFTER 146
3.7.5.2 ALTERNATIVE PHASE-SHIFTING CIRCUITS 148
3.7.6 AC BRIDGES 149
3.7.6.1 BALANCING CONDITION 149
3.7.6.2 APPLICATION: MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUE 150
3.8 POWER IN AC CIRCUITS 151
3.8.1 INSTANTANEOUS POWER 151
3.8.1.1 POWER IN A RESISTANCE 151
3.8.1.2 POWER IN A REACTIVE ELEMENT 151
3.8.2 AVERAGE POWER 152
3.8.2.1 REAL POWER 153
3.8.2.2 REACTIVE POWER 154
3.8.2.3 APPARENT POWER 155
3.8.3 COMPLEX POWER 155
3.8.4 OVERVIEW: AC POWER 156
CONTENTS XI
3.8.5 REACTIVE CURRENT COMPENSATION 156
3.9 THREE-PHASE SUPPLIES 158
3.9.1 POLYPHASE SYSTEMS 158
3.9.2 THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS 159
3.9.2.1 PROPERTIES OF THE COMPLEX OPERATOR A 160
3.9.3 DELTA-CONNECTED GENERATORS 161
3.9.4 STAR-CONNECTED GENERATORS 162
3.10 OVERVIEW: SYMMETRICAL THREE-PHASE SYSTEMS 164
3.10.1 POWER IN A THREE-PHASE SYSTEM 165
3.11 NOTATION INDEX 166
3.12 FURTHER READING 167
4 CURRENT, VOLTAGE AND POWER MEASUREMENT 169
4.1 ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS 169
4.1.1 MOVING-COIL INSTRUMENT 169
4.1.2 RATIOMETER MOVING-COIL INSTRUMENT 169
4.1.3 ELECTRODYNAMIC INSTRUMENT 170
4.1.4 MOVING-IRON INSTRUMENT 171
4.1.5 OTHER INSTRUMENTS 171
4.1.6 OVERVIEW: ELECTRICAL INSTRUMENTS 173
4.2 MEASUREMENT OF DC CURRENT AND VOLTAGE 174
4.2.1 MOVING-COIL INSTRUMENT 174
4.2.2 RANGE EXTENSION FOR CURRENT MEASUREMENTS 174
4.2.3 RANGE EXTENSION FOR VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS 175
4.2.4 OVERLOAD PROTECTION 176
4.2.5 SYSTEMATIC MEASUREMENT ERRORS IN CURRENT AND VOLTAGE
MEASUREMENT 176
4.3 MEASUREMENT OF AC VOLTAGE AND AC CURRENT 177
4.3.1 MOVING-COIL INSTRUMENT WITH RECTIFIER 177
4.3.2 MOVING-IRON INSTRUMENTS 179
4.3.3 MEASUREMENT RANGE EXTENSION USING AN INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER . 179
4.3.4 RMS MEASUREMENT 180
4.4 POWER MEASUREMENT 181
4.4.1 POWER MEASUREMENT IN A DC CIRCUIT 181
4.4.2 POWER MEASUREMENT IN AN AC CIRCUIT 182
4.4.2.1 THREE-VOLTMETER METHOD 183
4.4.2.2 POWER FACTOR MEASUREMENT 184
4.4.3 POWER MEASUREMENT IN A MULTIPHASE SYSTEM 185
4.4.3.1 MEASUREMENT OF THE REAL POWER IN A MULTIPHASE
SYSTEM 185
A A3.2 MEASUREMENT OF THE REACTIVE POWER IN A MULTIPHASE
SYSTEM 186
4.5 MEASUREMENT ERRORS 187
4.5.1 SYSTEMATIC AND RANDOM ERRORS 187
4.5.2 GUARANTEED ERROR LIMITS 188
4.6 OVERVIEW: SYMBOLS ON MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS 188
4.7 OVERVIEW: MEASUREMENT METHODS 190
4.8 NOTATION INDEX 190
4.9 FURTHER READING 191
5 NETWORKS AT VARIABLE FREQUENCY 192
5.1 LINEAR SYSTEMS 192
5.1.1 TRANSFER FUNCTION, AMPLITUDE AND PHASE RESPONSE 192
5.2 FILTERS 194
XII CONTENTS
5.2.1 LOW-PASS FILTER 195
5.2.2 HIGH-PASS FILTER 195
5.2.3 BANDPASS FILTER 196
5.2.4 STOP-BAND FILTER 197
5.2.5 ALL-PASS FILTER 197
5.3 SIMPLE FILTERS 197
5.3.1 LOW-PASS FILTER 197
5.3.1.1 RISE TIME 198
5.3.2 FREQUENCY NORMALISATION 199
5.3.2.1 APPROXIMATION OF THE MAGNITUDE RESPONSE 200
5.3.3 HIGH-PASS FILTER 200
5.3.3.1 APPROXIMATION OF THE MAGNITUDE RESPONSE 202
5.3.4 HIGHER-ORDER FILTERS 202
5.3.5 BANDPASS FILTER 204
5.3.6 FILTER REALISATION 206
5.4 NOTATION INDEX 206
5.5 FURTHER READING 207
6 SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS 208
6.1 SIGNALS 208
6.1.1 DEFINITIONS 208
6.1.2 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES OF SIGNALS 209
6.2 FOURIER SERIES 210
6.2.1 TRIGONOMETRIC FORM 210
6.2.1.1 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES 211
6.2.2 AMPLITUDE-PHASE FORM 211
6.2.3 EXPONENTIAL FORM 212
6.2.3.1 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES 213
6.2.4 OVERVIEW: FOURIER SERIES REPRESENTATIONS 213
6.2.5 USEFUL INTEGRALS FOR THE CALCULATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS 214
6.2.6 USEFUL FOURIER SERIES 215
6.2.7 APPLICATION OF THE FOURIER SERIES 217
6.2.7.1 SPECTRUM OF A RECTANGULAR SIGNAL 217
6.2.7.2 SPECTRUM OF A SAWTOOTH SIGNAL 218
6.2.7.3 SPECTRUM OF A COMPOSITE SIGNAL 219
6.3 SYSTEMS 220
6.3.1 SYSTEM PROPERTIES 220
6.3.1.1 LINEAR SYSTEMS 220
6.3.1.2 CAUSAL SYSTEMS 221
6.3.1.3 TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEMS 221
6.3.1.4 STABLE SYSTEMS 222
6.3.1.5 LTI SYSTEMS 222
6.3.2 ELEMENTARY SIGNALS 222
6.3.2.1 THE STEP FUNCTION 222
6.3.2.2 THE RECTANGULAR PULSE 222
6.3.2.3 THE TRIANGULAR PULSE 223
6.3.2.4 THE GAUSSIAN PULSE 223
6.3.2.5 THE IMPULSE FUNCTION (DELTA FUNCTION) 224
6.3.3 SHIFTING AND SCALING OF TIME SIGNALS 225
6.3.4 SYSTEM RESPONSES 226
6.3.4.1 IMPULSE RESPONSE 226
6.3.4.2 STEP RESPONSE 227
6.3.4.3 SYSTEM RESPONSE TO ARBITRARY INPUT SIGNALS 228
6.3.4.4 RULES OF CONVOLUTION 228
CONTENTS XIII
6.3.4.5 TRANSFER FUNCTION 230
6.3.4.6 SYSTEM RESPONSE CALCULATION IN THE FREQUENCY DOMAIN 230
6.3.5 IMPULSE AND STEP RESPONSE CALCULATION 231
6.3.5.1 NORMALISATION OF CIRCUITS 231
6.3.5.2 IMPULSE AND STEP RESPONSE OF FIRST-ORDER SYSTEMS . 232
6.3.5.3 IMPULSE AND STEP RESPONSE OF SECOND-ORDER SYSTEMS . . 234
6.3.6 IDEAL SYSTEMS 236
6.3.6.1 DISTORTION-FREE SYSTEMS 236
6.3.6.2 IDEAL LOW-PASS FILTER 238
6.3.6.3 IDEAL BANDPASS FILTER 240
6.4 FOURIER TRANSFORMS 241
6.4.1 PRINCIPLE 241
6.4.2 DEFINITION 242
6.4.3 REPRESENTATION OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 243
6.4.3.1 SYMMETRY PROPERTIES 244
6.4.4 OVERVIEW: PROPERTIES OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM 244
6.4.5 FOURIER TRANSFORMS OF ELEMENTARY SIGNALS 245
6.4.5.1 SPECTRUM OF THE DELTA FUNCTION 245
6.4.5.2 SPECTRUM OF THE SIGNUM AND THE STEP FUNCTIONS 246
6.4.5.3 SPECTRUM OF THE RECTANGULAR PULSE 247
6.4.5.4 SPECTRUM OF THE TRIANGULAR PULSE 247
6.4.5.5 SPECTRUM OF THE GAUSSIAN PULSE 248
6.4.5.6 SPECTRUM OF HARMONIC FUNCTIONS 249
6.4.6 SUMMARY OF FOURIER TRANSFORMS 250
6.5 NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 253
6.5.1 DEFINITION 253
6.5.2 CHARACTERISATION OF NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 253
6.5.2.1 CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION 253
6.5.2.2 TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION 254
6.5.2.3 SIGNAL-TO-INTERMODULATION RATIO 255
6.6 NOTATION INDEX 258
6.7 FURTHER READING 259
7 ANALOGUE CIRCUIT DESIGN 261
7.1 METHODS OF ANALYSIS 261
7.1.1 LINEARISATION AT THE OPERATING POINT 261
7.1.2 AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 262
7.1.3 INPUT AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 263
7.1.3.1 DETERMINATION OF THE INPUT IMPEDANCE 263
7.1.3.2 DETERMINATION OF THE OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 263
7.1.3.3 COMBINATION OF TWO-TERMINAL NETWORKS 264
7.1.4 TWO-PORT NETWORKS 265
7.1.4.1 TWO-PORT NETWORK EQUATIONS 265
7.1.4.2 HYBRID PARAMETERS (/I-PARAMETERS) 265
7.1.4.3 ADMITTANCE PARAMETERS (Y-PARAMETERS) 266
7.1.5 BLOCK DIAGRAMS 267
7.1.5.1 CALCULATION RULES FOR BLOCK DIAGRAMS 268
7.1.6 BODE PLOT 269
7.2 SILICON AND GERMANIUM DIODES 269
7.2.1 CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTIC OF SI AND GE DIODES 270
7.2.2 TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCY OF THE THRESHOLD VOLTAGE 270
7.2.3 DYNAMIC RESISTANCE (DIFFERENTIAL RESISTANCE) 271
7.3 SMALL-SIGNAL AMPLIFIER WITH BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 271
7.3.1 TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS 272
XIV CONTENTS
7.3.1.1 SYMBOLS, VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS FOR BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS . 272
7.3.1.2 OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS 272
7.3.1.3 TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC 273
7.3.1.4 INPUT CHARACTERISTIC 273
7.3.1.5 STATIC CURRENT GAIN JS
DC
274
7.3.1.6 DIFFERENTIAL CURRENT GAIN FI 274
7.3.1.7 TRANSCONDUCTANCE G
M
275
7.3.1.8 THERMAL VOLTAGE DRIFT 275
7.3.1.9 DIFFERENTIAL INPUT RESISTANCE R
BE
275
7.3.1.10 DIFFERENTIAL OUTPUT RESISTANCE R
CE
275
7.3.1.11 REVERSE VOLTAGE-TRANSFER RATIO A
R
276
7.3.1.12 UNITY GAIN AND CRITICAL FREQUENCIES 276
7.3.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUITS 276
7.3.2.1 STATIC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 276
7.3.2.2 AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 277
7.3.2.3 THE GIACOLETTO EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 278
7.3.3 DARLINGTON PAIR 278
7.3.3.1 PSEUDO-DARLINGTON PAIR 279
7.3.4 BASIC CIRCUITS WITH BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS 280
7.3.5 COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT 280
7.3.5.1 COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT TWO-PORT NETWORK EQUATIONS . 281
7.3.5.2 COMMON-EMITTER AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 282
7.3.5.3 COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT INPUT IMPEDANCE 283
7.3.5.4 COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 284
7.3.5.5 COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT AC VOLTAGE GAIN 285
7.3.5.6 OPERATING POINT BIASING 286
7.3.5.7 OPERATING POINT STABILISATION 288
7.3.5.8 LOAD LINE 290
7.3.5.9 COMMON-EMITTER CIRCUIT AT HIGH FREQUENCIES 291
7.3.6 COMMON-COLLECTOR CIRCUIT (EMITTER FOLLOWER) 291
7.3.6.1 COMMON-COLLECTOR AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 292
7.3.6.2 COMMON-COLLECTOR CIRCUIT INPUT IMPEDANCE 293
7.3.6.3 COMMON-COLLECTOR CIRCUIT OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 293
7.3.6.4 COMMON-COLLECTOR CIRCUIT AC CURRENT GAIN 294
7.3.6.5 COMMON-COLLECTOR CIRCUIT AT HIGH FREQUENCIES 294
7.3.7 COMMON-BASE CIRCUIT 294
7.3.7.1 COMMON-BASE AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 295
7.3.7.2 COMMON-BASE CIRCUIT INPUT IMPEDANCE 295
7.3.7.3 COMMON-BASE CIRCUIT OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 295
7.3.7.4 COMMON-BASE CIRCUIT AC VOLTAGE GAIN 296
7.3.7.5 COMMON-BASE CIRCUIT AT HIGH FREQUENCIES 296
7.3.8 OVERVIEW: BASIC BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CIRCUITS 296
7.3.9 BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR CURRENT SOURCES 296
7.3.10 BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 298
7.3.10.1 DIFFERENTIAL MODE GAIN 300
7.3.10.2 COMMON-MODE GAIN 301
7.3.10.3 COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO 301
7.3.10.4 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER INPUT IMPEDANCE 302
7.3.10.5 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 302
7.3.10.6 OFFSET VOLTAGE OF THE DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 302
7.3.10.7 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER OFFSET CURRENT 302
7.3.10.8 INPUT OFFSET VOLTAGE DRIFT 302
7.3.10.9 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER EXAMPLES 303
7.3.11 OVERVIEW: BIPOLAR TRANSISTOR DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS 304
CONTENTS XV
7.3.12 CURRENT MIRROR 304
7.3.12.1 CURRENT MIRROR VARIATIONS 305
7.4 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTOR SMALL-SIGNAL AMPLIFIERS 305
7.4.1 TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS AND RATINGS 305
7.4.1.1 SYMBOLS, VOLTAGES AND CURRENTS FOR FIELD-EFFECT
TRANSISTORS 305
7.4.1.2 JFET CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 307
7.4.1.3 IGFET CHARACTERISTIC CURVES 307
7.4.1.4 TRANSCONDUCTANCE 308
7.4.1.5 DYNAMIC OUTPUT RESISTANCE 309
7.4.1.6 INPUT IMPEDANCE 309
7.4.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT 309
7.4.2.1 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR LOW FREQUENCIES 309
7.4.2.2 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT FOR HIGH FREQUENCIES 310
7.4.2.3 CRITICAL FREQUENCY OF TRANSCONDUCTANCE 310
7.4.3 BASIC CIRCUITS USING FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 310
7.4.4 COMMON-SOURCE CIRCUIT 310
7.4.4.1 COMMON-SOURCE TWO-PORT PARAMETERS 311
7.4.4.2 AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE COMMON-SOURCE CIRCUIT. . 312
7.4.4.3 INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE COMMON-SOURCE CIRCUIT 313
7.4.4.4 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE COMMON-SOURCE CIRCUIT .313
7.4.4.5 AC VOLTAGE GAIN 314
7.4.4.6 OPERATING-POINT BIASING 314
7.4.4.7 COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT, SOURCE FOLLOWER 316
7.4.4.8 AC EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT .316
7.4.4.9 INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT 317
7.4.4.10 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT 317
7.4.4.11 VOLTAGE GAIN OF THE COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT 317
7.4.4.12 COMMON-DRAIN CIRCUIT AT HIGH FREQUENCIES 317
7.4.5 COMMON-GATE CIRCUIT 317
7.4.5.1 INPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE COMMON-GATE CIRCUIT 318
7.4.5.2 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE COMMON-GATE CIRCUIT 318
7.4.5.3 VOLTAGE GAIN OF THE COMMON-GATE CIRCUIT 318
7.4.6 OVERVIEW: BASIC CIRCUITS USING FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 318
7.4.7 FET CURRENT SOURCE 319
7.4.8 DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS 319
7.4.8.1 DIFFERENTIAL MODE GAIN 320
7.4.8.2 COMMON-MODE GAIN 320
7.4.8.3 COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO 321
7.4.8.4 INPUT IMPEDANCE 321
7.4.8.5 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 321
7.4.9 OVERVIEW: DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER WITH FETS 321
7.4.10 CONTROLLABLE RESISTOR FETS 321
7.5 NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 322
7.5.1 FEEDBACK TOPOLOGIES 324
7.5.2 INFLUENCE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ON THE INPUT AND OUTPUT
IMPEDANCE 326
7.5.2.1 INPUT AND OUTPUT IMPEDANCE OF THE FOUR KINDS OF
FEEDBACK 327
7.5.3 INFLUENCE OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK ON FREQUENCY RESPONSE 327
7.5.4 STABILITY OF SYSTEMS WITH NEGATIVE FEEDBACK 328
7.6 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 329
7.6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 330
7.6.1.1 OUTPUT VOLTAGE SWING 330
XVI CONTENTS
7.6.1.2 OFFSET VOLTAGE 330
7.6.1.3 OFFSET VOLTAGE DRIFT 331
7.6.1.4 COMMON-MODE INPUT SWING 331
7.6.1.5 DIFFERENTIAL MODE GAIN 331
7.6.1.6 COMMON-MODE GAIN 331
7.6.1.7 COMMON-MODE REJECTION RATIO 332
7.6.1.8 POWER SUPPLY REJECTION RATIO 332
7.6.1.9 INPUT IMPEDANCE 332
7.6.1.10 OUTPUT IMPEDANCE 332
7.6.1.11 INPUT BIAS CURRENT 332
7.6.1.12 GAIN-BANDWIDTH PRODUCT (UNITY GAIN FREQUENCY) 333
7.6.1.13 CRITICAL FREQUENCY 333
7.6.1.14 SLEW RATE OF THE OUTPUT VOLTAGE 333
7.6.1.15 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 333
7.6.2 FREQUENCY COMPENSATION 334
7.6.3 COMPARATORS 335
7.6.4 CIRCUITS WITH OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 335
7.6.4.1 IMPEDANCE CONVERTER (FOLLOWER) 336
7.6.4.2 NONINVERTING AMPLIFIER 336
7.6.4.3 INVERTING AMPLIFIER 337
7.6.4.4 SUMMING AMPLIFIER 338
7.6.4.5 DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER 339
7.6.4.6 INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER 340
7.6.4.7 VOLTAGE-CONTROLLED CURRENT SOURCE 341
7.6.4.8 INTEGRATOR 341
7.6.4.9 DIFFERENTIATOR 342
7.6.4.10 AC VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER WITH SINGLE-RAIL SUPPLY 343
7.6.4.11 VOLTAGE SETTING WITH DEFINED SLEW RATE 343
7.6.4.12 SCHMITT TRIGGER 344
7.6.4.13 TRIANGLE- AND SQUARE-WAVE GENERATOR 345
7.6.4.14 MULTIVIBRATOR 346
7.6.4.15 SAWTOOTH GENERATOR 346
7.6.4.16 PULSE-WIDTH MODULATOR 346
7.7 ACTIVE FILTERS 348
7.7.1 LOW-PASS FILTERS 349
7.7.1.1 THEORY OF LOW-PASS FILTERS 349
7.7.1.2 LOW-PASS FILTER CALCULATIONS 356
7.7.1.3 LOW-PASS FILTER CIRCUITS 357
7.7.2 HIGH-PASS FILTERS 359
7.7.2.1 THEORY OF HIGH-PASS FILTERS 359
7.7.2.2 HIGH-PASS FILTER CIRCUITS 359
7.7.3 BANDPASS FILTERS 361
7.7.3.1 SECOND-ORDER BANDPASS FILTER 361
7.7.3.2 SECOND-ORDER BANDPASS FILTER CIRCUIT 362
7.7.3.3 FOURTH- AND HIGHER-ORDER BANDPASS FILTERS 362
7.7.4 UNIVERSAL FILTER 363
7.7.5 SWITCHED-CAPACITOR FILTER 363
7.8 OSCILLATORS 364
7.8.1 RC OSCILLATORS 365
7.8.1.1 PHASE-SHIFT OSCILLATOR 365
7.8.1.2 WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR 366
7.8.2 LC TUNED OSCILLATORS 367
7.8.2.1 MEISSNER OSCILLATOR 367
7.8.2.2 HARTLEY OSCILLATOR 367
CONTENTS XVII
7.8.2.3 COLPITTS OSCILLATOR 368
7.8.3 QUARTZ/CRYSTAL OSCILLATORS 368
7.8.3.1 PIERCE OSCILLATOR 369
7.8.3.2 QUARTZ OSCILLATOR WITH TTL GATES 370
7.8.4 MULTIVIBRATORS 370
7.9 HEATING AND COOLING 370
7.9.1 RELIABILITY AND LIFETIME 371
7.9.2 TEMPERATURE CALCULATION 373
7.9.2.1 THERMAL RESISTANCE 373
7.9.2.2 THERMAL CAPACITY 374
7.9.2.3 TRANSIENT THERMAL IMPEDANCE 375
7.10 POWER AMPLIFIERS 376
7.10.1 EMITTER FOLLOWER 376
7.10.2 COMPLEMENTARY EMITTER FOLLOWER IN CLASS B OPERATION 379
7.10.3 COMPLEMENTARY EMITTER FOLLOWER IN CLASS C OPERATION 382
7.10.4 THE CHARACTERISTIC CURVES OF THE OPERATION CLASSES 383
7.10.5 COMPLEMENTARY EMITTER FOLLOWER IN CLASS AB OPERATION 383
7.10.5.1 BIASING FOR CLASS AB OPERATION 384
7.10.5.2 COMPLEMENTARY EMITTER FOLLOWER WITH DARLINGTON
TRANSISTORS 385
7.10.5.3 CURRENT-LIMITING COMPLEMENTARY EMITTER FOLLOWER .386
7.10.6 INPUT SIGNAL INJECTION TO POWER AMPLIFIERS 386
7.10.6.1 INPUT SIGNAL INJECTION USING A DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER . . 386
7.10.6.2 INPUT SIGNAL INJECTION USING AN OP-AMP 388
7.10.7 SWITCHED-MODE AMPLIFIERS 388
7.11 NOTATION INDEX 389
7.12 FURTHER READING 390
DIGITAL ELECTRONICS 392
8.1 LOGIC ALGEBRA 392
8.1.1 LOGIC VARIABLES AND LOGIC GATES 392
8.1.1.1 INVERSION 392
8.1.1.2 AND FUNCTION 392
8.1.1.3 OR FUNCTION 393
8.1.2 LOGIC FUNCTIONS AND THEIR SYMBOLS 393
8.1.2.1 INVERTER (NOT) 394
8.1.2.2 AND GATE 394
8.1.2.3 OR GATE 394
8.1.2.4 NAND GATE 395
8.1.2.5 NOR GATE 395
8.1.2.6 XOR GATE, EXCLUSIVE OR 396
8.1.3 LOGIC TRANSFORMATIONS 396
8.1.3.1 COMMUTATIVE LAWS 396
8.1.3.2 ASSOCIATIVE LAWS 397
8.1.3.3 DISTRIBUTIVE LAWS 397
8.1.3.4 INVERSION LAWS (DEMORGAN'S RULES) 398
8.1.4 OVERVIEW: LOGIC TRANSFORMATIONS 398
8.1.5 ANALYSIS OF LOGIC CIRCUITS 399
8.1.6 SUM OF PRODUCTS AND PRODUCT OF SUMS 400
8.1.6.1 SUM OF PRODUCTS 400
8.1.6.2 PRODUCT OF SUMS 401
8.1.7 SYSTEMATIC REDUCTION OF A LOGIC FUNCTION 402
8.1.7.1 KARNAUGH MAP 402
8.1.7.2 THE QUINE-MCCLUSKEY TECHNIQUE 406
XVIII CONTENTS
8.1.8 SYNTHESIS OF COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS 408
8.1.8.1 IMPLEMENTATION USING ONLY NAND GATES 408
8.1.8.2 IMPLEMENTATION USING ONLY NOR GATES 408
8.2 ELECTRONIC REALISATION OF LOGIC CIRCUITS 409
8.2.1 ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION 409
8.2.1.1 VOLTAGE LEVELS 409
8.2.1.2 TRANSFER CHARACTERISTIC 409
8.2.1.3 LOADING 410
8.2.1.4 NOISE MARGIN 410
8.2.1.5 PROPAGATION DELAY TIME 411
8.2.1.6 RISE TIMES 411
8.2.1.7 POWER LOSS 412
8.2.1.8 MINIMUM SLEW RATE 412
8.2.1.9 INTEGRATION 412
8.2.2 OVERVIEW: NOTATION IN DATA SHEETS 412
8.2.3 TTL FAMILY 414
8.2.3.1 TTL DEVICES 414
8.2.3.2 BASIC TTL GATE CIRCUIT 416
8.2.4 CMOS FAMILY 417
8.2.5 COMPARISON OF TTL AND CMOS 418
8.2.5.1 OTHER LOGIC FAMILIES 418
8.2.6 SPECIAL CIRCUIT VARIATIONS 420
8.2.6.1 OUTPUTS WITH OPEN COLLECTOR 420
8.2.6.2 WIRED AND/OR 420
8.2.6.3 TRI-STATE OUTPUTS 422
8.2.6.4 SCHMITT TRIGGER INPUTS 422
8.3 COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS AND SEQUENTIAL LOGIC 423
8.3.1 DEPENDENCY NOTATION 423
8.3.1.1 OVERVIEW: DEPENDENCY NOTATION 425
8.3.2 CIRCUIT SYMBOLS FOR COMBINATIONAL AND SEQUENTIAL LOGIC 425
8.4 EXAMPLES OF COMBINATIONAL CIRCUITS 426
8.4.1 1-TO-N DECODER 426
8.4.2 MULTIPLEXER AND DEMULTIPLEXER 426
8.4.2.1 OVERVIEW OF CIRCUITS 428
8.5 LATCHES AND FLIP-FLOPS 428
8.5.1 FLIP-FLOP APPLICATIONS 428
8.5.2 SR FLIP-FLOP 429
8.5.2.1 SR FLIP-FLOP WITH CLOCK INPUT 430
8.5.3 D FLIP-FLOP 430
8.5.4 MASTER-SLAVE FLIP-FLOP 431
8.5.5 JKFLIP-FLOP 432
8.5.6 FLIP-FLOP TRIGGERING 432
8.5.7 NOTATION FOR FLIP-FLOP CIRCUIT SYMBOLS 433
8.5.8 OVERVIEW: FLIP-FLOPS 434
8.5.9 OVERVIEW: EDGE-TRIGGERED FLIP-FLOPS 434
8.5.10 SYNTHESIS OF EDGE-TRIGGERED FLIP-FLOPS 436
8.5.11 OVERVIEW: FLIP-FLOP CIRCUITS 438
8.6 MEMORY 439
8.6.1 MEMORY CONSTRUCTION 439
8.6.2 MEMORY ACCESS 440
8.6.3 STATIC AND DYNAMIC RAMS 441
8.6.3.1 VARIATIONS OF RAM 442
8.6.4 READ-ONLY MEMORY 443
8.6.5 PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC DEVICES 444
CONTENTS XIX
8.6.5.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 444
8.6.5.2 PLD TYPES 445
8.6.5.3 OUTPUT CIRCUITS 446
8.7 REGISTERS AND SHIFT REGISTERS 448
8.8 COUNTERS 449
8.8.1 ASYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS 450
8.8.1.1 BINARY COUNTER 450
8.8.1.2 DECIMAL COUNTER 450
8.8.1.3 DOWN COUNTER 453
8.8.1.4 UP/DOWN COUNTER 454
8.8.1.5 PROGRAMMABLE COUNTER 454
8.8.2 SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS 455
8.8.2.1 CASCADING SYNCHRONOUS COUNTERS 456
8.8.3 OVERVIEW: TTL AND CMOS COUNTERS 458
8.8.3.1 TTL COUNTERS 459
8.8.3.2 CMOS COUNTERS 459
8.9 DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF SEQUENTIAL LOGIC 460
8.10 FURTHER READING 467
POWER SUPPLIES 469
9.1 POWER TRANSFORMERS 469
9.2 RECTIFICATION AND FILTERING 470
9.2.1 DIFFERENT RECTIFIER CIRCUITS 472
9.3 ANALOGUE VOLTAGE STABILISATION 473
9.3.1 VOLTAGE STABILISATION WITH ZENER DIODE 473
9.3.2 ANALOGUE STABILISATION WITH TRANSISTOR 474
9.3.3 VOLTAGE REGULATION 475
9.3.3.1 INTEGRATED VOLTAGE REGULATORS 475
9.4 SWITCHED MODE POWER SUPPLIES 476
9.4.1 SINGLE-ENDED CONVERTERS, SECONDARY SWITCHED SMPS 477
9.4.1.1 BUCK CONVERTER 477
9.4.1.2 BOOST CONVERTER 479
9.4.1.3 BUCK-BOOST CONVERTER 481
9.4.2 PRIMARY SWITCHED SMPS 482
9.4.2.1 FLYBACK CONVERTER 482
9.4.2.2 SINGLE-TRANSISTOR FORWARD CONVERTER 486
9.4.2.3 PUSH-PULL CONVERTERS 489
9.4.2.4 RESONANT CONVERTERS 491
9.4.3 OVERVIEW: SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLIES 494
9.4.4 CONTROL OF SWITCHED-MODE POWER SUPPLIES 496
9.4.4.1 VOLTAGE-MODE CONTROL 496
9.4.4.2 CURRENT-MODE CONTROL 497
9.4.4.3 COMPARISON: VOLTAGE-MODE VS. CURRENT-MODE CONTROL . 498
9.4.4.4 DESIGN OF THE PI CONTROLLER 498
9.4.5 DESIGN OF INDUCTORS AND HIGH-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS 499
9.4.5.1 CALCULATION OF INDUCTORS 499
9.4.5.2 CALCULATION OF HIGH-FREQUENCY TRANSFORMERS 500
9.4.6 POWER FACTOR CONTROL 504
9.4.6.1 CURRENTS, VOLTAGES AND POWER OF THE PFC 505
9.4.6.2 CONTROLLING THE PFC 506
9.4.7 RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE SUPPRESSION OF SWITCHED-MODE
POWER SUPPLIES 507
9.4.7.1 RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE RADIATION 507
9.4.7.2 MAINS INPUT CONDUCTED-MODE INTERFERENCE 508
XX CONTENTS
9.4.7.3 SUPPRESSION OF COMMON-MODE RADIO-FREQUENCY
INTERFERENCE 509
9.4.7.4 SUPPRESSION OF DIFFERENTIAL-MODE RADIO FREQUENCY
INTERFERENCE 509
9.4.7.5 COMPLETE RADIO-FREQUENCY INTERFERENCE FILTER 510
9.5 NOTATION INDEX 511
9.6 FURTHER READING 512
A MATHEMATICAL BASICS 513
A.I TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 513
A.I.I PROPERTIES 513
A. 1.2 SUMS AND DIFFERENCES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 514
A.I.3 SUMS AND DIFFERENCES IN THE ARGUMENT 515
A.1.4 MULTIPLES OF THE ARGUMENT 515
A. 1.5 WEIGHTED SUMS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 516
A.I.6 PRODUCTS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 516
A.1.7 TRIPLE PRODUCTS 516
A.I.8 POWERS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 517
A. 1.9 TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS WITH COMPLEX ARGUMENTS 517
A.2 INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS (ARC FUNCTIONS) 517
A.3 HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS 518
A.4 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 518
A.4.1 BASICS OF DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS 518
A.4.2 DERIVATIVES OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS 519
A.5 INTEGRAL CALCULUS 519
A.5.1 BASICS OF INTEGRAL CALCULUS 519
A.5.1.1 INTEGRALS OF ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS 520
A.5.2 INTEGRALS INVOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 521
A.5.3 INTEGRALS INVOLVING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS 523
A.5.4 INTEGRALS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 524
A.5.5 DEFINITE INTEGRALS 524
A.6 THE INTEGRAL OF THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 527
B TABLES 530
B.I THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS (SI) 530
B.I.I DECIMAL PREFIXES 531
B.1.2 SI UNITS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 532
B.2 NATURALLY OCCURRING CONSTANTS 533
B.3 SYMBOLS OF THE GREEK ALPHABET 533
B.4 UNITS AND DEFINITIONS OF TECHNICAL-PHYSICAL QUANTITIES 534
B.5 IMPERIAL AND AMERICAN UNITS 535
B.6 OTHER UNITS 537
B.7 CHARGE AND DISCHARGE CURVES 540
B.8 IEC STANDARD SERIES 541
B.9 RESISTOR COLOUR CODE 542
B.10 PARALLEL COMBINATION OF RESISTORS 543
B.I 1 SELECTING TRACK DIMENSIONS FOR CURRENT FLOW 544
B.12 AMERICAN WIRE GAUGE 545
B.13 DRY CELL BATTERIES 546
B.14 NOTATION OF RADIO-FREQUENCY RANGES 548
B.15 RATIOS 549
B.15.1 ABSOLUTE VOLTAGE LEVELS 549
B.15.1.1 CONVERSION OF POWER AND VOLTAGE LEVEL RATIOS 550
B.15.2 RELATIVE LEVELS 551
CONTENTS XXI
B.16 V.24 INTERFACE 552
B.17 DUAL-TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY 553
B.18 ASCII CODING 554
B.19 RESOLUTION AND CODING FOR ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS 555
B.20 CHEMICAL ELEMENTS 556
B.21 MATERIALS 559
C ACRONYMS 561
D CIRCUIT SYMBOLS 595
INDEX 601 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Kories, Ralf Schmidt-Walter, Heinz |
| author_GND | (DE-588)124515649 (DE-588)124515703 |
| author_facet | Kories, Ralf Schmidt-Walter, Heinz |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Kories, Ralf |
| author_variant | r k rk h s w hsw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV017432078 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TK151 |
| callnumber-raw | TK151 |
| callnumber-search | TK151 |
| callnumber-sort | TK 3151 |
| callnumber-subject | TK - Electrical and Nuclear Engineering |
| classification_rvk | ZN 2630 |
| classification_tum | ELT 020b |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)248732511 (DE-599)BVBBV017432078 |
| dewey-full | 621.3 |
| dewey-hundreds | 600 - Technology (Applied sciences) |
| dewey-ones | 621 - Applied physics |
| dewey-raw | 621.3 |
| dewey-search | 621.3 |
| dewey-sort | 3621.3 |
| dewey-tens | 620 - Engineering and allied operations |
| discipline | Elektrotechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Formelsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV017432078 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-09-06T00:13:31Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 354043965X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010503125 |
| oclc_num | 248732511 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M347 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 |
| owner_facet | DE-M347 DE-91 DE-BY-TUM DE-634 DE-83 |
| physical | XXI, 620 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Kories, Ralf Verfasser (DE-588)124515649 aut Electrical engineering a pocket reference Ralf Kories ; Heinz Schmidt-Walter Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2003 XXI, 620 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Électrotechnique Electrical engineering Handbooks, manuals, etc Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 gnd rswk-swf Elektronik (DE-588)4014346-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4155008-0 Formelsammlung gnd-content Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 s DE-604 Elektronik (DE-588)4014346-6 s Schmidt-Walter, Heinz Verfasser (DE-588)124515703 aut DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010503125&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kories, Ralf Schmidt-Walter, Heinz Electrical engineering a pocket reference Électrotechnique Electrical engineering Handbooks, manuals, etc Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 gnd Elektronik (DE-588)4014346-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4014390-9 (DE-588)4014346-6 (DE-588)4155008-0 |
| title | Electrical engineering a pocket reference |
| title_auth | Electrical engineering a pocket reference |
| title_exact_search | Electrical engineering a pocket reference |
| title_full | Electrical engineering a pocket reference Ralf Kories ; Heinz Schmidt-Walter |
| title_fullStr | Electrical engineering a pocket reference Ralf Kories ; Heinz Schmidt-Walter |
| title_full_unstemmed | Electrical engineering a pocket reference Ralf Kories ; Heinz Schmidt-Walter |
| title_short | Electrical engineering |
| title_sort | electrical engineering a pocket reference |
| title_sub | a pocket reference |
| topic | Électrotechnique Electrical engineering Handbooks, manuals, etc Elektrotechnik (DE-588)4014390-9 gnd Elektronik (DE-588)4014346-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Électrotechnique Electrical engineering Handbooks, manuals, etc Elektrotechnik Elektronik Formelsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010503125&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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