Biostatistics and epidemiology: a primer for health and biomedical professionals
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Springer
2004
|
| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-231) and index |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 243 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0387402926 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Biostatistics and epidemiology |b a primer for health and biomedical professionals |c Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller |
| 250 | |a 3. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 243 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-231) and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Métodos epidemiológicos |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Études cliniques - Méthodes statistiques | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biometry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Clinical trials |x Statistical methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Epidemiologic Methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Epidemiology |x Statistical methods | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION vi
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix
CHAPTER 1. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1
1.1 The Logic of Scientific Reasoning 1
1.2 Variability of Phenomena Requires Statistical Analysis 6
1.3 Inductive Inference: Statistics as the Technology
of the Scientific Method 7
1.4 Design of Studies 8
1.5 How to Quantify Variables 10
1.6 The Null Hypothesis 11
1.7 Why Do We Test the Null Hypothesis? 12
1.8 Types of Errors 14
1.9 Significance Level and Types of Error 15
1.10 Consequences of Type I and Type II Errors 16
CHAPTER 2. A LITTLE BIT OF PROBABILITY 19
2.1 What Is Probability? 19
2.2 Combining Probabilities 20
2.3 Conditional Probability 23
2.4 Bayesian Probability 24
2.5 Odds and Probability 25
2.6 Likelihood Ratio 26
2.7 Summary of Probability 27
CHAPTER 3. MOSTLY ABOUT STATISTICS 29
3.1 Chi Square for 2 x 2 Tables 29
3.2 McNemarTest 34
3.3 Kappa 35
xi
xii Contents
3.4 Description of a Population: Use of the Standard
Deviation 36
3.5 Meaning of the Standard Deviation: The Normal
Distribution 40
3.6 The Difference Between Standard Deviation and
Standard Error 42
3.7 Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Means 46
3.8 Z Scores and the Standardized Normal Distribution 47
3.9 The t Statistic 51
3.10 Sample Values and Population Values Revisited 52
3.11 A Question of Confidence 53
3.12 Confidence Limits and Confidence Intervals 55
3.13 Degrees of Freedom 56
3.14 Confidence Intervals for Proportions 57
3.15 Confidence Intervals Around the Difference Between
Two Means 58
3.16 Comparisons Between Two Groups 60
3.17 Z Test for Comparing Two Proportions 60
3.18 t Test for the Difference Between Means of Two
Independent Groups: Principles 62
3.19 How to Do a t Test: An Example 64
3.20 Matched Pair t Test 66
3.21 When Not to Do a Lot of t Tests: The Problem of
Multiple Tests of Significance 67
3.22 Analysis of Variance: Comparison Among Several
Groups 69
3.23 Principles 69
3.24 Bonferroni Procedure: An Approach to Making
Multiple Comparisons 72
3.25 Analysis of Variance When There Are Two Independent
Variables: The Two Factor ANOVA 74
3.26 Interaction Between Two Independent Variables 75
3.27 Example of a Two Way ANOVA 76
3.28 Kruskal Wallis Test to Compare Several Groups 77
3.29 Association and Causation: The Correlation Coefficient 78
3.30 How High Is High? 79
Contents xiii
3.31 Causal Pathways 79
3.32 Regression 82
3.33 The Connection Between Linear Regression and the
Correlation Coefficient 84
3.34 Multiple Linear Regression 84
3.35 Summary So Far 86
CHAPTER 4. MOSTLY ABOUT EPIDEMIOLOGY 87
4.1 The Uses of Epidemiology 87
4.2 Some Epidemiologic Concepts: Mortality Rates 88
4.3 Age Adjusted Rates 90
4.4 Incidence and Prevalence Rates 92
4.5 Standardized Mortality Ratio 94
4.6 Person Years of Observation 94
4.7 Dependent and Independent Variables 96
4.8 Types of Studies 96
4.9 Cross Sectional Versus Longitudinal Looks at Data 97
4.10 Measures of Relative Risk: Inferences From
Prospective Studies: the Framingham Study 101
4.11 Calculation of Relative Risk from Prospective Studies 103
4.12 Odds Ratio: Estimate of Relative Risk from
Case Control Studies 104
4.13 Attributable Risk 107
4.14 Response Bias 109
4.15 Confounding Variables 111
4.16 Matching 112
4.17 Multiple Logistic Regression 113
4.18 Confounding By Indication 116
4.19 Survival Analysis: Life Table Methods 117
4.20 Cox Proportional Hazards Model 120
4.21 Selecting Variables For Multivariate Models 122
4.22 Interactions: Additive and Multiplicative Models 124
Summary: 127
xiv Contents
CHAPTER 5. MOSTLY ABOUT SCREENING 129
5.1 Sensitivity, Specificity, and Related Concepts 129
5.2 Cutoff Point and Its Effects on Sensitivity and Specificity 136
CHAPTER 6. MOSTLY ABOUT CLINICAL TRIALS 141
6.1 Features of Randomized Clinical Trials 141
6.2 Purposes of Randomization 143
6.3 How to Perform Randomized Assignment 144
6.4 Two Tailed Tests Versus One Tailed Test 145
6.5 Clinical Trial as Gold Standard 146
6.6 Regression Toward the Mean 147
6.7 Intention to Treat Analysis 150
6.8 How Large Should the Clinical Trial Be? 151
6.9 What Is Involved in Sample Size Calculation? 153
6.10 How to Calculate Sample Size for the Difference
Between Two Proportions 157
6.11 How to Calculate Sample Size for Testing the Difference
Between Two Means 158
CHAPTER 7. MOSTLY ABOUT QUALITY OF LIFE 161
7.1 Scale Construction 162
7.2 Reliability 162
7.3 Validity 164
7.4 Responsiveness 165
7.5 Some Potential Pitfalls 167
CHAPTER 8. MOSTLY ABOUT GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY 171
8.1 A New Scientific Era 171
8.2 Overview of Genetic Epidemiology 172
8.3 Twin Studies 173
8.4 Linkage and Association Studies 175
8.5 LOD Score: Linkage Statistic 178
8.6 Association Studies 179
8.7 Transmission Disequilibrium Tests (TDT) 181
8.8 Some Additional Concepts and Complexities
of Genetic Studies 185
Contents XV
CHAPTER 9. RESEARCH ETHICS AND STATISTICS 189
9.1 What does statistics have to do with it? 189
9.2 Protection of Human Research Subjects 190
9.3 Informed Consent 192
9.4 Equipoise 194
9.5 Research Integrity 194
9.6 Authorship policies 195
9.7 Data and Safety Monitoring Boards 196
9.8 Summary 196
Postscript A FEW PARTING COMMENTS ON THE
IMPACT OF EPIDEMIOLOGY ON HUMAN
LIVES 197
Appendix A. CRITICAL VALUES OF CHI SQUARE, Z,
ANDt 199
Appendix B. FISHER S EXACT TEST 201
Appendix C. KRUSKAL WALLIS NONPARAMETRIC
TEST TO COMPARE SEVERAL GROUPS 203
Appendix D. HOW TO CALCULATE A CORRELATION
COEFFICIENT 205
Appendix E. AGE ADJUSTMENT 207
Appendix F. CONFIDENCE LIMITS ON ODDS RATIOS 211
Appendix G. J OR U SHAPED RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN TWO VARIABLES 213
Appendix H. DETERMINING APPROPRIATENESS OF
CHANGE SCORES 217
Appendix I. GENETIC PRINCIPLES 221
xvi Contents
REFERENCES 227
SUGGESTED READINGS 233
INDEX 237
|
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| spelling | Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia Verfasser aut Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller 3. ed. New York [u.a.] Springer 2004 XVI, 243 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 227-231) and index Métodos epidemiológicos larpcal Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Études cliniques - Méthodes statistiques Biometry Clinical trials Statistical methods Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Statistical methods Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 gnd rswk-swf Biostatistik (DE-588)4729990-3 gnd rswk-swf Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd rswk-swf Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 s DE-604 Biostatistik (DE-588)4729990-3 s Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 s b DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010456414&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wassertheil-Smoller, Sylvia Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals Métodos epidemiológicos larpcal Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Études cliniques - Méthodes statistiques Biometry Clinical trials Statistical methods Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Statistical methods Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 gnd Biostatistik (DE-588)4729990-3 gnd Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4127563-9 (DE-588)4729990-3 (DE-588)4015016-1 |
| title | Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals |
| title_auth | Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals |
| title_exact_search | Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals |
| title_full | Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller |
| title_fullStr | Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals Sylvia Wassertheil-Smoller |
| title_short | Biostatistics and epidemiology |
| title_sort | biostatistics and epidemiology a primer for health and biomedical professionals |
| title_sub | a primer for health and biomedical professionals |
| topic | Métodos epidemiológicos larpcal Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Études cliniques - Méthodes statistiques Biometry Clinical trials Statistical methods Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Statistical methods Medizinische Statistik (DE-588)4127563-9 gnd Biostatistik (DE-588)4729990-3 gnd Epidemiologie (DE-588)4015016-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Métodos epidemiológicos Épidémiologie - Méthodes statistiques Études cliniques - Méthodes statistiques Biometry Clinical trials Statistical methods Epidemiologic Methods Epidemiology Statistical methods Medizinische Statistik Biostatistik Epidemiologie |
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