The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa: geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Pretoria
Council for Geoscience
2002
|
| Series: | South Africa / Council for Geoscience: Memoir
93 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | VII, 208 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1919908110 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa |b geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential |c by L. W. Schürmann |
| 264 | 1 | |a Pretoria |b Council for Geoscience |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a VII, 208 S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 490 | 1 | |a South Africa / Council for Geoscience: Memoir |v 93 | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Geology |z South Africa | |
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| adam_text | IMAGE 1
CONTENTS
PAGE
ABSTRACT VI
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. AIM OF THIS INVESTIGATION 5
3. PREVIOUS WORK 6
4. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 7
4.1 MAPPING 7
4.2 SOIL SAMPLING 7
4.3 GEOPHYSICAL METHODS 7
4.3.1 REGIONAL MAGNETIC AND GRAVITY SURVEYS 7
4.3.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETRIC SURVEY 9
4.3.3 HIGH-RESOLUTION MAGNETIC SURVEY 9
4.4 DRILLING 10
4.5 LABORATORY TECHNIQUES 10
4.5.1 MAJOR AND TRACE ELEMENTS 10
4.5.2 RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS 10
4.5.3 STABLE CARBON AND OXYGEN ISOTOPES 12
4.5.4 X-RAY DIFFRACTION 12
4.5.5 CATHODOLUMINESCENCE 14
4.5.6 ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSES 14
5. REGIONAL SETTING OF THE KRUIDFONTEIN CARBONATITE COMPLEX 15
6. GEOLOGY OF THE KRUIDFONTEIN CARBONATITE COMPLEX 17
6.1 PETROGRAPHIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CARBONATITES AND PYROCLASTIC
ROCKS 17 6.2 LITHOLOGICAL SUBDIVISION OF THE KRUIDFONTEIN CARBONATITE
COMPLEX 17 6.2.1 THE OUTER ZONE 17
6.2.1. 1 OLDER PYROCLASTIC BRECCIA UNIT 18
6.2.1.2 IGNIMBRITE UNIT ..-? 18
6.2.1.3 YOUNGER PYROCLASTIC BRECCIA UNIT 18
6.2.1.4 COUNTRY ROCK 18
6.2.2 THE INNER ZONE 19
6.2.2.1 ASH TUFF 19
6.2.2.2 PYROCLASTIC BRECCIA 19
6.2.2.3 LAPILLI TUFF , 22
6.2.2.4 FERRUGINOUS LAPILLI TUFF 24
(A) SECTION A-B 26
(B) SECTION C-D 26
6.2.2.5 INTRUSIVE CARBONATITE 26
6.3 ALTERATION TYPES 26
6.3.1 FENITISATION 26
6.3.2 CHLORITISATION 26
6.3.3 FERRUGINISATION 26
6.4 MINERALISATION 26
6.4.1 FLUORITE 26
6.4.1.1 REPLACEMENT DEPOSITS AND DISSEMINATED FLUORITE 28
6.4.1.2 FLUORITE-RICH CARBONATITE DYKES 31
6.4.1.3 FLUORITE-BARITE VEINS 31
6.5 DIAMOND-DRILLING RESULTS 31
6.5.1 BOREHOLE KD01 31
6.5.1.1 UPPER ASH-FLOW UNIT 31
6.5.1.2 LAPILLI-TUFF UNIT 31
IMAGE 2
6.5.1.3 FERRUGINOUS LAPILLI-TUFF UNIT 33
6.5.1.4 LOWER ASH-FLOW UNIT 33
6.5.1.5 DYKES 33
6.5.2 BOREHOLE KD02 33
6.5.3 BOREHOLE KD03 35
7. SOIL GEOCHEMISTRY AND GROUND RADIOMETRIC SURVEY 36
7.1 RELATIVE MOBILITY OF THE ELEMENTS IN THE ZONE OF WEATHERING 36
7.2 GEOCHEMICAL LANDSCAPES 40
7.3 SUMMARY 46
7.4 HIGH-RESOLUTION RADIOMETRIC SURVEY 47
7.4.1 TOTAL COUNTS 47
7.4.2 THORIUM CHANNEL 47
7.4.3 SUMMARY 47
8. GEOPHYSICAL APPRAISAL 50
8.1 RESULTS OF THE REGIONAL GRAVITY AND MAGNETIC SURVEYS 50
8.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION MAGNETIC SURVEY 50
8.3 SUMMARY 53
9. DETAILED PETROGRAPHY AND CATHODOLUMINESCENCE 55
9.1 MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION 55
9.2 PETROGRAPHY AND CATHODOLUMINESCENCE 55
9.2.1 UPPER ASH-FLOW UNIT 55
9.2.1.1 SAMPLE KD012 55
9.2.1.2 SAMPLES KD015 AND KD016 57
9.2.2 LAPILLI-TUFF UNIT 60
9.2.2.1 SAMPLE KD019 61
9.2.2.2 SAMPLE KD111 65
9.2.2.3 SAMPLE KD113 67
9.2.3 FERRUGINOUS LAPILLI TUFF UNIT 67
9.2.3.1 SAMPLE KD115 67
9.2.3.2 SAMPLE KD117 67
9.2.3.3 SAMPLE KD121 70
9.2.3.4 SAMPLE KD124 73
9.2.4 LOWER ASH-FLOW UNIT 74
9.2.4.1 SAMPLE KD130 74
9.2.4.2 SAMPLE KD133 75
9.2.4.3 SAMPLE KD134 78
9.2.4.4 SAMPLE KD138 79
9.2.4.5 SAMPLE KD146 79
10. MINERAL CHEMISTRY 81
10.1 CHLORITE 81
10.2 CARBONATES 86
10.2.1 DETAILED INVESTIGATION OF SAMPLE KD016 87
10.3 APATITE 89
10.3.1 DETAILED MINERAL CHEMISTRY 96
10.3.1.1 SAMPLE KD012 96
10.3.1.2 SAMPLE KD016 96
10.3.1.3 SAMPLE KD134 96
10.3.2 DISCUSSION 96
10.4 FLUORITE 101
10.5 FELDSPAR 102
10.6 RARE-EARTH MINERALS 107
10.7 DISCUSSION 110
11. GEOCHEMISTRY 116
11.1 MAJOR ELEMENTS 116
11.2 TRACE ELEMENTS 117
IV
IMAGE 3
11.3 GEOCHEMISTRY OF LITHOLOGIC UNITS 120
11.4 STATISTICAL METHOD 133
11.5 CHONDRITE-NORMALISED RARE-EARTH-ELEMENT PATTERNS 138
12. STABLE OXYGEN AND CARBON ISOTOPES 143
12.1 RAYLEIGH FRACTIONATION 145
12.2 CARBON AND OXYGEN STABLE ISOTOPES AND TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION 146
12.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECONDARY ALTERATION FLUID 147
12.3.1 CALCITE/DOLOMITE 147
12.3.2 SIDERITE 147
12.4 ANKERITISATION 148
12.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 6 18 O AND FLUORITE 149
13. TOWARDS A MODEL FOR THE KRUIDFONTEIN CARBONATITE COMPLEX 151 13.1
PROPERTIES OF CARBONATITE MAGMA AND ITS RELATION TO ALKALINE MAGMATISM .
. .151 13.2 PROPERTIES OF PYROCLASTIC DEPOSITS 151
13.3 VOLCANIC INTERPRETATION OF THE KRUIDFONTEIN CARBONATITE COMPLEX 152
13.3.1 OUTER ZONE 152
13.3.2 INNER ZONE 152
13.4 ORIGINAL VOLCANIC MATERIAL OF THE INNER ZONE 152
13.5 STRUCTURAL INTERPRETATION OF CALDERA FORMATION 154
13.6 CARBONATITE-RELATED FLUIDS 154
13.7 MINERALISATION IN THE SURROUNDING AREA RELATED TO THE KRUIDFONTEIN
CARBONATITE COMPLEX 155
13.8 A MODEL FOR THE FORMATION OF THE KRUIDFONTEIN CARBONATITE COMPLEX
158
14. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 162
15. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 164
16. REFERENCES 165
APPENDIX 1: MINERAL CHEMISTRY 171
APPENDIX 2: WHOLE-ROCK MAJOR, TRACE AND RARE-EARTH ELEMENTS 199
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:16:32Z |
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| language | English |
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| physical | VII, 208 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
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| publisher | Council for Geoscience |
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| series2 | South Africa / Council for Geoscience: Memoir |
| spelling | Schürmann, L. W. Verfasser aut The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential by L. W. Schürmann Pretoria Council for Geoscience 2002 VII, 208 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier South Africa / Council for Geoscience: Memoir 93 Geologie Carbonatites South Africa Geology South Africa Südafrika (Staat) Council for Geoscience: Memoir South Africa 93 (DE-604)BV013601842 93 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010437979&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schürmann, L. W. The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential Geologie Carbonatites South Africa Geology South Africa |
| title | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential |
| title_auth | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential |
| title_exact_search | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential |
| title_full | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential by L. W. Schürmann |
| title_fullStr | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential by L. W. Schürmann |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential by L. W. Schürmann |
| title_short | The Kruidfontein carbonatite complex, South Africa |
| title_sort | the kruidfontein carbonatite complex south africa geology petrology geochemistry and economic potential |
| title_sub | geology, petrology, geochemistry and economic potential |
| topic | Geologie Carbonatites South Africa Geology South Africa |
| topic_facet | Geologie Carbonatites South Africa Geology South Africa Südafrika (Staat) |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010437979&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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