Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002
Saved in:
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Mouton de Gruyter
2003
|
| Series: | Contributions to the sociology of language
89 |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXII, 458 S. Kt. |
| ISBN: | 3110178966 |
Staff View
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
List of tables xvi
Abbreviations and names of minorities in China xx
Map 1 Distribution of minority nationalities and languages
in China xxiii
Map 2 China: Autonomous regions and prefectures xxiv
Chapter 1 Minorities and minority languages in China 1
1.1. Historical developments of the Han and non-Han peoples. 2
1.2. Official classification of the non-Han peoples 8
1.3. Distribution of minority communities 15
1.4. The classification and distribution of minority languages. ..21
1.5. Current status of minority languages 27
1.6. The organization of this book 33
Chapter 2 The politics of minority language policy, 1949-2002 . . 36
2.1. Development of the CCP minorities policy before 1949 .... 37
2.2. Theoretical foundation of the CCP minorities policy and
later changes 40
2.3. The first pluralistic stage: 1949-1957 42
2.3.1. Legal protection for minority language use and
development 43
2.3.2. The CCP leadership s affirmative attitudes 45
2.3.3. Development of policy for minority language use ... 47
2.3.4. Development of infrastructure for minority
language work 51
2.3.5. Toward a change of pace in minority language work 55
2.4. The Chinese monopolistic stage: 1958-1977 60
2.4.1. The great leap toward national convergence 61
2.4.2. A unified language policy for both Chinese and
minority languages 62
2.4.3. A short relief from integrationism: 1962-1963 68
2.4.4. The dominance of Chinese monopolistic language
policy: 1964-1977 72
2.5. The second pluralistic stage: 1978-2002 77
2.5.1. The return of accommodationism 77
2.5.2. Legislation of minority language rights 83
2.5.3. Tactical retreat from the accommodationist policy . . 88
2.5.4. New orientation since the early 1990s 93
Chapter 3 The politics of the status of writing systems: Official,
experimental, or unofficial 99
3.1. Status of writing systems: The first pluralistic stage
(1949-1957) 101
3.1.1. Recognition of five commonly used writing
systems as official 101
3.1.2. Prioritization of the creation and revision of
writing systems 105
3.2. Status of writing systems: The Chinese monopolistic
stage (1958-1977) Ill
3.2.1. The losing battle of official and experimental
writing systems 112
3.2.2. The rise of phonetic spelling as candidate writing
systems for languages with non-Roman systems ... 116
3.3. Status of writing systems: The second pluralistic stage
(1978-2002) 121
3.3.1. Official recognition of the status of writing systems
and bottom-up efforts 122
3.3.2. The mushrooming of unofficial writing systems
in the 1980s 126
3.3.3. The lasting influence of Pinyin: Official writing
systems vs. pronunciation assistance systems 136
3.3.4. The politics of a new round of official recognition
in the 1990s 141
3.3.5. Information technology: A new battlefield for
status recognition 148
3.4. Issues in China s minority language policy 151
Chapter 4 Choices of scripts and theories of writing systems: East
vs. West 153
4.1. Western linguistics and the initial writing reforms for
minority languages in the PRC 158
4.1.1. The first linguistic guidelines for grammatogeny in
minority languages 161
4.1.2. Two kinds of reforms for imperfect writing
systems . 165
4.2. Modeling after the Soviet Union 169
4.2.1. The Soviet model of writing system development
for minority languages 171
4.2.2. Alliance of writing systems across Sino-Soviet
borders 177
4.2.3. Alliance of writing systems within language
groups: An application of the Soviet model 187
4.3. Roman, IPA, and Cyrillic scripts: Conflicts and
compromises 196
4.3.1. Hybrid alphabet of Roman, IPA, and Cyrillic scripts 198
4.3.2. Triumph of the Roman alphabet 203
Chapter 5 The politics of vernacular writing systems 209
5.1. The Soviet model and proliferation of vernacular writing
systems 211
5.1.1. The Hani writing systems: Vernacular and
vernacular 214
5.1.2. The Miao writing systems: Vernacular and
vernacular 219
5.2. Vernacular writing systems: Consolidation and withdrawal . . 229
5.2.1. The consolidation of Hani systems: Standard
vs. vernacular 231
5.2.2. The Pinyin-oriented revision and withdrawal of
the Miao systems 233
5.3. Vernacular writing systems: Consolidation and proliferation 238
5.3.1. Unification of the Mongolian writing systems: An
administrative approach 238
5.3.2. The attempt at unifying Yi writing: A supra-
dialect approach 245
5.3.3. The Zhuang writing systems: Standard vs.
vernacular 251
5.3.4. The Yao writing systems: International vs. local . . . 258
5.3.5. The Hani writing systems: Standard vs.
supplementary 262
5.3.6. The Va writing systems: Standard and
supplementary 266
5.3.7. The Bai writing system: One system and two
orthographies 271
5.4. Relationship between standard and vernacular writing
systems 274
Chapter 6 The politics of traditional and reformed writing
systems 280
6.1. Between changing policies and written traditions: The
Siniform script vs. the Roman alphabet 281
6.2. Between domestic and international politics: Reform
of the Mongolian writing system 290
6.3. Between socialism and Islam: Reforms of the Uygur
and Kazak writing systems 299
6.4. Between the state and Christian traditions: Reforms
of missionary writing systems 310
6.4.1. The survival of a missionary writing system for
Lisu 312
6.4.2. Three-way competition among Miao writing
systems 316
6.4.3. The role of codification in writing reform: The
cases of Lahu and Jingpo 323
6.5. Between the state and Buddhist traditions: Reforms of
writing systems in Dai communities 330
6.5.1. The failure of the writing reform in Xishuangbanna 330
6.5.2. The success story of writing reforms in Dehong .... 335
6.6. Factors in the successes and failures of writing reforms .... 343
Chapter 7 Modernization: The politics and sociolinguistics of
Chinese loanwords and minority language orthography 347
7.1. The early years of lexical modernization (1949-1955) . . . 349
7.2. Central planning of lexical modernization before Pinyin ... 355
7.3. Lexical development for minority languages under
the shadow of Pinyin 361
7.4. Pinyin as the model for modernization of orthography
in minority languages 367
7.5. Diglossia of Chinese loanwords 373
7.6. The question of diversity in orthography and loanwords ... 378
7.7. Development of terminology regulations and bureaucracy 384
Chapter 8 Conclusion 389
8.1. The question of the interpretation of language legislation
and the implementation of language policy 390
8.2. The question of equality for all (minority) languages 392
8.3. The question of the ideal script 395
8.4. The question of the model or models of writing system
development 398
8.5. Concluding remarks 400
Notes 402
References 407
Subject index 447
Index of (officially recognized) minority nationalities and
minority languages in China 454
Index of names of influential persons 457
List of tables
Table 1 Status of nationality recognition and populations .... 12-13
Table 2 Distribution of autonomous regions, prefectures, and
counties in China 17-18
Table 3 Classification and distribution of minority languages 24-26
Table 4 Ethnolinguistic vitality of sixty minority languages in
China 30-31
Table 5 Romanized phonetic spelling of Ando Tibetan 117
Table 6 Transliteration system from Mongol to Roman letters ..118
Table 7 Draft plan for romanized phonetic spelling of Mongol 119
Table 8 Romanized phonetic spelling for the standard Yi writing
system 120
Table 9 Tu writing system in the Roman alphabet 124
Table 10 Daur writing system in the Roman alphabet 127
Table 11 Tujia writing system in the Roman alphabet 129
Table 12 Derung writing system in the Roman alphabet 132
Table 13 Samples of the traditional Shui script 133
Table 14 Shui writing system in the Roman alphabet 134-135
Table 15 A scheme of romanized phonetic spelling of Dehong Dai 140
Table 16 Independent Bouyei writing system (1985) 142
Table 17 Bai writing system in the Roman alphabet (1982) 146
Table 18 Qiang writing system in the Roman alphabet 147
Table 19 A summary of writing systems for minority languages
in 1951 157
Table 20 Three recommended sample writing systems for
minority languages 162-163
Table 21 The first romanized writing system for Zhuang (1952) 168
Table 22 The Cyrillic alphabet for Daur (1956) 180
Table 23 The Cyrillic alphabet for Uygur (1957) 183
Table 24 The Cyrillic alphabet for Kazak (1957) 184
Table 25 The Cyrillic alphabet for Kirgiz (1957) 185
Table 26 The Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar (1957) 185
Table 27 The Cyrillic alphabet for Uzbek (1957) 186
Table 28 The Cyrillic alphabet for Xibe (1957) 186
Table 29 Some phonological differences among the three Bouyei
dialects 189
Table 30 Bouyei/Zhuang writing system in the hybrid alphabet
(1957) 194_195
Table 31 The hybrid alphabet for Li (1957) 202
Table 32 The plan for the phonetic spelling of Chinese or
Pinyin (1957) 204
Table 33 The Pinyin-oriented Dong writing system (1958) . . 206-207
Table 34 Lexical and phonetic differences between Haya and
Bika 215
Table 35 Lexical and phonetic similarities between Haya and
Haobai 216
Table 36 Lexical and phonetic differences between Haobai
and Bika 216
Table 37 Scheme of the Hani writing system for the Haya
dialect (1957) 217
Table 38 Scheme of the Hani writing system for the Bika
dialect (1957) 218
Table 39 Draft scheme of a romanized Miao writing system
(1951) 220
Table 40 Phonetic differences and similarities among three
major Miao dialects 222
Table 41 Revised draft scheme of the Eastern Miao writing
system (1957) 224
Table 42 Revised draft scheme of the Central Miao writing
system (1957) 226
Table 43 Revised draft scheme of the Western Miao writing
system (1957) 228
Table 44 The Pinyin-oriented scheme of the Hani writing
system for the Haya dialect (1958) 232
Table 45 The Pinyin-oriented Eastern Miao writing system
(1958) 234
Table 46 Changes of graphs in the Pinyin-oriented Eastern
Miao writing system 235
Table 47 The Pinyin-oriented Central Miao writing system
(1958) 235
Table 48 Changes of graphs in the Pinyin-oriented Central
Miao writing system 236
Table 49 Changes of graphs in the Pinyin-oriented Western
Miao writing system 236
Table 50 The Pinyin-oriented Western Miao writing system
(1958) 237
Table 51 The standard (Hudum) Mongolian writing system 239
Table 52 The Clear (Todu) Mongolian writing system 240
Table 53 Sichuan standard Yi writing system (1980) 246
Table 54 Scheme of the Pinyin-oriented standard Zhuang writing
system (1982) 253-254
Table 55 Scheme of the Zhuang writing system for the Wenshan
dialect (1984) 254-255
Table 56 Scheme of the Zhuang writing system for the Qiubei
dialect (1985) 256-257
Table 57 Scheme of the International Yao (Mien) writing system
(1984) 259-260
Table 58 Scheme of the Local Yao (Kim-Mun) writing system
(1983) 261
Table 59 Revised scheme of the Hani writing system for the
Haya dialect (1983) 263
Table 60 Scheme of the Hani writing system for the Yani
dialect (1995) 265
Table 61 Phonetic differences among cognates of Va dialects .... 266
Table 62 Scheme of the revised Va writing system (1989) . . . 267-268
Table 63 Scheme of the Va writing system for the Awa dialect
(1995) 269
Table 64 The revised scheme of Bai writing system (1993) 272
Table 65 Proportion of Hans and minorities in political and
economic centers (*1990 Census) 277
Table 66 The first officially-romanized Yi writing system
(1951) 283
Table 67 The hybrid Yi writing system (1956) 285
Table 68 The Pinyin-oriented Yi writing system (1958) 286
Table 69 The Cyrillic writing system for Mongol (1956) 296
Table 70 The romanized writing system for Uygur (1959) 303
Table 71 The romanized writing system for Kazak (1959) 304
Table 72 The Old Lisu writing system (1908-1914) 312
Table 73 The new romanized Lisu writing system (1964) 313
Table 74 The original Pollard writing system for the Northern
Miao dialect 316
Table 75 Draft scheme of the refomed Pollard writing
system for the Northern Miao dialect (1957) 318
Table 76 The Pinyin-oriented reformed Pollard writing
system for the Northern Miao dialect (1958) 319
Table 77 Changes between the 1957 version and the 1958 Pinyin-
oriented version 320
Table 78 The Yunnan standard Pollard writing system for the
Northern Miao dialect (1998) 321
Table 79 Missionary and reformed (1989) Lahu writing systems in
comparison 324
Table 80 Changes of old graphs into new graphs in Lahu 325
Table 81 Missionary and reformed (1965) Jingpo writing
systems in comparison 327
Table 82 The traditional Tailue writing system in Xishuangbanna 3 31
Table 83 The reformed Tailue writing systems in Xishuangbanna 332
Table 84 The traditional Tainiia writing system in Dehong 336
Table 85 The first reformed Tainiia writing system in Dehong
(1954) 337
Table 86 Changes to the Dehong writing system (1956) 339
Table 87 The second reformed Tainiia writing system in
Dehong (1956) 340
Table 88 The third reformed Tainiia writing system in Dehong
(1963/4) 341
Table 89 Introduction of [f] from Chinese into Derung 370
Table 90 Introduction of [ou] and [ua] from Chinese into Bouyei 370
Table 91 Pinyin-induced phonological innovations 371
Table 92 Pinyin-induced multiple graphs for a single phoneme
in Uygur 371
Table 93 Pinyin-induced multiple graphs for a single phoneme
in Hani 372
Table 94 A summary of current minority writing systems
of official and experimental status in China 401
|
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| discipline | Sprachwissenschaft Soziologie Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft |
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| geographic_facet | China |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:15:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3110178966 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010402191 |
| oclc_num | 52540155 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-11 |
| physical | XXII, 458 S. Kt. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Mouton de Gruyter |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Contributions to the sociology of language |
| series2 | Contributions to the sociology of language |
| spelling | Zhou, Minglang Verfasser (DE-588)120968398 aut Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 by Minglang Zhou Berlin [u.a.] Mouton de Gruyter 2003 XXII, 458 S. Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contributions to the sociology of language 89 Geschichte 1949-2002 gnd rswk-swf Minderheidstalen gtt Spellingshervormingen gtt Politik Linguistic minorities Government policy China Multilingualism China Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd rswk-swf Sprachreform (DE-588)4231160-3 gnd rswk-swf Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 gnd rswk-swf Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 gnd rswk-swf China (DE-588)4009937-4 g Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 s Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 s Sprachreform (DE-588)4231160-3 s Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 s Geschichte 1949-2002 z DE-604 Contributions to the sociology of language 89 (DE-604)BV000003151 89 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010402191&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Zhou, Minglang Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 Contributions to the sociology of language Minderheidstalen gtt Spellingshervormingen gtt Politik Linguistic minorities Government policy China Multilingualism China Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd Sprachreform (DE-588)4231160-3 gnd Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 gnd Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077732-7 (DE-588)4231160-3 (DE-588)4131504-2 (DE-588)4038403-2 (DE-588)4009937-4 |
| title | Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 |
| title_auth | Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 |
| title_exact_search | Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 |
| title_full | Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 by Minglang Zhou |
| title_fullStr | Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 by Minglang Zhou |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multilingualism in China the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 by Minglang Zhou |
| title_short | Multilingualism in China |
| title_sort | multilingualism in china the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949 2002 |
| title_sub | the politics of writing reforms for minority languages 1949-2002 |
| topic | Minderheidstalen gtt Spellingshervormingen gtt Politik Linguistic minorities Government policy China Multilingualism China Sprachpolitik (DE-588)4077732-7 gnd Sprachreform (DE-588)4231160-3 gnd Sprachliche Minderheit (DE-588)4131504-2 gnd Mehrsprachigkeit (DE-588)4038403-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Minderheidstalen Spellingshervormingen Politik Linguistic minorities Government policy China Multilingualism China Sprachpolitik Sprachreform Sprachliche Minderheit Mehrsprachigkeit China |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010402191&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000003151 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zhouminglang multilingualisminchinathepoliticsofwritingreformsforminoritylanguages19492002 |