Essential cell biology:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Garland Science
2004
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| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 740, [102] S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 081533480X 0815334818 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Essential cell biology |c Bruce Alberts ... |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Garland Science |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 740, [102] S. |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |e 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Biologie moléculaire | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Celbiologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cytologie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Moleculaire biologie |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Biochemistry | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cell Biology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cell Physiological Phenomena | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cytology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Molecular Biology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Molecular biology | |
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Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1827141425595154432 |
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ESSENTIAL CELL BIOLOGY SECOND EDITION BRUCE ALBERTS * DENNIS BRAY KAREN
HOPKIN * ALEXANDER JOHNSON JULIAN LEWIS * MARTIN RAFF KEITH ROBERTS *
PETER WALTER GARLAND SCIENCE TAYLOR & FRANCIS GROUP CONTENTS AND SPECIAL
FEATURES CHAPTER 1 PANEL 1-1 PANEL 1-2 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 2 HOW WE KNOW
PANEL 2-1 PANEL 2-2 PANEL 2-3 PANEL 2-4 PANEL 2-5 PANEL 2-6 PANEL 2-7
CHAPTER 3 PANEL 3-1 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 4 PANEL4-1 HOW WE KNOW PANEL 4-2
PANEL 4-3 ; PANEL 4-4 PANEL 4-5 PANEL 4-6 CHAPTER 5 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER
6 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 7 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 8 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 9 HOW
WE KNOW INTRODUCTION TO CELLS LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY CELLS: THE
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF ANIMAL, PLANT, AND BACTERIAL CELLS LIFE'S COMMON
MECHANISMS CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF CELLS WHAT ARE MACROMOLECULES?
CHEMICAL BONDS AND GROUPS THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF WATER AN OUTLINE OF
SOME OF THE TYPES OF SUGARS FATTY ACIDS AND OTHER LIPIDS THE 20 AMINO
ACIDS FOUND IN PROTEINS A SURVEY OF THE NUCLEOTIDES THE PRINCIPAL TYPES
OF WEAK NONCOVALENT BONDS ENERGY, CATALYSIS, AND BIOSYNTHESIS FREE
ENERGY AND BIOLOGICAL REACTIONS USING KINETICS TO MODEL AND MANIPULATE
METABOLIC PATHWAYS PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION A FEW EXAMPLES OF SOME
GENERAL PROTEIN FUNCTIONS PROBING PROTEIN STRUCTURE FOUR DIFFERENT WAYS
OF DEPICTING A SMALL PROTEIN CELL BREAKAGE AND INITIAL FRACTIONATION OF
CELL EXTRACTS PROTEIN SEPARATION BY CHROMATOGRAPHY PROTEIN SEPARATION BY
ELECTROPHORESIS MAKING AND USING ANTIBODIES DNA AND CHROMOSOMES GENES
ARE MADE OF DNA DNA REPLICATION, REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION FINDING
REPLICATION ORIGINS FROM DNA TO PROTEIN: HOW CELLS READ THE GENOME
CRACKING THE GENETIC CODE CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION GENE REGULATION*THE
STORY OF EVE HOW GENES AND GENOMES EVOLVE COUNTING GENES 1 8 25 30 39 60
66 68 70 72 74 76 78 83 96 103 119 120 129 132 160 162 163 164 169 172
195 198 229 246 267 282 293 314 IX CHAPTER 10 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 11 HOW
WE KNOW CHAPTER 12 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 13 PANEL 13-1 HOW WE KNOW PANEL
13-2 CHAPTER 14 HOW WE KNOW PANEL 14-1 CHAPTER 15 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER-16
HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 17 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 18 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 19
PANEL 19-1 HOW WE KNOW CHAPTER 20 HOW WE KNOW PANEL 20-1 CHAPTER 21
PANEL 21-1 HOW WE KNOW MANIPULATING GENES AND CELLS SEQUENCING THE HUMAN
GENOME MEMBRANE STRUCTURE MEASURING MEMBRANE FLOW MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
SQUID REVEAL SECRETS OF MEMBRANE EXCITABILITY HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY
FROM FOOD DETAILS OF THE 10 STEPS OF GLYCOLYSIS UNRAVELING THE CITRIC
ACID CYCLE THE COMPLETE CITRIC ACID CYCLE ENERGY GENERATION IN
MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS HOW CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING DRIVES ATP
SYNTHESIS REDOX POTENTIALS INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS AND TRANSPORT
TRACKING PROTEIN AND VESICLE TRANSPORT CELL COMMUNICATION UNTANGLING
CELL SIGNALING PATHWAYS CYTOSKELETON PURSUING MOTOR PROTEINS CELL-CYCLE
CONTROL AND CELL DEATH DISCOVERY OF CYCLINS AND CDKS CELL DIVISION THE
PRINCIPAL ^STAGES OF M PHASE IN AN ANIMAL CELL BUILDING THE MITOTIC
SPINDLE GENETICS, MEIOSIS, AND THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY READING
GENETIC LINKAGE MAPS SOME ESSENTIALS OF CLASSICAL GENETICS TISSUES AND
CANCER THE CELL TYPES AND TISSUES FROM WHICH HIGHER PLANTS ARE
CONSTRUCTED MAKING SENSE OF THE GENES THAT ARE CRITICAL FOR CANCER 323
334 365 384 389 414 427 432 442 450 453 460 471 497 520 533 561 573 586
611 618 637 642 646 659 682 685 697 700 734 ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
GLOSSARY INDEX 1:1 CONTENTS AND SPECIAL FEATURES DETAILED CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO CELLS UNITY AND DIVERSITY OF CELLS 1 CELLS
VARY ENORMOUSLY IN APPEARANCE AND FUNCTION 2 LIVING CELLS ALL HAVE A
SIMILAR BASIC CHEMISTRY 3 ALL PRESENT-DAY CELLS HAVE APPARENTLY EVOLVED
FROM THE SAME ANCESTOR 4 GENES PROVIDE THE INSTRUCTIONS FOR CELLULAR
FORM, FUNCTION, AND COMPLEX BEHAVIOR 5 CELLS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 5 THE
INVENTION OF THE LIGHT MICROSCOPE LED TO THE DISCOVERY OF CELLS 6 CELLS,
ORGANELLES, AND EVEN MOLECULES CAN BE SEEN UNDER THE MICROSCOPE 7 THE
PROCARYOTIC CELL 11 PROCARYOTES ARE THE MOST DIVERSE OF CELLS 14 THE
WORLD OF PROCARYOTES IS DIVIDED INTO TWO DOMAINS: EUBACTERIA AND ARCHAEA
15 P THE EUCARYOTIC CELL 16 THE NUCLEUS IS THE INFORMATION STORE OF THE
CELL 16 MITOCHONDRIA GENERATE ENERGY FROM FOOD TO POWER THE CELL 17
CHLOROPLASTS CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT 18 INTERNAL MEMBRANES CREATE
INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS WITH DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS ,' 19 THE CYTOSOL IS
A CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS GEL OF LARGE AND SMALL MOLECULES 22 THE
CYTOSKELETON IS RESPONSIBLE FOR DIRECTED CELL MOVEMENTS 22 THE CYTOPLASM
IS FAR FROM STATIC 23 EUCARYOTIC CELLS MAY HAVE ORIGINATED AS PREDATORS
24 MODEL ORGANISMS 27 MOLECULAR BIOLOGISTS HAVE FOCUSED ON E. CO// 28
BREWER'S YEAST IS A SIMPLE EUCARYOTIC CELL 28 ARABIDOPSIS HAS BEEN
CHOSEN OUT OF 300,000 SPECIES AS A MODEL PLANT 28 THE WORLD OF ANIMALS
IS REPRESENTED BY A FLY, A WORM, A MOUSE, AND HOMO SAPIENS 29 COMPARING
GENOME SEQUENCES REVEALS LIFE'S COMMON HERITAGE 33 I CHAPTER 2 CHEMICAL
COMPONENTS OF CELLS 39 CHEMICAL BONDS 39 CELLS ARE MADE OF RELATIVELY
FEW TYPES OF ATOMS 40 THE OUTERMOST ELECTRONS DETERMINE HOW ATOMS
INTERACT . 41 IONIC BONDS FORM BY THE GAIN AND LOSS OF ELECTRONS 43
COVALENT BONDS FORM BY THE SHARING OF ELECTRONS 45 COVALENT BONDS VARY
IN STRENGTH 46 THERE ARE DIFFERENT TYPES OF COVALENT BONDS 47 WATER IS
HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS 48 SOME POLAR MOLECULES FORM ACIDS AND
BASES IN WATER 49 MOLECULES IN CELLS 50 A CELL IS FORMED FROM CARBON
COMPOUNDS 50 CELLS CONTAIN FOUR MAJOR FAMILIES OF SMALL ORGANIC
MOLECULES 51 SUGARS ARE ENERGY SOURCES FOR CELLS AND SUBUNITS OF
POLYSACCHARIDES 52 FATTY ACIDS ARE COMPONENTS OF CELL MEMBRANES 53 AMINO
ACIDS ARE THE SUBUNITS OF PROTEINS 55 NUCLEOTIDES ARE THE SUBUNITS OF
DNA AND RNA 56 MACROMOLECULES IN CELLS 58 MACROMOLECULES CONTAIN A
SPECIFIC SEQUENCE OF SUBUNITS 59 NONCOVALENT BONDS SPECIFY THE PRECISE
SHAPE OF A MACROMOLECULE 62 NONCOVALENT BONDS ALLOW A MACROMOLECULE TO
BIND OTHER SELECTED MOLECULES 63 DETAILED CONTENTS CHAPTER 3 ENERGY,
CATALYSIS, AND BIOSYNTHESIS 83 CATALYSIS AND THE USE OF ENERGY BY CELLS
84 BIOLOGICAL ORDER IS MADE POSSIBLE BY THE RELEASE OF HEAT ENERGY FROM
CELLS 85 PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANISMS USE SUNLIGHT TO SYNTHESIZE ORGANIC
MOLECULES 88 CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY BY THE OXIDATION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES
89 OXIDATION AND REDUCTION INVOLVE ELECTRON TRANSFERS 90 ENZYMES LOWER
THE BARRIERS THAT BLOCK CHEMICAL REACTIONS 91 THE FREE-ENERGY CHANGE FOR
A REACTION DETERMINES WHETHER IT CAN OCCUR 93 THE CONCENTRATION OF
REACTANTS INFLUENCES THE FREE-ENERGY CHANGE AND A REACTION'S DIRECTION
94 THE EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT INDICATES THE STRENGTH OF MOLECULAR
INTERACTIONS 95 FOR SEQUENTIAL REACTIONS, THE CHANGES IN FREE ENERGY ARE
ADDITIVE 98 RAPID DIFFUSION ALLOWS ENZYMES TO FIND THEIR SUBSTRATES AND
KM MEASURE ENZYME PERFORMANCE ACTIVATED CARRIER MOLECULES AND
BIOSYNTHESIS THE FORMATION OF AN ACTIVATED CARRIER IS COUPLED TO AN
ENERGETICALLY FAVORABLE REACTION ATP IS THE MOST WIDELY USED ACTIVATED
CARRIER MOLECULE ENERGY STORED IN ATP IS OFTEN HARNESSED TO JOIN TWO
MOLECULES TOGETHER NADH AND NADPH ARE IMPORTANT ELECTRON CARRIERS THERE
ARE MANY OTHER ACTIVATED CARRIER MOLECULES IN CELLS THE SYNTHESIS OF
BIOLOGICAL POLYMERS REQUIRES AN ENERGY INPUT 100 101 106 106 107 108 109
111 112 CHAPTER 4 PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THE SHAPE AND STRUCTURE
N OF PROTEINS 119 THE SHAPE OF A PROTEIN IS SPECIFIED BY ITS AMINO ACID
SEQUENCE 121 PROTEINS FOLD INTO A CONFORMATION OF LOWEST ENERGY ( , 124
PROTEINS COME IN A WIDE VARIETY OF COMPLICATED SHAPES 125 THE A HELIX
AND THE P SHEET ARE COMMON FOLDING PATTERNS 126 HELICES FORM READILY IN
BIOLOGICAL STRUCTURES 134 P SHEETS FORM RIGID STRUCTURES AT THE CORE OF
MANY PROTEINS 135 PROTEINS HAVE SEVERAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION 136 FEW
OF THE MANY POSSIBLE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS WILL BE USEFUL 137 PROTEINS CAN
BE CLASSIFIED INTO FAMILIES 138 LARGE PROTEIN MOLECULES OFTEN CONTAIN
MORE THAN ONE POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN 139 PROTEINS CAN ASSEMBLE INTO
FILAMENTS, SHEETS, OR SPHERES 140 SOME TYPES OF PROTEINS HAVE ELONGATED
FIBROUS SHAPES 141 EXTRACELLULAR PROTEINS ARE OFTEN STABILIZED BY
COVALENT CROSS-LINKAGES 142 HOW PROTEINS WORK ALL PROTEINS BIND TO OTHER
MOLECULES THE BINDING SITES OF ANTIBODIES ARE ESPECIALLY VERSATILE
ENZYMES ARE POWERFUL AND HIGHLY SPECIFIC CATALYSTS LYSOZYME ILLUSTRATES
HOW AN ENZYME WORKS TIGHTLY BOUND SMALL MOLECULES ADD EXTRA FUNCTIONS TO
PROTEINS HOW PROTEINS ARE CONTROLLED THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITIES OF ENZYMES
ARE OFTEN REGULATED BY OTHER MOLECULES ALLOSTERIC ENZYMES HAVE TWO
BINDING SITES THAT INFLUENCE ONE ANOTHER PHOSPHORYLATION CAN CONTROL
PROTEIN ACTIVITY BY TRIGGERING A CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE GTP-BINDING
PROTEINS ARE ALSO REGULATED BY THE CYCLIC GAIN AND LOSS OF A PHOSPHATE
GROUP NUCLEOTIDE HYDROLYSIS ALLOWS MOTOR PROTEINS TO PRODUCE LARGE
MOVEMENTS IN CELLS PROTEINS OFTEN FORM LARGE COMPLEXES THAT FUNCTION AS
PROTEIN MACHINES LARGE-SCALE STUDIES OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
ARE INCREASING THE PACE OF DISCOVERY 119 143 143 144 145 146 149 150 151
151 153 154 155 156 157 CHAPTER 5 DNA AND CHROMOSOMES 169 THE STRUCTURE
AND FUNCTION OF DNA 170 A DNA MOLECULE CONSISTS OF TWO COMPLEMENTARY
CHAINS OF NUCLEOTIDES 171 THE STRUCTURE OF DNA PROVIDES A MECHANISM FOR
HEREDITY 176 THE STRUCTURE, OF EUCARYOTIC CHROMOSOMES 177 EUCARYDTIC DNA
IS PACKAGED INTO CHROMOSOMES 178 CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN LONG STRINGS OF
GENES 179 CHROMOSOMES EXIST IN DIFFERENT STATES THROUGHOUT THE LIFE OF A
CELL 181 INTERPHASE CHROMOSOMES ARE ORGANIZED WITHIN THE NUCLEUS 183 THE
DNA IN CHROMOSOMES IS HIGHLY CONDENSED, 183 NUCLEOSOMES ARE THE BASIC
UNITS OF CHROMATIN STRUCTURE 184 CHROMOSOMES HAVE SEVERAL LEVELS OF DNA
PACKING 186 INTERPHASE CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN BOTH CONDENSED AND MORE
EXTENDED FORMS OF CHROMATIN 187 CHANGES IN NUCLEOSOME STRUCTURE ALLOW
ACCESS TO DNA 189 CHAPTER 6 DNA REPLICATION, REPAIR, AND RECOMBINATION
195 DNA REPLICATION 196 BASE-PAIRING ENABLES DNA REPLICATION 196 DNA
SYNTHESIS BEGINS AT REPLICATION ORIGINS 197 NEW DNA SYNTHESIS OCCURS AT
REPLICATION FORKS 201 THE REPLICATION FORK IS ASYMMETRICAL 202 DNA
POLYMERASE IS SELF-CORRECTING 203 SHORT LENGTHS OF RNA ACT AS PRIMERS
FOR DNA SYNTHESIS 204 PROTEINS AT A REPLICATION FORK COOPERATE TO FORM A
REPLICATION MACHINE 206 TELOMERASE REPLICATES THE ENDS OF EUCARYOTIC
CHROMOSOMES 207 DNA REPLICATION IS RELATIVELY WELL UNDERSTOOD 208 DNA
REPAIR 209 MUTATIONS CAN HAVE SEVERE CONSEQUENCES FOR AN ORGANISM 209 A
DNA MISMATCH REPAIR SYSTEM REMOVES REPLICATION ERRORS THAT ESCAPE THE
REPLICATION MACHINE 210 DNA IS CONTINUALLY SUFFERING DAMAGE IN CELLS 212
THE STABILITY OF GENES DEPENDS ON DNA REPAIR 213 THE HIGH FIDELITY OF
DNA MAINTENANCE ALLOWS CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES TO HAVE PROTEINS WITH
VERY SIMILAR SEQUENCES 214 DNA RECOMBINATION 215 HOMOLOGOUS
RECOMBINATION RESULTS IN AN EXACT EXCHANGE OF GENETIC INFORMATION 215
RECOMBINATION CAN ALSO OCCUR BETWEEN NONHOMOLOGOUS DNA SEQUENCES 216
MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS ENCODE THE COMPONENTS THEY NEED FOR MOVEMENT 217
A LARGE FRACTION OF THE HUMAN GENOME IS COMPOSED OF TWO FAMILIES OF
TRANSPOSABLE SEQUENCES 218 VIRUSES ARE FULLY MOBILE GENETIC ELEMENTS
THAT CAN ESCAPE FROM CELLS 219 RETROVIRUSES REVERSE THE NORMAL FLOW OF
GENETIC INFORMATION 221 DETAILED CONTENTS XIII CHAPTER 7 FROM DNA TO
PROTEIN: HOW CELLS READ THE GENOME 229 FROM DNA TO RNA 230 PORTIONS OF
DNA SEQUENCE ARE TRANSCRIBED INTO RNA 230 TRANSCRIPTION PRODUCES RNA
COMPLEMENTARY TO ONE STRAND OF DNA 231 SEVERAL TYPES OF RNA ARE PRODUCED
IN CELLS 233 SIGNALS IN DNA TELL RNA POLYMERASE WHERE TO START AND
FINISH 234 EUCARYOTIC RNAS ARE TRANSCRIBED AND PROCESSED SIMULTANEOUSLY
IN THE NUCLEUS - 236 EUCARYOTIC GENES ARE INTERRUPTED BY NONCODING
SEQUENCES 237 INTRONS ARE REMOVED BY RNA SPLICING 238 MATURE EUCARYOTIC
MRNAS ARE SELECTIVELY EXPORTED FROM THE NUCLEUS 241 MRNA MOLECULES ARE
EVENTUALLY DEGRADED BY THE CELL 242 THE EARLIEST CELLS MAY HAVE HAD
INTRONS IN THEIR GENES 242 FROM RNA TO PROTEIN 243 AN MRNA SEQUENCE IS
DECODED IN SETS OF THREE NUCLEOTIDES 244 TRNA MOLECULES MATCH AMINO
ACIDS TO CODONS IN MRNA 245 SPECIFIC ENZYMES COUPLE TRNAS TO THE CORRECT
AMINO ACID 248 THE RNA MESSAGE IS DECODED ON RIBOSOMES 248 THE RIBOSOME
IS A RIBOZYME 251 CODONS IN MRNA SIGNAL WHERE TO START AND TO STOP
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS 253 PROTEINS ARE MADE ON POLYRIBOSOMES 254 INHIBITORS
OF PROCARYOTIC PROTEIN SYNTHESIS ARE USED AS ANTIBIOTICS 255 CAREFULLY
CONTROLLED PROTEIN BREAKDOWN HELPS REGULATE THE AMOUNT OF EACH PROTEIN
IN A CELL 256 THERE ARE MANY STEPS BETWEEN DNA AND PROTEIN 257 RNA AND
THE ORIGINS OF LIFE 258 LIFE REQUIRES AUTOCATALYSIS 259 RNA CAN BOTH
STORE INFORMATION AND CATALYZE CHEMICAL REACTIONS 259 RNA IS THOUGHT TO
PREDATE DNA IN EVOLUTION 261 CHAPTER 8 CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION 267 AN
OVERVIEW OF GENE EXPRESSION THE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES OF A MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM CONTAIN THE SAME DNA DIFFERENT CELL TYPES PRODUCE DIFFERENT
SETS OF PROTEINS A CELL CAN CHANGE THE EXPRESSION OF ITS GENES IN
RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL SIGNALS GENE EXPRESSION CAN BE REGULATED AT MANY OF
THE STEPS IN THE PATHWAY FROM DNA TO RNA TO PROTEIN 268/ 268 268 270 270
271 HOW TRANSCRIPTIONAL SWITCHES WORK TRANSCRIPTION IS CONTROLLED BY
PROTEINS BINDING TO REGULATORY DNA SEQUENCES 271 REPRESSORS TURN GENES
OFF, ACTIVATORS TURN THEM ON 273 AN ACTIVATOR AND A REPRESSOR CONTROL
THE LAC OPERON 275 INITIATION OF EUCARYOTIC GENE TRANSCRIPTION IS A
COMPLEX PROCESS 275 EUCARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASE REQUIRES GENERAL
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS 276 EUCARYOTIC GENE REGULATORY PROTEINS CONTROL
GENE EXPRESSION FROM A DISTANCE 278 PACKING OF PROMOTER DNA INTO
NUCLEOSOMES CAN AFFECT INITIATION OF TRANSCRIPTION 279 THE MOLECULAR
MECHANISMS THAT CREATE SPECIALIZED CELL TYPES 280 EUCARYOTIC GENES ARE
REGULATED BY COMBINATIONS OF PROTEINS 281 THE EXPRESSION OF DIFFERENT
GENES CAN BE COORDINATED BY A SINGLE PROTEIN 281 COMBINATORIAL CONTROL
CAN CREATE DIFFERENT CELL TYPES 285 STABLE PATTERNS OF GENE EXPRESSION
CAN BE TRANSMITTED TO DAUGHTER CELLS 286 THE FORMATION OF AN ENTIRE
ORGAN CAN BE TRIGGERED BY A SINGLE GENE REGULATORY PROTEIN 288 CHAPTER
9: HOW GENES AND GENOMES EVOLVE 293 GENERATING GENETIC VARIATION 293
FIVE MAIN TYPES OF GENETIC CHANGE CONTRIBUTE TO EVOLUTION 295 GENOME
ALTERATIONS ARE CAUSED BY FAILURES OF THE NORMAL MECHANISMS FOR COPYING
AND MAINTAINING DNA 296 DNA DUPLICATIONS GIVE RISE TO FAMILIES OF
RELATED GENES WITHIN A SINGLE CELL 297 THE EVOLUTION OF THE GLOBIN GENE
FAMILY SHOWS HOW DNA DUPLICATIOPS CONTRIBUTE TO THE EVOLUTION OF
ORGANISMS 298 GENE DUPLICATION AND DIVERGENCE PROVIDE A CRITICAL SOURCE
OF GENETIC NOVELTY FOR EVOLVING ORGANISMS . 299 NEW GENES CAN BE
GENERATED BY REPEATING THE SAME EXON 300 NOVEL GENES CAN ALSO BE CREATED
BY EXON SHUFFLING 300 THE EVOLUTION OF GENOMES HAS BEEN ACCELERATED BY
THE MOVEMENT OF TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS 301 GENES CAN BE EXCHANGED BETWEEN
ORGANISMS BY HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER 302 RECONSTRUCTING LIFE'S FAMILY
TREE 304 GENETIC CHANGES THAT OFFER AN ORGANISM A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE
ARE THE MOST LIKELY TO BE PRESERVED 304 THE GENOME SEQUENCES OF TWO
SPECIES DIFFER IN PROPORTION TO THE LENGTH OF TIME THAT THEY HAVE
EVOLVED SEPARATELY 305 HUMANS AND CHIMPANZEE GENOMES ARE SIMILAR IN
ORGANIZATION AS WELL AS DETAILED SEQUENCE 306 FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT
SEQUENCES SHOW UP AS ISLANDS OF DNA SEQUENCE CONSERVATION 307 GENOME
COMPARISONS SUGGEST THAT "JUNK DNA" IS DISPENSABLE 308 SEQUENCE
CONSERVATION ALLOWS US TO TRACE EVEN THE MOST DISTANT EVOLUTIONARY
RELATIONSHIPS 309 EXAMINING THE HUMAN GENOME 311 THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE
OF THE HUMAN GENOME SHOWS HOW OUR GENES ARE ARRANGED GENETIC VARIATION
WITHIN THE HUMAN GENOME CONTRIBUTES TO OUR INDIVIDUALITY COMPARING OUR
DNA WITH THAT OF RELATED ORGANISMS HELPS US TO INTERPRET THE HUMAN
GENOME THE HUMAN GENOME CONTAINS COPIOUS INFORMATION YET TO BE
DECIPHERED CHAPTER 10 MANIPULATING GENES AND CELLS ISOLATING CELLS AND
GROWING THEM IN CULTURE 324 A UNIFORM POPULATION OF CELLS CAN BE
OBTAINED FROM A TISSUE - 325 CELLS CAN BE GROWN IN A CULTURE DISH 325
MAINTAINING EUCARYOTIC CELLS IN CULTURE POSES SPECIAL CHALLENGES 326 HOW
DNA MOLECULES ARE ANALYZED 327 RESTRICTION NUCLEASES CUT DNA MOLECULES
AT SPECIFIC SITES 328 GEL ELECTROPHORESIS SEPARATES DNA FRAGMENTS OF
DIFFERENT SIZES 329 THE NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE OF DNA FRAGMENTS CAN BE
DETERMINED 331 GENOME SEQUENCES ARE SEARCHED TO IDENTIFY GENES 333
NUCLEIC ACID HYBRIDIZATION 336 DNA HYBRIDIZATION FACILITATES THE
DIAGNOSIS OF GENETIC DISEASES 336 HYBRIDIZATION ON DNA MICROARRAYS
MONITORS THE EXPRESSION OF THDUSANDS OF GENES AT ONCE 338 IN SITU
HYBRIDIZATION LOCATES NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCES IN CELLS OR ON CHROMOSOMES
340 DNA CLONING DNA LIGASE JOINS DNA FRAGMENTS TOGETHER TO PRODUCE A
RECOMBINANT DNA MOLECULE RECOMBINANT DNA CAN BE COPIED INSIDE BACTERIAL
CELLS SPECIALIZED PLASMID VECTORS ARE USED TO CLONE DNA HUMAN GENES ARE
ISOLATED BY DNA CLONING CDNA LIBRARIES REPRESENT THE MRNA PRODUCED BY A
PARTICULAR TISSUE THE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION AMPLIFIES SELECTED DNA
SEQUENCES DNA ENGINEERING COMPLETELY NOVEL DNA MOLECULES CAN BE
CONSTRUCTED RARE CELLULAR PROTEINS CAN BE MADE IN LARGE AMOUNTS USING
CLONED DNA ENGINEERED GENES CAN REVEAL WHEN AND WHERE A GENE IS
EXPRESSED MUTANT ORGANISMS BEST REVEAL THE FUNCTION OF A GENE ANIMALS
CAN BE GENETICALLY ALTERED TRANSGENIC PLANTS ARE IMPORTANT FOR BOTH CELL
BIOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE 311 313 316 317 323 341 341 341 342 343 346 347
352 352 352 353 355 356 359 CHAPTER 11 MEMBRANE STRUCTURE 365 THE LIPID
BILAYER 366 MEMBRANE LIPIDS FORM BILAYERS IN WATER 367 THE LIPID BILAYER
IS A TWO-DIMENSIONAL FLUID 370 THE FLUIDITY OF A LIPID BILAYER DEPENDS
ON ITS COMPOSITION 371 THE LIPID BILAYER IS ASYMMETRICAL 373 LIPID
ASYMMETRY IS GENERATED INSIDE THE CELL 373 MEMBRANE PROTEINS 374
MEMBRANE PROTEINS ASSOCIATE WITH THE LIPID BILAYER IN VARIOUS WAYS 375 A
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN USUALLY CROSSES THE BILAYER AS AN A HELIX 376 MEMBRANE
PROTEINS CAN BE SOLUBILIZED IN DETERGENTS AND PURIFIED 377 THE COMPLETE
STRUCTURE IS KNOWN FOR A FEW MEMBRANE PROTEINS 378 THE PLASMA MEMBRANE
IS REINFORCED BY THE CELL CORTEX 380 THE CELL SURFACE IS COATED WITH
CARBOHYDRATE 381 CELLS CAN RESTRICT THE MOVEMENT OF MEMBRANE PROTEINS
383 CHAPTER 12 MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PRINCIPLES OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT THE
ION CONCENTRATIONS INSIDE A CELL ARE VERY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE OUTSIDE
LIPID BILAYERS ARE IMPERMEABLE TO SOLUTES AND IONS MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
PROTEINS FALL INTO TWO CLASSES: CARRIERS AND CHANNELS SOLUTES CROSS
MEMBRANES BY PASSIVE OR ACTIVE TRANSPORT CARRIER PROTEINS AND THEIR
FUNCTIONS CONCENTRATION GRADIENTS AND ELECTRICAL FORCES DRIVE PASSIVE
TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT MOVES SOLUTES AGAINST THEIR ELECTROCHEMICAL
GRADIENTS ANIMAL CELLS USE THE ENERGY OF ATP HYDROLYSIS TO PUMP OUT NA +
THE NA + -K + PUMP IS DRIVEN BY THE TRANSIENT ADDITION OF A PHOSPHATE
GROUP ANIMAL CELLS USE THE NA + GRADIENT TO TAKE UP NUTRIENTS ACTIVELY
THE NA + -K + PUMP HELPS MAINTAIN THE OSMOTIC BALANCE OF ANIMAL CELLS
INTRACELLULAR CA 2+ CONCENTRATIONS ARE KEPT LOW BY CA 2+ PUMPS H +
GRADIENTS ARE USED TO DRIVE MEMBRANE TRANSPORT IN PLANTS, FUNGI, AND
BACTERIA 389 390 391 391 392 393 393 395 396 397 397 399 401 402 389 403
403 405 407 ION CHANNELS AND THE MEMBRANE POTENTIAL ION CHANNELS ARE
ION-SELECTIVE AND GATED ION CHANNELS RANDOMLY SNAP BETWEEN OPEN AND
CLOSED STATES DIFFERENT TYPES OF STIMULI INFLUENCE THE OPENING AND
CLOSING OF ION CHANNELS VOLTAGE-GATED ION CHANNELS RESPOND TO THE
MEMBRANE POTENTIAL 407 MEMBRANE POTENTIAL IS GOVERNED BY MEMBRANE
PERMEABILITY TO SPECIFIC IONS 408 ION CHANNELS AND SIGNALING IN NERVE
CELLS 411 ACTION POTENTIALS PROVIDE FOR RAPID LONG-DISTANCE
COMMUNICATION 411 ACTION POTENTIALS ARE USUALLY MEDIATED BY
VOLTAGE-GATED NA + CHANNELS VOLTAGE-GATED CA 2+ CHANNELS CONVERT
ELECTRICAL SIGNALS INTO CHEMICAL SIGNALS AT NERVE TERMINALS
TRANSMITTER-GATED CHANNELS IN TARGET CELLS CONVERT CHEMICAL SIGNALS BACK
INTO ELECTRICAL SIGNALS 417 NEURONS RECEIVE BOTH EXCITATORY AND
INHIBITORY INPUTS 419 TRANSMITTER-GATED ION CHANNELS ARE MAJOR TARGETS
FOR PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 419 SYNOPTIC CONNECTIONS ENABLE YOU TO THINK,
ACT, AND REMEMBER 420 412 417 CHAPTER 13 HOW CELLS OBTAIN ENERGY FROM
FOOD 427 THE BREAKDOWN OF SUGARS AND FATS 428 FOOD MOLECULES ARE BROKEN
DOWN IN THREE STAGES 428 GLYCOLYSIS IS A CENTRAL ATP-PRODUCING PATHWAY
430 FERMENTATIONS ALLOW ATP TO BE PRODUCED IN THE ABSENCE OF OXYGEN 431
GLYCOLYSIS ILLUSTRATES HOW ENZYMES COUPLE OXIDATION TO ENERGY STORAGE
434 SUGARS AND FATS ARE BOTH DEGRADED TO ACETYL COA IN MITOCHONDRIA 435
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE GENERATES NADH BY OXIDIZING ACETYL GROUPS TO CO2
439 ELECTRON TRANSPORT DRIVES THE SYNTHESIS OF THE MAJORITY OF THE ATP
IN MOST CELLS 441 STORING AND UTILIZING FOOD 444 ORGANISMS STORE FOOD
MOLECULES IN SPECIAL RESERVOIRS 444 CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA
COLLABORATE IN PLANT CELLS 446 MANY BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS BEGIN WITH
GLYCOLYSIS OR THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE 447 METABOLISM IS ORGANIZED AND
REGULATED 448 CHAPTER 14 ENERGY GENERATION IN MITOCHONDRIA AND
CHLOROPLASTS 453 CELLS OBTAIN MOST OF THEIR ENERGY BY A MEMBRANE-BASED
MECHANISM 453 MITOCHONDRIA AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYIATION 455 A
MITOCHONDRION CONTAINS AN OUTER MEMBRANE, AN INNER MEMBRANE, AND TWO
INTERNAL COMPARTMENTS 455 HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS ARE GENERATED VIA THE
CITRIC ACID CYCLE 457 A CHEMIOSMOTIC PROCESS CONVERTS OXIDATION ENERGY
INTO ATP 458 ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED ALONG A CHAIN OF PROTEINS IN THE
INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE 459 ELECTRON TRANSPORT GENERATES A PROTON
GRADIENT ACROSS THE MEMBRANE 462 THE PROTON GRADIENT DRIVES ATP
SYNTHESIS 464 COUPLED TRANSPORT ACROSS THE INNER MITOCHONDRIAL MEMBRANE
IS DRIVEN BY THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PROTON GRADIENT 466 PROTON GRADIENTS
PRODUCE MOST OF THE CELL'S ATP 466 THE RAPID CONVERSION OF ADP TO ATP IN
MITOCHONDRIA MAINTAINS A HIGH ATP/ADP RATIO IN CELLS 468
ELECTRON-TRANSPORT CHAINS AND PROTON PUMPING 468 PROTONS ARE READILY
MOVED BY THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS 468 THE REDOX POTENTIAL IS A MEASURE
OF ELECTRON AFFINITIES 469 ELECTRON TRANSFERS RELEASE LARGE AMOUNTS OF
ENERGY 470 METALS TIGHTLY BOUND TO PROTEINS FORM VERSATILE ELECTRON
CARRIERS 472 CYTOCHROME OXIDASE CATALYZES OXYGEN REDUCTION 474 THE
MECHANISM OF H+ PUMPING WILL SOON BE UNDERSTOOD IN ATOMIC DETAIL 475
RESPIRATION IS AMAZINGLY EFFICIENT 476 CHLOROPLASTS AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS
478 CHLOROPLASTS RESEMBLE MITOCHONDRIA BUT HAVE AN EXTRA COMPARTMENT 478
CHLOROPLASTS CAPTURE ENERGY FROM SUNLIGHT AND USE IT TO FIX CARBON 480
EXCITED CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULES FUNNEL ENERGY INTO A REACTION CENTER 481
LIGHT ENERGY DRIVES THE SYNTHESIS OF ATP AND NADPH 482 CARBON FIXATION
IS CATALYZED BY RIBULOSE BISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE 485 CARBON FIXATION IN
CHLOROPLASTS GENERATES SUCROSE AND STARCH 486 THE ORIGINS OF
CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA 487 OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYIATION GAVE ANCIENT
BACTERIA AN EVOLUTIONARY ADVANTAGE 488 PHOTOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA MADE EVEN
FEWER DEMANDS ON THEIR ENVIRONMENT 489 THE LIFESTYLE OF METHANOCOCCUS
SUGGESTS THAT CHEMIOSMOTIC COUPLING IS AN ANCIENT PROCESS 490 CHAPTER 15
INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTS AND TRANSPORT 497 MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED
ORGANELLES EUCARYOTIC CELLS CONTAIN A BASIC SET OF MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED
ORGANELLES MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES EVOLVED IN DIFFERENT WAYS 498
498 500 502 PROTEIN SORTING PROTEINS ARE IMPORTED INTO ORGANELLES BY
THREE MECHANISMS 502 SIGNAL SEQUENCES DIRECT PROTEINS TO THE CORRECT
COMPARTMENT 503 PROTEINS ENTER THE NUCLEUS THROUGH NUCLEAR PORES 504
PROTEINS UNFOLD TO ENTER MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS 506 PROTEINS
ENTER THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM ^ WHILE BEING SYNTHESIZED 507 SOLUBLE
PROTEINS ARE RELEASED INTO THE ER LUMEN 509 START AND STOP SIGNALS
DETERMINE THE ARRANGEMENT OF A TRANSMEMBRANE PROTEIN IN THE LIPID
BILAYER 510 VESICULAR TRANSPORT 512 TRANSPORT VESICLES CARRY SOLUBLE
PROTEINS AND MEMBRANE BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS 512 VESICLE BUDDING IS DRIVEN
BY THE ASSEMBLY OF A PROTEIN COAT 513 THE SPECIFICITY OF VESICLE DOCKING
DEPENDS ON SNARES 515 SECRETORY PATHWAYS 516 MOST PROTEINS ARE
COVALENTLY MODIFIED IN THE ER 516 EXIT FROM THE ER IS CONTROLLED TO
ENSURE PROTEIN QUALITY . 517 PROTEINS ARE FURTHER MODIFIED AND SORTED IN
THE GOLGI APPARATUS 518 SECRETORY PROTEINS ARE RELEASED FROM THE CELL BY
EXOCYTOSIS 519 ENDOCYTIC PATHWAYS 523 SPECIALIZED PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
INGEST LARGE PARTICLES 523 FLUID AND MACROMOLECULES ARE TAKEN UP BY
PINOCYTOSIS 525 RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS PROVIDES A SPECIFIC ROUTE
INTO ANIMAL CELLS 525 ENDOCYTOSED MACROMOLECULES ARE SORTED IN ENDOSOMES
526 LYSOSOMES ARE THE PRINCIPAL SITES OF INTRACELLULAR DIGESTION 527
CHAPTER 16 CELL COMMUNICATION GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CELL SIGNALING 533
SIGNALS CAN ACT OVER LONG OR SHORT RANGE 534 EACH CELL RESPONDS TO A
LIMITED SET OF SIGNALS 536 RECEPTORS RELAY SIGNALS VIA INTRACELLULAR
SIGNALING PATHWAYS 538 NITRIC OXIDE CROSSES THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AND
ACTIVATES INTRACELLULAR ENZYMES DIRECTLY 540 SOME HORMONES CROSS THE
PLASMA, MEMBRANE AND BIND TO INTRACELLULAR RECEPTORS 541 CELL-SURFACE
RECEPTORS FALL INTO THREE MAIN CLASSES 542 LON-CHANNEL-LINKED RECEPTORS
CONVERT CHEMICAL SIGNALS INTO ELECTRICAL ONES 544 MANY INTRACELLULAR
SIGNALING PROTEINS ACT AS MOLECULAR SWITCHES 545 G-PROTEIN-LINKED
RECEPTORS 546 STIMULATION OF G-PROTEIN-LINKED RECEPTORS ACTIVATES
G-PROTEIN SUBUNITS 546 SOME G PROTEINS REGULATE ION CHANNELS 548 SOME G
PROTEINS ACTIVATE MEMBRANE-BOUND ENZYMES 549 533 THE CYCLIC AMP PATHWAY
CAN ACTIVATE ENZYMES AND TURN ON GENES 550 THE INOSITOL PHOSPHOLIPID
PATHWAY TRIGGERS A RISE IN INTRACELLULAR CA 2+ 552 A CA 2+ SIGNAL
TRIGGERS MANY BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES 554 INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING CASCADES
CAN ACHIEVE ASTONISHING SPEED, SENSITIVITY, AND ADAPTABILITY: A LOOK AT
PHOTORECEPTORS IN THE EYE 555 ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS 557 ACTIVATED
RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES ASSEMBLE A COMPLEX OF INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING
PROTEINS 557 RECEPTOR TYROSINE KINASES ACTIVATE THE GTP-BINDING PROTEIN
RAS 559 SOME ENZYME-LINKED RECEPTORS ACTIVATE A FAST TRACK TO THE
NUCLEUS 560 PROTEIN KINASE NETWORKS INTEGRATE INFORMATION TO CONTROL
COMPLEX CELL BEHAVIORS 565 MULTICELLULARITY AND CELL COMMUNICATION
EVOLVED INDEPENDENTLY IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS 566 CHAPTER 17 CYTOSKELETON
573 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS 574 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS ARE STRONG AND
ROPELIKE 575 INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS STRENGTHEN CELLS AGAINST MECHANICAL
STRESS 576 THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE IS SUPPORTED BY A MESHWORK OF
INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS 578 MICROTUBULES 579 MICROTUBULES ARE HOLLOW
TUBES WITH STRUCTURALLY DISTINCT ENDS . 579 THE CENTROSOME IS THE MAJOR
MICROTUBULE- ORGANIZING CENTER IN ANIMAL CELLS 580 GROWING MICROTUBULES
SHOW DYNAMIC INSTABILITY 581 MICROTUBULES ARE MAINTAINED BY A BALANCE OF
ASSEMBLY AND DISASSEMBLY 582 MICROTUBULES ORGANIZE THE INTERIOR OF THE
CELL 583 MOTOR PROTEINS DRIVE INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT 584 ORGANELLES
MOVE ALONG MICROTUBULES 585 CILIA AND FLAGELLA CONTAIN STABLE
MICROTUBULES MOVED BY DYNEIN 590 ACTIN FILAMENTS 592 ACTIN FILAMENTS ARE
THIN AND FLEXIBLE 593 ACTIN AND TUBULIN POLYMERIZE BY SIMILAR MECHANISMS
593 MANY PROTEINS BIND TO ACTIN AND MODIFY ITS PROPERTIES , . 594 AN
ACTIN-RICH CORTEX UNDERLIES THE PLASMA MEMBRANE OF MOST EUCARYOTIC CELLS
594 CELL CRAWLING DEPENDS ON ACTIN 595 ACTIN ASSOCIATES WITH MYOSIN TO
FORM CONTRACTILE STRUCTURES 598 EXTRACELLULAR SIGNALS CONTROL THE
ARRANGEMENT OF ACTIN FILAMENTS 599 MUSCLE CONTRACTION 600 MUSCLE
CONTRACTION DEPENDS ON BUNDLES OF ACTIN AND MYOSIN 600 DURING MUSCLE
CONTRACTION ACTIN FILAMENTS SLIDE AGAINST MYOSIN FILAMENTS 601 MUSCLE
CONTRACTION IS TRIGGERED BY A SUDDEN RISE IN CA 2+ 603 MUSCLE CELLS
PERFORM HIGHLY SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS IN THE BODY 605 CHAPTER 18
CELL-CYCLE CONTROL AND CELL DEATH 611 OVERVIEW OF THE CELL CYCLE 612 THE
EUCARYOTIC CELL CYCLE IS DIVIDED INTO FOUR PHASES .613 A CENTRAL CONTROL
SYSTEM TRIGGERS THE MAJOR PROCESSES OF THE CELL CYCLE 614 THE CELL-CYCLE
CONTROL SYSTEM 615 THE CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM DEPENDS ON CYCLICALLY
ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASES 616 CYCLIN-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES ARE
REGULATED BY THE ACCUMULATION AND DESTRUCTION OF CYCLINS 617 THE
ACTIVITY OF CDKS IS ALSO REGULATED BY PHOSPHORYIATION AND
DEPHOSPHORYLATION 617 DIFFERENT CYCLIN-CDK COMPLEXES TRIGGER DIFFERENT
STEPS IN THE CELL CYCLE 620 S-CDK INITIATES DNA REPLICATION AND HELPS
BLOCK REREPLICATION 621 CDKS ARE INACTIVE THROUGH MOST OF GI 622 THE
CELL-CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM CAN ARREST THE CYCLE AT SPECIFIC CHECKPOINTS
622 CELLS CAN DISMANTLE THEIR CONTROL SYSTEM AND WITHDRAW FROM THE CELL
CYCLE 624 PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (APOPTOSIS) 625 APOPTOSIS IS MEDIATED BY
AN INTRACELLULAR PROTEOLYTIC CASCADE 626 THE DEATH PROGRAM IS REGULATED
BY THE BCL-2 FAMILY OF INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS 627 EXTRACELLULAR CONTROL
OF CELL NUMBERS AND CELL SIZE 628 ANIMAL CELLS REQUIRE EXTRACELLULAR
SIGNALS TO DIVIDE, GROW, AND SURVIVE 629 MITOGENS STIMULATE CELL
DIVISION 629 EXTRACELLULAR GROWTH FACTORS STIMULATE CELLS TO GROW 631
ANIMAL CELLS REQUIRE SURVIVAL FACTORS TO AVOID APOPTOSIS 631 SOME
EXTRACELLULAR SIGNAL PROTEINS INHIBIT CELL GROWTH, DIVISION, OR SURVIVAL
632 CHAPTER 19 CELL DIVISION 637 AN OVERVIEW OF M PHASE 638 IN
PREPARATION FOR M PHASE, DNA-BINDING PROTEINS CONFIGURE REPLICATED
CHROMOSOMES FOR SEGREGATION 638 THE CYTOSKELETON CARRIES OUT BOTH
MITOSIS AND CYTOKINESIS 639 CENTROSOMES DUPLICATE TO HELP FORM THE TWO
POLES OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE 640 M PHASE IS CONVENTIONALLY DIVIDED INTO
SIX STAGES 640 MITOSIS ' 641 MICROTUBULE INSTABILITY FACILITATES THE
FORMATION OF THE MITOTIC SPINDLE 641 THE MITOTIC SPINDLE STARTS TO
ASSEMBLE IN PROPHASE 644 CHROMOSOMES ATTACH TO THE MITOTIC SPINDLE AT
PROMETAPHASE 645 CHROMOSOMES LINE UP AT THE SPINDLE EQUATOR AT METAPHASE
648 DAUGHTER CHROMOSOMES SEGREGATE ATANAPHASE X 649 THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
RE-FORMS AT TELOPHASE 651 SOME ORGANELLES FRAGMENT AT MITOSIS 651
CYTOKINESIS 652 THE MITOTIC SPINDLE DETERMINES THE PLANE OF CYTOPLASMIC
CLEAVAGE V 652 THE CONTRACTILE RING OF ANIMAL CELLS IS MADE OF ACTIN AND
MYOSIN 653 CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS INVOLVES NEW CELL-WALL FORMATION
654 GAMETES ARE FORMED BY A SPECIALIZED KIND OF CELL DIVISION 655
CHAPTER 20 GENETICS, MEIOSIS, AND THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF HEREDITY 659
660 THE BENEFITS OF SEX SEXUAL REPRODUCTION INVOLVES BOTH DIPLOID AND
HAPLOID CELLS SEXUAL REPRODUCTION GIVES ORGANISMS A COMPETITIVE
ADVANTAGE 662 661 MEIOSIS 663 HAPLOID CELLS ARE PRODUCED FROM DIPLOID
CELLS THROUGH MEIOSIS 664 MEIOSIS INVOLVES A SPECIAL PROCESS OF
CHROMOSOME PAIRING , 664 EXTENSIVE RECOMBINATION OCCURS BETWEEN MATERNAL
AND PATERNAL CHROMOSOMES 665 CHROMOSOME PAIRING AND RECOMBINATION ENSURE
THE PROPER SEGREGATION OF HOMOLOGS 667 THE SECOND MEIOTIC DIVISION
PRODUCES HAPLOID DAUGHTER CELLS 667 THE HAPLOID CELLS CONTAIN
EXTENSIVELY REASSORTED GENETIC INFORMATION 668 MEIOSIS IS NOT FLAWLESS
670 FERTILIZATION RECONSTITUTES A COMPLETE GENOME 671 MENDEL AND THE
LAWS OF INHERITANCE 672 MENDEL CHOSE TO STUDY TRAITS THAT ARE INHERITED
IN A DISCRETE FASHION 673 MENDEL COULD DISPROVE THE ALTERNATIVE THEORIES
OF INHERITANCE ' 674 MENDEL'S EXPERIMENTS WERE THE FIRST TO REVEAL THE
DISCRETE FEATURE OF HEREDITY 674 EACH GAMETE CARRIES A SINGLE ALLELE FOR
EACH CHARACTER 675 MENDEL'S LAW OF SEGREGATION APPLIES TO ALL SEXUALLY
REPRODUCING ORGANISMS 676 ALLELES FOR DIFFERENT TRAITS SEGREGATE
INDEPENDENTLY 677 THE BEHAVIOR OF CHROMOSOMES DURING MEIOSIS UNDERLIES
MENDEL'S LAWS OF INHERITANCE 678 THE FREQUENCY OF RECOMBINATION CAN BE
USED TO ORDER GENES ON CHROMOSOMES 680 THE PHENOTYPE OF THE HETEROZYGOTE
REVEALS WHETHER AN ALLELE IS DOMINANT OR RECESSIVE 681 MUTANT ALLELES
SOMETIMES CONFER A SELECTIVE ADVANTAGE 684 GENETICS AS AN EXPERIMENTAL
TOOL 686 THE CLASSICAL APPROACH BEGINS WITH RANDOM MUTAGENESIS 686
GENETIC SCREENS IDENTIFY MUTANTS DEFICIENT IN CELLULAR PROCESSES 687 A
COMPLEMENTATION TEST REVEALS WHETHER TWO MUTATIONS ARE IN THE SAME GENE
688 HUMAN GENES ARE INHERITED IN HAPLOTYPE BLOCKS, WHICH CAN AID IN THE
SEARCH FOR MUTATIONS THAT CAUSE DISEASE 689 COMPLEX TRAITS ARE
INFLUENCED BY MULTIPLE GENES 691 IS OUR FATE ENCODED IN OUR DNA? 692
CHAPTER 21 TISSUES AND CANCER 697 EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX AND CONNECTIVE
TISSUES 698 PLANT CELLS HAVE TOUGH EXTERNAL WALLS 698 CELLULOSE FIBERS
GIVE THE PLANT CELL WALL ITS TENSILE STRENGTH 702 ANIMAL CONNECTIVE
TISSUES CONSIST LARGELY OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 703 COLLAGEN PROVIDES
TENSILE STRENGTH IN ANIMAL CONNECTIVE TISSUES " 704 CELLS ORGANIZE THE
COLLAGEN THAT THEY SECRETE 705 INTEGRINS COUPLE THE MATRIX OUTSIDE A
CELL TO THE CYTOSKELETON INSIDE IT 706 GELS OF POLYSACCHARIDE AND
PROTEIN FILL SPACES AND RESIST COMPRESSION 706 EPITHELIAL SHEETS AND
CELL-CELL JUNCTIONS 709 EPITHELIAL SHEETS ARE POLARIZED AND REST ON A
BASAL LAMINA 709 TIGHT JUNCTIONS MAKE AN EPITHELIUM LEAK-PROOF AND
SEPARATE ITS APICAL AND BASAL SURFACES 711 CYTOSKELETON-LINKED JUNCTIONS
BIND EPITHELIAL CELLS ROBUSTLY TO ONE ANOTHER AND TO THE BASAL LAMINA S
712 GAP JUNCTIONS ALLOW IONS AND SMALL MOLECULES TO PASS FROM CELL TO
CELL 715 TISSUE MAINTENANCE AND RENEWAL 717 TISSUES ARE ORGANIZED
MIXTURES OF MANY CELL TYPES 718 DIFFERENT TISSUES ARE RENEWED AT
DIFFERENT RATES STEM CELLS GENERATE A CONTINUOUS SUPPLY OF TERMINALLY
DIFFERENTIATED CELLS STEM CELLS CAN BE USED TO REPAIR DAMAGED TISSUES
NUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATION PROVIDES A WAY TO GENERATE PERSONALIZED ES
CELLS: THE STRATEGY OF THERAPEUTIC CLONING 720 721 722 725 726 CANCER
CANCER CELLS PROLIFERATE, INVADE, AND METASTASIZE . 726 EPIDEMIOLOGY
IDENTIFIES PREVENTABLE CAUSES OF CANCER 727 CANCERS DEVELOP BY AN
ACCUMULATION OF MUTATIONS 728 CANCERS EVOLVE PROPERTIES THAT GIVE THEM A
COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 729 MANY DIVERSE TYPES OF GENES ARE CRITICAL FOR
CANCER 731 COLORECTAL CANCER ILLUSTRATES HOW LOSS OF A GENE CAN LEAD TO
GROWTH OF A TUMOR 732 AN UNDERSTANDING OF CANCER CELL BIOLOGY OPENS THE
WAY TO NEW TREATMENTS 736 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)111053013 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV017193269 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QH581 |
| callnumber-raw | QH581.2 |
| callnumber-search | QH581.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QH 3581.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QH - Natural History and Biology |
| classification_rvk | WD 4150 WE 1000 WE 2400 |
| classification_tum | CHE 800f BIO 180f BIO 200f BIO 220f CIT 940f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)249678926 (DE-599)BVBBV017193269 |
| dewey-full | 571.6 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 571 - Physiology & related subjects |
| dewey-raw | 571.6 |
| dewey-search | 571.6 |
| dewey-sort | 3571.6 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Chemie Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Biotechnologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV017193269 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2025-03-20T19:10:49Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 081533480X 0815334818 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2003011505 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010361632 |
| oclc_num | 249678926 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-29T DE-29 DE-526 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-M49 DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-29T DE-29 DE-526 DE-11 |
| physical | XXI, 740, [102] S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| publishDate | 2004 |
| publishDateSearch | 2004 |
| publishDateSort | 2004 |
| publisher | Garland Science |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Essential cell biology Bruce Alberts ... 2. ed. New York [u.a.] Garland Science 2004 XXI, 740, [102] S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. 1 CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biochimie Biologie moléculaire Celbiologie gtt Cytologie Moleculaire biologie gtt Biochemistry Cell Biology Cell Physiological Phenomena Cytology Molecular Biology Molecular biology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd rswk-swf Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 s Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 s 1\p DE-604 DE-604 Alberts, Bruce 1938- Sonstige (DE-588)111053013 oth HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010361632&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Essential cell biology Biochimie Biologie moléculaire Celbiologie gtt Cytologie Moleculaire biologie gtt Biochemistry Cell Biology Cell Physiological Phenomena Cytology Molecular Biology Molecular biology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070177-3 (DE-588)4067537-3 (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Essential cell biology |
| title_auth | Essential cell biology |
| title_exact_search | Essential cell biology |
| title_full | Essential cell biology Bruce Alberts ... |
| title_fullStr | Essential cell biology Bruce Alberts ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential cell biology Bruce Alberts ... |
| title_short | Essential cell biology |
| title_sort | essential cell biology |
| topic | Biochimie Biologie moléculaire Celbiologie gtt Cytologie Moleculaire biologie gtt Biochemistry Cell Biology Cell Physiological Phenomena Cytology Molecular Biology Molecular biology Cytologie (DE-588)4070177-3 gnd Zelle (DE-588)4067537-3 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biochimie Biologie moléculaire Celbiologie Cytologie Moleculaire biologie Biochemistry Cell Biology Cell Physiological Phenomena Cytology Molecular Biology Molecular biology Zelle Molekularbiologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010361632&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT albertsbruce essentialcellbiology |