Analyzing quantitative data: from description to explanation
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London u.a.
Sage
2003
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. [344]-346) and index |
| Physical Description: | xx, 352 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0761967591 0761967583 |
Staff View
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| 100 | 1 | |a Blaikie, Norman W. H. |d 1933- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)172646464 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Analyzing quantitative data |b from description to explanation |c Norman Blaikie |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London u.a. |b Sage |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a xx, 352 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. [344]-346) and index | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Data-analyse |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kwantitatieve gegevens |2 gtt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sozialwissenschaften | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Mathematical statistics | |
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of Figures xiv
List of Tables xvi
Acknowledgements xx
Introduction: About the Book 1
1 Social Research and Data Analysis: Demystifying Basic Concepts 10
2 Data Analysis in Context: Working with Two Data Sets 37
3 Descriptive Analysis Univariate: Looking for Characteristics 47
4 Descriptive Analysis Bivariate: Looking for Patterns 89
5 Explanatory Analysis: Looking for Influences 116
6 Inferential Analysis: From Sample to Population 159
7 Data Reduction: Preparing to Answer Research Questions 214
8 Real Data Analysis: Answering Research Questions 249
Glossary 306
Appendix A: Symbols 324
Appendix B: Equations 326
Appendix C: SPSS Procedures 333
Appendix D: Statistical Tables 339
References 344
Index 347
Summary Chart of Methods 353
Detailed Chapter Contents
List of Figures xiv
List of Tables xvi
Acknowledgements xx
Introduction: About the Book 1
Why was it written? ]
Who is it for? 3
What makes it different? 4
What are the controversial issues? 6
What is the best way to read this book? 7
What is needed to cope with it? 8
Notes 9
1 Social Research and Data Analysis: Demystifying Basic Concepts 10
Introduction 10
What is the purpose of social research? ] 0
The research problem 1 1
Research objectives ] 1
Research questions 1 3
The role of hypotheses 1 3
What are data? 15
Data and social reality 1 6
Types of data 1 7
Forms of data 20
Concepts and variables 22
Levels of measurement 22
Categorical measurement 23
Nominal level measurement 23
Ordinal level measurement 23
Metric measurement 24
Interval level measurement 2^
Ratio level measurement 2^
Discrete and continuous measurement 2d
Review 2b
Transformations between levels ot measurement 27
What is data analysis1 2S
Types of analysis 2 )
Univariate descriptive analysis 29
Bivariate descriptive analysis 29
Explanatory analysis 30
Inferential analysis 32
Logics of enquiry and data analysis 33
Summary 34
Notes 36
2 Data Analysis in Context: Working with Two Data Sets 37
Introduction 37
Two samples 37
Descriptions of the samples 39
Student sample 39
Resident sample 39
Concepts and variables 40
Formal definitions 40
Operational definitions 40
Levels of measurement 43
Data reduction 44
Notes 45
3 Descriptive Analysis Univariate: Looking for Characteristics 47
Introduction 47
Basic mathematical language 48
Univariate descriptive analysis 51
Describing distributions 52
Frequency counts and distributions 53
Nominal categories 53
Ordinal categories 54
Discrete and grouped data 55
Proportions and percentages, ratios and rates 59
Proportions 59
Percentages 59
Ratios 61
Rates 62
Pictorial representations 62
Categorical variables 63
Metric variables 64
Shapes of frequency distributions: symmetrical,
skewed and normal 66
Measures of central tendency 68
The three Ms 68
Mode 68
Median 69
Mean 71
Mean of means 74
Comparing the mode, median and mean 75
Comparative analysis using percentages and means 76
Measures of dispersion 77
Categorical data 78
Interquartile range 78
Percentiles 79
Metric data 79
Range 79
Mean absolute deviation 79
Standard deviation 80
Variance 83
Characteristics of the normal curve 84
Summary 87
Notes 87
4 Descriptive Analysis Bivariate: Looking for Patterns 89
Introduction 89
Association with nominal level and ordinal level variables 91
Contingency tables 91
Forms of association 94
Positive and negative 94
Linear and curvilinear 96
Symmetrical and asymmetrical 96
Measures of association for categorical variables 96
Nominal level variables 97
Contingency coefficient 97
Standardized contingency coefficient 99
Phi 101
Cramer s V 101
Ordinal level variables 102
Gamma 102
Kendall s tau b 104
Other methods for ranked data 105
Combinations of categorical and metric variables 105
Association with interval level and ratio level variables 106
Scatter diagrams 106
Covariance 10,
Pearson s r 10S
Comparing the measures 1 1 1
Association between categorical and metric variables 1 1 3
Code metric variable to ordinal categories 1 1 3
Dichotomize the categorical variable 1 1 3
Summary 1 1 4
Notes 114
5 Explanatory Analysis: Looking for Influences 116
Introduction 116
The use of controlled experiments 117
Explanation in cross sectional research 118
Bivariate analysis 120
Influence between categorical variables 120
Nominal level variables: lambda 120
Ordinal level variables: Somer s d 124
Influence between metric variables: bivariate regression 125
Two methods of regression analysis 128
Coefficients 130
An example 132
Points to watch for 133
Influence between categorical and metric variables 134
Coding to a lower level 134
Means analysis 134
Dummy variables 135
Multivariate analysis 136
Trivariate analysis 136
Forms of relationships 136
Interacting variables 137
The logic of trivariate analysis 138
Influence between categorical variables 141
Three way contingency tables 141
An example 141
Other methods 145
Influence between metric variables 146
Partial correlation 146
Multiple regression 146
An example 148
Collinearity 150
Multiple category dummy variables 150
Other methods 153
Dependence techniques 153
Analysis of variance 154
Multiple analysis of variance 154
Logistic regression 154
Logit logistic regression 154
Multiple discriminant analysis 154
Structural equation modelling 154
Interdependence techniques 155
Factor analysis 155
Cluster analysis 155
Multidimensional scaling 155
Summary 156
Notes 158
6 Inferential Analysis: From Sample to Population 159
Introduction 159
Sampling 160
Populations and samples 160
Probability samples 161
Probability theory 163
Sample size 166
Response rate 167
Sampling methods 168
Parametric and non parametric tests 1 71
Inference in univariate descriptive analysis 172
Categorical variables 173
Metric variables 175
Inference in bivariate descriptive analysis 177
Testing statistical hypotheses 178
Null and alternative hypotheses 1 79
Type I and type II errors 1 80
One tailed and two tailed tests 181
The process of testing statistical hypotheses 182
Testing hypotheses under different conditions 1 83
Some critical issues 185
Categorical variables 1 89
Nominal level data 1 89
Ordinal level data 191
Metric variables 1 92
Comparing means 192
Group t test 193
Mann Whitney U test 1 97
Analysis of variance 201
Test of significance for Pearson s r 204
Inference in explanatory analysis 205
Nominal level data 205
Ordinal level data 20(
Metric variables 2()S
Bivariate regression 20K
Multiple regression 20l)
Summary I)1)
Notes 212
7 Data Reduction: Preparing to Answer Research Questions 214
Introduction 2 1 4
Scales and indexes 2 1 4
Creating scales 2 1 ?
Environmental Worldview scales and subscales 21 5
Pre testing the items 21b
Item to item correlations 2 1 7
Item to total correlations 217
Cronbach s alpha 219
Factor analysis 220
Willingness to Act scale 238
Indexes 239
Avoidance of environmentally damaging products 240
Support for environmental groups 240
Recycling behaviour 240
Recoding to different levels of measurement 241
Environmental Worldview scales and subscales 242
Recycling index 243
Age 243
Characteristics of the samples 244
Summary 246
Notes 248
8 Real Data Analysis: Answering Research Questions 249
Introduction 249
Univariate descriptive analysis 249
Environmental Worldview 250
Environmentally Responsible Behaviour 252
Bivariate descriptive analysis 257
Environmental Worldview and Environmentally
Responsible Behaviour 258
Metric variables 258
Categorical variables 260
Comparing metric and categorical variables 262
Conclusion 263
Age, Environmental Worldview and Environmentally Responsible
Behaviour 264
Metric variables 264
Categorical variables 266
Gender, Environmental Worldview and
Environmentally Responsible Behaviour 268
Explanatory analysis 270
Bivariate analysis 273
Categorical variables 274
Categorical and metric variables: means analysis 276
Metric variables 277
Multivariate analysis 277
Categorical variables 278
EWVGSC and WILLACT with ERB 279
WILLACT, Age and Gender with ERB 282
Categorical and metric variables: means analysis 285
EWVGSC and WILLACT with ERB 286
WILLACT and Gender with ERB 287
Metric variables 292
Partial correlation 292
Multiple regression 293
Conclusion 303
Notes 304
Glossary 306
Appendix A: Symbols 324
Appendix B: Equations 326
Appendix C: SPSS Procedures 333
Appendix D: Statistical Tables 339
References 344
Index 347
Summary Chart of Methods 353
List of Figures
3.1 Religion (Students): bar chart 63
3.2 Religion (both samples): bar chart 64
3.3 Religiosity (both samples): bar chart 64
3.4 Religion (Students): pie chart 65
3.5 Religiosity (Students): pie chart 65
3.6 Age (both samples): line graphs 66
3.7 Examples of symmetrical distributions 67
3.8 Median to one decimal place 71
3.9 Environmental Worldview (both samples): line graphs 77
3.10 Environmental Worldview (combined samples): line graph 77
3.11 Area covered under the normal curve by
one to three standard deviations 86
4.1 Parts of a table 92
4.2 Scatter diagram: Environmental Worldview by Age (Residents) 107
4.3 Scatter diagram: Environmental Worldview
by Age (subsample of Residents) 109
5.1 Scatter plot of weekly hours worked by weekly wages 127
5.2 Residuals from a regression line (hypothetical data) 131
5.3 Possible forms of relationships between three variables 137
6.1 Distributions of mean ages of 20 samples 164
6.2 Types and methods of sampling 170
6.3 Confidence intervals for mean Age by
sample size (Resident sample) 177
7.1 Scree plot of eigenvalues for 24 items (combined samples) 223
7.2 Scree plot of eigenvalues for 14 items (combined samples) 227
7.3 Scree plot of eigenvalues for nine items (combined samples) 229
7.4 EWVGSC mean scores (combined samples) 233
7.5 HUSENV mean scores (combined samples) 233
7.6 GOVCONT mean scores (combined samples) 233
7.7 ECGROW mean scores (combined samples) 234
7.8 SCITEK mean scores (combined samples) 234
7.9 IMPACT mean scores (combined samples) 234
7.10 ALTENGY mean scores (combined samples) 235
7.11 WILLACT mean scores (combined samples) 239
8.1 EWVGSC categories (both samples) 253
8.2 WILLACT categories (both samples) 255
8.3 Support Groups (both samples) 256
8.4 Avoid Products (both samples) 256
8.5 Recycling index (both samples) 257
8.6 Support Groups by WILLACT controlled for
Gender (Students) 288
8.7 Avoid Products by WILLACT controlled for
Gender (Students) 289
8.8 Support Groups by WILLACT controlled for
Gender (Residents) 290
8.9 Avoid Products by WILLACT controlled
for Gender (Residents) 290
List of Tables
1.1 Research questions and objectives 14
1.2 Levels of measurement 27
3.1 Raw data on Religion (Students) 53
3.2 Distribution by Religion (both samples) 53
3.3 Distribution by Religiosity (both samples) 54
3.4 Age distribution in years (Students) 55
3.5 Age distribution in five categories (Students) 56
3.6 Age distribution in six categories (Residents) 56
3.7 Number of children (Residents) 57
3.8 Number of children (subsample of Residents) 57
3.9 Comparison of Student and Resident samples by Age 58
3.10 Comparison of Gender proportions (both samples) 60
3.11 Age in years (Residents) 70
3.12 Calculation of mean Age in years (Residents) 73
3.13 Mean of Age distributed in ten categories (Residents) 73
3.14 Mean of two means (both samples) 74
3.15 Mean of two Age category percentages (both samples) 75
3.16 Deviations from the mean of Age in years (Residents) 81 82
4.1 Religion by Gender (Residents; observed and
expected frequencies, and percentages) 92
4.2 Environmental Worldview by Age (Residents;
observed frequencies and percentages) 94
4.3 Environmental Worldview by Age (percentages) 95
4.4 Religion by Gender (Residents; observed frequencies) 99
4.5 Calculation of gamma (from Table 4.2) 103
4.6 Mean deviation method for computing r
(subsample of Residents) 110
4.7 Raw score method for computing r
(subsample of Residents) 110
4.8 Education by Age (percentages; Residents) 113
5.1 Occupation by Religion (Residents; observed
frequencies and percentages) 122
5.2 Occupation by Religion (subsample of Residents) 123
5.3 Occupation by Religion (subsample of Residents; 2 by 2 table) 124
5.4 Working hours per week and weekly wage 126
5.5 Unexplained variation and standard error of the
estimate (subsample of Residents) 132
5.6 A means analysis of Education and Environmental
Worldview (Residents) 135
5.7 Forms of relationships between three variables 139
5.8 Environmental Worldview and Age (Residents) 142
5.9 Environmental Worldview and Age controlled
for Education (Residents) 143
5.10 Environmental Worldview and Age controlled for
Gender (Residents) 144
5.11 Regression of Environmental Worldview on Age,
Gender and Education (Residents) 148
5.12 Regression of Environmental Worldview on Age,
Gender and Education in five categories (Residents) 151
5.13 Correlation matrix for Age, Gender and
six Education dummy variables (Residents) 152
5.14 Regression of Environmental Worldview on
Age, Gender and Education, Marital Status,
Religion and Political Party Preference (Residents) 152
6.1 Hypothetical sampling 163
6.2 Variations in confidence intervals of mean Age
by confidence level and sample size (Residents) 1 76
6.3 Type I and type II errors 181
6.4 Ranked Environmental Worldview scores by
Gender (subsample of Students) 200
6.5 Cells and their diagonals in Table 4.2 208
7.1 Correlation matrix of 24 items (both samples) 218
7.2 Unidimensionality, reliability and commonalities
of 24 items (combined samples) 219
7.3 Commonalities and unrotated factors with
24 items (combined samples) 222
7.4 Rotated solution for five factors with 24 items
(combined samples) 225
7.5 Rotated solution for six factors with 24 items
(combined samples) 226
7.6 Unrotated and rotated solutions with 14 retained
items (combined samples) 22S
7.7 Unidimensionality and reliability ol 10 rejected
items (combined samples) 22S
7.8 Unrotated and rotated solutions with nine rejected
items (combined samples) 230
7.9 Distributions on the 24 items (combined samples) 231
7.10 Distributions on scales and subscales (combined samples) 232
7.11 Reliability of scales and subscales (combined samples) 23»
7.12 Correlation matrix of EWV scales and
subscales (combined samples) 23/
7.13 Unrotated and rotated solutions with Willingness
to Act items (combined samples) 238
7.14 Reliability of behavioural scales (combined samples) 239
7.15 Characteristics of both samples 245
8.1 Sample comparisons of Environmental
Worldview metric variables 250
8.2 Sample comparisons of Environmental
Worldview categorical variables (percentages) 252
8.3 Sample comparison of Environmentally
Responsible Behaviour metric variables 253
8.4 Sample comparison of Environmentally Responsible
Behaviour categorical variables (percentages) 254
8.5 Correlation matrix for EWV and ERB variables
(Pearson s r; Students) 258
8.6 Correlation matrix for EWV and ERB
variables (Pearson s r; Residents) 259
8.7 Cross tabulations between EWVGSC and WILLACT,
Support Groups, Avoid Products and Recycling
(percentages; both samples) 260
8.8 Correlation matrix for EWV and
ERB variables (gamma; Students) 261
8.9 Correlation matrix for EWV and
ERB variables (gamma; Residents) 262
8.10 Cross tabulations of Support Groups with
WILLACT (percentages; both samples) 263
8.11 EWV and ERB by Age (Pearson s r and gamma; Residents) 265
8.12 EWV and ERB means and standard deviations by Age (Residents) 265
8.13 Cross tabulation for Age with EWVGSC, IMPACT, WILLACT,
Recycling, Support Groups and Avoid Products
(percentages; Residents) 267
8.14 EWV and ERB by Gender (Pearson s r and G; both samples) 268
8.15 EWV and ERB means and standard deviations by
Gender (both samples) 269
8.16 Cross tabulation of Gender with EWVGSC, SCITEK, WILLACT,
Recycling, Support Groups and Avoid Products
(percentages; both samples) 271
8.17 Influence of EWVGSC and WILLACT on
Support Groups and Avoid Products
(percentages; both samples) 275
8.18 Means analysis of Gender and Religion
(Students), and Age, Gender and Religion
(Residents), with Support Groups and Avoid Products 276
8.19 Regression of ERB variables on WILLACT and
EWVGSC (both samples) 277
8.20 Influence of EWVGSC on Support Groups and
Avoid Products controlled for WILLACT
(percentages; Students) 280
8.21 Influence of WILLACT on Support Groups
and Avoid Products controlled for
EWVGSC (percentages; Students) 281
8.22 Influence of EWVGSC and WILLACT on Support
Groups and Avoid Products with controls for
WILLACT and EWVGSC (Residents) 282
8.23 Influence of WILLACT on Support Groups
and Avoid Products controlled for Gender
(percentages; both samples) 283
8.24 Influence of WILLACT on Support Groups
and Avoid Products controlled for Age (Residents) 284
8.25 Means analysis of EWVGSC on Support Groups
and Avoid Products controlled for WILLACT (Students) 285
8.26 Means analysis of WILLACT on Support
Groups and Avoid Products controlled for
EWVGSC (Students) 287
8.27 Means analysis of WILLACT on Support
Groups and Avoid Products controlled
for Gender (Students) 288
8.28 Means analysis of WILLACT on Support
Groups and Avoid Products controlled for
Gender (Residents) 289
8.29 Means analysis of WILLACT on Support
Groups and Avoid Products controlled for Age (Residents) 291
8.30 WILLACT by Support Groups and Avoid Products
controlled for EWVGSC (Pearson s r; both samples) 293
8.31 Regression of ERB variables on EWVGSC,
WILLACT and Gender (Students) 295
8.32 Regression of ERB variables on EWVGSC,
WILLACT, Age and Gender (Residents) 296
8.33 Correlation matrix of potential predictor
variables (Pearson s r; Residents) 2l)H
8.34 Regression of Support Groups on selected
predictor variables (Residents) 300
8.35 Regression of Avoid Products on selected
predictor variables (Residents) M)2
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Blaikie, Norman W. H. 1933- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)172646464 |
| author_facet | Blaikie, Norman W. H. 1933- |
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| dewey-full | 01.4/22 300.72 |
| dewey-hundreds | 000 - Computer science, information, general works 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 000 - Computer science, information, general works 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-raw | 0 1.4/22 300.72 |
| dewey-search | 0 1.4/22 300.72 |
| dewey-sort | 0 11.4 222 |
| dewey-tens | 000 - Computer science, information, general works 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV017171884 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:14:36Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0761967591 0761967583 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2002108760 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010351734 |
| oclc_num | 52288275 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-384 |
| owner_facet | DE-384 |
| physical | xx, 352 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2003 |
| publishDateSearch | 2003 |
| publishDateSort | 2003 |
| publisher | Sage |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Blaikie, Norman W. H. 1933- Verfasser (DE-588)172646464 aut Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation Norman Blaikie 1. publ. London u.a. Sage 2003 xx, 352 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. [344]-346) and index Data-analyse gtt Kwantitatieve gegevens gtt Sozialwissenschaften Mathematical statistics Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Statistical methods Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd rswk-swf Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 gnd rswk-swf Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 s Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010351734&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Blaikie, Norman W. H. 1933- Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation Data-analyse gtt Kwantitatieve gegevens gtt Sozialwissenschaften Mathematical statistics Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Statistical methods Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055916-6 (DE-588)4123037-1 |
| title | Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation |
| title_auth | Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation |
| title_exact_search | Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation |
| title_full | Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation Norman Blaikie |
| title_fullStr | Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation Norman Blaikie |
| title_full_unstemmed | Analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation Norman Blaikie |
| title_short | Analyzing quantitative data |
| title_sort | analyzing quantitative data from description to explanation |
| title_sub | from description to explanation |
| topic | Data-analyse gtt Kwantitatieve gegevens gtt Sozialwissenschaften Mathematical statistics Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Statistical methods Sozialwissenschaften (DE-588)4055916-6 gnd Datenanalyse (DE-588)4123037-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Data-analyse Kwantitatieve gegevens Sozialwissenschaften Mathematical statistics Social sciences Methodology Social sciences Statistical methods Datenanalyse |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010351734&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT blaikienormanwh analyzingquantitativedatafromdescriptiontoexplanation |