Chemical discovery and the logicians' program: a problematic pairing
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Weinheim
Wiley-VCH
2003
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 194 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Portr. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 3527307974 |
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Titel: Chemical discovery and the logicians' program
Autor: Berson, Jerome A
Jahr: 2003
Table of Contents
Preface XU I
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Motivations 1
1.2 Scientific Method. Chemists and Philosophers 2
1.2.1 Does a Scientific Method Exist? 4
1.2.2 Epistemology of Science 5
1.3 The Interaction of Methodological Theory and Scientific Practice
1.3.1 The Case for Case Studies 6
1.3.2 Empiricism and Naturalism 8
1A Some Philosophical Schools 10
1.5 References and Notes 12
2 Theories Built Up From Observations. The Inductivist ideal 14
2.1 Theory: What Is It and Why Do We Need It? 14
2.2 Theory: Where Does It Come From? 15
2.3 Francis Bacon (1561-1626) 16
2.3.1 Bacon and Experiment 16
2.3.2 Bacon and Induction 17
2.3.3 Bacon and "Crucial Experiments" J8
2.4 Pierre Duhem and the Ideal of a "Natural Classification" 19
2.4.1 Duhem's Criteria for a Physical Theory 19
2.4.2 Duhem's Ideas on True and False Theories 21
2.5 Duhem's Theory of "Natural Classification" 21
2.5.1 Duhem, "Conviction" and "Reasons of the Heart' 2.2
2.6 References and Notes 24
3 Theories from Anywhere;
Popper's Philosophy of Conjectures and Refutations 26
3.1 Popper 26
3.2 Falsificationism 27
3.3 Where Do the Conjectures Come From? 27
3.4 Falsificationism and the Working Scientist 28
Table of Contents
3.5 Popper's Intent: Descriptive Demarcation or
Prescriptive Methodology? 29
3.6 Corroboration vs. Refutation in Experimental Tests of Theory.
Popper's Rules 31
3.7 The Superiority of Refutations 32
3.8 Tests of Theory. Refutations and Internal Contradictions 34
3.8.1 Logical Inference and Logical Contradiction 34
3.9 Paul Feyerabend and a Stance "Against Method" 36
3.10 "Science is an Essentially Anarchic Enterprise."
History Compels Ruthless Opportunism 37
3.11 Lakatos. Feyerabend, Kuhn, Hanson: Experiment is Unavoidably
Entwined with Theory. The Problem of Incommensurability 38
3.11.1 Perceptions and Contexts 39
3.11.2 Prout's Theory 42
3.12 Where Do We Go From Here? 43
3.13 References and Notes 44
4 Refutation by Internal Contradiction.
Kekulé's "Hypothesis of Embarrassment" and the Theory of Benzene 47
4.1 Internally Contradictory Theories Are Prohibited 47
4.2 Popper Prohibits Ad Hoc Rescue of Refuted Theories 47
4.3 Kekulé's Benzene 50
4.4 Objections from Baeyer, Körner, and Ladenburg 53
4.5 Tests of Structural Theory by the Number of Isomers 54
4.6 Kekulé's Ad Hoc Hypothesis 58
4.7 Violations of Popper's Restrictions 62
4.8 Kekulé's Theory: Success Despite Internal Inconsistency 63
4.9 Fa Is inability in Principle 64
4.10 Reflections 65
4.U Acknowledgement 66
4.12 References and Notes 66
5 Are Crucial Experiments Conclusive?
Refutations: Permanent, Temporary, and Virtual 68
5.1 Refutations and "Crucial" Experiments 68
5.2 Death and Resurrection of Theories. Temporary Refutations 69
5.2.1 The Hypothesis of Non-Vicinal Hydrogen Shift in the Racemization
of Camphene 69
5.2.2 A Challenge from Houben and Pfankuch 72
5.2.3 Death and Resurrection of Theories.
The Non-Vicinal Shift Theory Comes Back 76
5.2.4 Further Resurrections 77
5.3 A Premature Death Certificate for Willstätter's "Small Molecule"
Theory of Enzymes? 78
5.3.1 What Are Enzymes? Willstätter's Small Molecule Theory 79
Table of Contents | IX
5.3.2 Crystallization of Enzymes. Enzymes Are "Pure" Proteins 80
5.3.3 An Incomplete Refutation. How Pure Are Proleins? 84
5.4 Conclusion 88
5.5 Acknowledgement 88
5.6 References and Notes 89
6 Farewell to Stasis, Welcome to Metamorphosis: Refutation of Kekulé's Rule of
Minimal Structural Change in the Discovery of Molecular Rearrangements 91
6.1 Kekulé's Rules 91
6.2 The Pinacol Rearrangement. Fittig's "Discovery" 93
6.2.1 Early History of the Pinacol Rearrangement 94
6.2.2 The Atomic Weight Controversy and the Rise of Structural Theory 94
6.2.3 The Structure of Acetone. Uncertainty Piled on Obscurity 95
6.2.4 Fittig Attempts to Alkylate Acetone 96
6.2.5 Rudolf Fittig (1835-1910) 97
6.2.6 The Acetone to Pinacol Reaction 97
6.2.7 Conflict with Städeler. A Pillow-Fight at Midnight
in a Dark Cellar Between Blindfolded Combatants 98
6.2.8 The Transformation of Pinacol to Pinacolone 99
6.2.9 Loyalty and Dependency. Fittig's Atomic Weight Problem 99
6.2.10 The Structures of Pinacol and Pinacolone.
Friedel and Finally Butlerov 102
6.3 The Benzilic Acid Rearrangement 108
6.3.1 Liebig vs. Laurent:
A Fortuitous Observation and a Questionable Criticism 108
6.3.2 The Benzil-Benzilic Acid Series.
Futile Attempts to Assign a Common Skeletal Structure 109
6.3.3 The Rearrangement: Zincke Sees It But Can't Believe It.
Baeyer Finally Gets It 111
6.4 What Is a Discovery? 113
6.4.1 Implications of the Rearrangements for
Kekulé's Rules of Chemical Change 114
6.4.2 Why Worry About Proper Attribution of Credit? 114
6.5 Appendix. Ceteris Paribus or the Problem of Provisos:
A Quiet, Menacing Relative ofTheory? 116
6.5.1 Does Ceteris Paribus Threaten the Completeness of Science? 116
6.5.2 Provisos, Newton's Laws, and Planetary Astronomy 117
6.5.3 Provisos in the Elucidation of Molecular Structure 117
6.5.4 Can Theories Be "Complete?" 119
6.5.5 Fruitful and Fruitless Disregard of Provisos 119
6.6 References and Notes 120
X j Table of Contents
7 Some Non-Refutative Motivations in Science 122
7.1. Science Without Refutation 5 22
7.2 Correlation: The Search for Regularity in Nature 122
7.3 Accidental and Serendipitous Discoveries 123
7.3.1 Louis Pasteur and Chirality 124
7.3.2 Wöhlerand the Synthesis of Urea from Ammonium Cyanate 124
7.4 Are Accidental Discoveries Rare? 126
7.5 Organic Synthesis, a Corroborative Enterprise 128
7.5.1 Synthesis of Molecules to Test Theories of Chemical Bonding
and Reaction Mechanism and the Synthesis of Natural Products 128
7.6 Reflections 131
7.7 References and Notes 137
8 False but Nevertheless Fruitful Theories.
Speculations on the Biogenesis of Alkaloids 133
8.1 Early Theories of Alkaloid Biogenesis 134
8.1.1 Alkaloids from Proteins: Pictet's Theory 135
8.1.2 The Mannich Reaction, a Key to Synthesis and Biosynthesis 136
8.1.3 Winterstein and Trier 138
8.2 Robinson: The Mannich Reaction, Tropinone, Biomimetic Synthesis,
and Biogenesis of Alkaloids 340
8.3 Reaction Mechanisms in the Early 20th Century 145
8.4 From "the Mechanism of the Phytochemical Synthesis of Certain
Alkaloids" to "Structural Relations of Plant Products" 146
8.5 The Strychnine Story 147
8.5.1 Structure 147
8.5.2 A Digression on Structural Elucidation 148
8.5.3 The Endgame of the Strychnine Structural Problem 150
8.5.4 Credit and Priority 154
8.6 Speculations on the Biogenesis of Strychnine and
Other Indole Alkaloids 155
8.6.1 The "Woodward Fission" 156
8.7 Speculations on the Biogenesis of Other Alkaloids 157
8.7.1 Emetine 158
8.7.2 Cinchona Alkaloids 159
8.7.3 Other Alkaloids 160
8.8 The Synthesis of Strychnine 161
8.9 The Experimentally Determined Biogenesis of Alkaloids 163
8.9.1 Benzylisoquinolines and Pyrrolidines 163
8.10 Tests of the Biosynthetic Role of the Woodward Fission in the
In Vivo Formation of Strychnine and Other Alkaloids 165
8.10.1 Alternatives to the Woodward Fission 166
8.10.2 The Wenkert Thomas Hypothesis 168
8.10.3 Loganin and Secologanin, Key Intermediates from Mevalonate,
not from Amino Acids 172
Table of Contents | XI
8.11 The Startling Accuracy of a False Theory 173
8.11.1 Popperon Replacement of a Theory 173
8.12 Dreamers and Practitioners 174
8.13 References and Notes 174
9 Epilogue 178
9.1 Where Have We Been? 178
9.2 The "Logicians'Program" 179
9.3 Which Way Now? 180
9.4 References and Notes 181
Index of Authors 183
index of Names 187
Index of Subjects 191 |
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| spelling | Berson, Jerome A. Verfasser aut Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing Jerome A. Berson Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2003 XIII, 194 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Portr. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Geschichte gnd rswk-swf ChImie - Histoirery ram Creativité en science ram Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd rswk-swf Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd rswk-swf Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 s Geschichte z Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010344236&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Berson, Jerome A. Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing ChImie - Histoirery ram Creativité en science ram Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd |
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| title | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing |
| title_auth | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing |
| title_exact_search | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing |
| title_full | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing Jerome A. Berson |
| title_fullStr | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing Jerome A. Berson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program a problematic pairing Jerome A. Berson |
| title_short | Chemical discovery and the logicians' program |
| title_sort | chemical discovery and the logicians program a problematic pairing |
| title_sub | a problematic pairing |
| topic | ChImie - Histoirery ram Creativité en science ram Wissenschaftstheorie (DE-588)4117665-0 gnd Chemie (DE-588)4009816-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | ChImie - Histoirery Creativité en science Wissenschaftstheorie Chemie |
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