The design and construction of large optical telescopes:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
New York [u.a.]
Springer
2003
|
| Series: | Astronomy and astrophysics library
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXIV, 505 S. Ill., graph. Darst. : 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 0387955127 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The design and construction of large optical telescopes |c Pierre Y. Bely ed. |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2003 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 505 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. : 25 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Astronomy and astrophysics library | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Télescopes géants - Conception et construction | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Large astronomical telescopes |x Design and construction | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Spiegelteleskop |0 (DE-588)4182256-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Spiegelteleskop |0 (DE-588)4182256-0 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Bely, Pierre Y. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010259160 | |
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| adam_text |
CONTENTS
PREFACE
VII
CONTRIBUTORS
AND
REVIEWERS
XIX
CREDITS
FOR
FIGURES
AND
TABLES
XXIII
INTRODUCTION
1
1
ASTRONOMICAL
OBSERVATIONS
5
1.1
ROLE
OF
ASTRONOMICAL
TELESCOPES
.
5
1.2
SOURCE
CHARACTERISTICS
.
5
1.2.1
INTENSITY
.
5
1.2.2
DISTRIBUTION
OF
SOURCES
OF
INTEREST
IN
THE
SKY
.
7
1.3
OBSERVING
THROUGH
THE
ATMOSPHERE
.
9
1.3.1
ATMOSPHERIC
EXTINCTION
.
9
1.3.2
ATMOSPHERIC
EMISSION
.
11
1.3.3
ATMOSPHERIC
REFRACTION
.
12
1.3.4
ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE:
BASIC
NOTIONS
.
13
1.3.5
ATMOSPHERIC
TURBULENCE:
THE
PHYSICS
OF
SEEING
.
17
1.4
BACKGROUND
SOURCES
.
19
1.4.1
CELESTIAL
BACKGROUNDS
.
19
1.4.2
ATMOSPHERIC
BACKGROUND
.
22
1.4.3
STRAY
LIGHT
AND
DETECTOR
BACKGROUND
.
22
1.4.4
COPING
WITH
ATMOSPHERIC
AND
TELESCOPE
THERMAL
EMISSION
22
X
CONTENTS
1.5
SIGNAL-TO-NOISE
RATIO
.
24
1.6
TIME
.
28
1.6.1
SIDEREAL
TIME
.
28
1.6.2
JULIAN
DATE
.
28
1.7
COORDINATE
SYSTEMS
.
29
1.8
POINTING
CORRECTIONS
.
31
1.8.1
PRECESSION
AND
NUTATION
.
32
1.8.2
PROPER
MOTION
.
32
1.8.3
PARALLAX
.
32
1.8.4
ABERRATION
OF
STARLIGHT
.
33
1.8.5
ATMOSPHERIC
REFRACTION
.
35
1.9
TELESCOPE
POINTING
AND
TRACKING
PROCEDURE
.
35
1.9.1
TARGET
ACQUISITION
.
35
1.9.2
GUIDING
.
36
1.9.3
GUIDE
STAR
CATALOGS
.
36
1.10
TELESCOPES
AND
INTERFEROMETERS
.
37
REFERENCES
.
39
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
40
2
INSTRUMENTS
41
2.1
MAIN
TYPES
OF
INSTRUMENT
.
41
2.1.1
CAMERAS
.
42
2.1.2
PHOTOMETER
.
43
2.1.3
POLARIMETERS
.
44
2.1.4
DISPERSING
SPECTROMETERS
.
44
2.1.5
FABRY-PEROT
SPECTROMETER
.
47
2.1.6
FOURIER
TRANSFORM
SPECTROMETER
.
48
2.2
OPTICAL
THROUGH
MID-INFRARED
DETECTORS
.
49
2.2.1
PHOTON
DETECTION
IN
SEMICONDUCTORS
.
50
2.2.2
CCD
DETECTORS
.
52
2.2.3
INFRARED
ARRAY
DETECTORS
.
53
2.2.4
SPECIFIC
DETECTOR
CHARACTERISTICS
.
55
2.3
RELAY
OPTICS
.
59
2.4
CRYOGENIC
SYSTEMS
.
60
REFERENCES
.
61
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
61
3
DESIGN
METHODS
AND
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
62
3.1
THE
PROJECT
LIFE
CYCLE
.
63
3.2
THE
TOOLS
OF SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING
.
66
3.2.1
DESIGN
REFERENCE
PROGRAM
.
67
3.2.2
REQUIREMENTS
"
FLOWDOWN
"
.
69
3.2.3
ERROR
BUDGETS
.
72
3.2.4
END-TO-END
COMPUTER
SIMULATIONS
.
74
3.2.5
DESIGN
TESTABILITY
AND
FORGIVENESS
.
75
CONTENTS
XI
3.2.6
SCALING
LAWS
.
76
3.2.7
COST
MODELS
.
78
3.2.8
COST
AS
A
DESIGN
VARIABLE
.
79
3.2.9
OBSERVATORY
PERFORMANCE
METRICS
.
81
3.3
PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
.
86
3.3.1
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
.
87
3.3.2
PROJECT
ORGANIZATION
.
88
3.3.3
WORK
BREAKDOWN
STRUCTURE
.
89
3.3.4
PROJECT
DATA
BASE
.
90
3.3.5
PROCUREMENT
STRATEGY
.
90
3.3.6
TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
.
91
3.3.7
RELIABILITY
.
93
3.3.8
QUALITY
ASSURANCE,
VERIFICATION,
AND
VALIDATION
.
94
3.3.9
INTERFACE
DOCUMENTS
.
95
3.3.10
CONFIGURATION
MANAGEMENT
.
95
3.4
PROJECT
SCHEDULING
.
96
3.5
RISK
ANALYSIS
.
99
3.6
COST
ESTIMATES
AND
BUDGETING
.
100
3.6.1
APPROACHES
TO
COST
ESTIMATING
.
100
3.6.2
BUDGETS
OF
MAIN
FUNDING
AGENCIES
.
101
3.6.3
COST
ESTIMATE
ACCURACY
.
101
3.6.4
CONSTRUCTION
OF
MULTIPLE
UNITS
.
102
3.6.5
BUDGETING
AND
RESOURCE
PLANNING
.
103
REFERENCES
.
104
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
105
4
TELESCOPE
OPTICS
106
4.1
OPTICAL
DESIGN
FUNDAMENTALS
.
106
4.1.1
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
.
106
4.1.2
EQUATIONS
OF
CONIC
SURFACES
.
108
4.1.3
STOPS
AND
PUPILS
.
108
4.1.4
PRIMARY
ABERRATIONS
.
110
4.1.5
WAVEFRONT
ERRORS
.
ILL
4.1.6
DIFFRACTION
EFFECTS
.
114
4.1.7
IMAGE
FORMATION
.
115
4.2
TELESCOPE
OPTICAL
CONFIGURATIONS
.
121
4.2.1
SINGLE-MIRROR
SYSTEMS
.
121
4.2.2
TWO-MIRROR
SYSTEMS
.
122
4.2.3
THREE
AND
FOUR-MIRROR
SYSTEMS
.
124
4.2.4
SYSTEMS
WITH
SPHERICAL
MIRRORS
.
126
4.2.5
AUXILIARY
OPTICS
.
126
4.3
OPTICAL
ERROR
BUDGET
.
127
4.4
CRITERIA
FOR
IMAGE
QUALITY
.
129
4.5
SYSTEM
ISSUES
.
134
4.5.1
FOCUS
SELECTION
.
134
XII
CONTENTS
4.5.2
SELECTION
OF
/-RATIO
.
136
4.5.3
MATCHING
PLATE
SCALE
TO
THE
DETECTOR
RESOLUTION
.
137
4.6
MIRROR
BLANK
MATERIALS
.
139
4.6.1
GENERALITIES
.
139
4.6.2
BOROSILICATE
GLASS
.
142
4.6.3
ULE
FUSED
SILICA
.
143
4.6.4
LOW-THERMAL-EXPANSION
GLASS
CERAMIC
.
143
4.6.5
SILICON
CARBIDE
.
144
4.6.6
BERYLLIUM
.
145
4.6.7
ALUMINUM
.
146
4.7
MIRROR
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
.
146
4.7.1
LIGHTWEIGHTED
MIRRORS
.
150
4.7.2
SEGMENTED
MIRROR
SYSTEMS
.
151
4.7.3
THERMAL
EFFECTS
.
155
4.8
MIRROR
PRODUCTION
.
157
4.8.1
COMPUTER-CONTROLLED
LAPPING
.
160
4.8.2
STRESSED
MIRROR
FIGURING
.
161
4.8.3
ACTIVE
LAP
FIGURING
.
162
4.8.4
ULTRAPRECISION
MACHINING
.
162
4.8.5
ION
BEAM
FIGURING
.
163
4.8.6
POSTFIGURING
MECHANICAL
DEFORMING
.
164
4.9
OPTICAL
SURFACE
TESTING
DURING
MANUFACTURE
.
165
4.9.1
TESTING
PHILOSOPHY
.
165
4.9.2
MAIN
TESTING
TECHNIQUES
.
167
4.9.3
TESTING
THE
FIGURE
OF
PRIMARY
MIRRORS
.
171
4.9.4
TESTING
SECONDARY
MIRRORS
.
172
4.9.5
MEASURING
THE
RADIUS
OF
CURVATURE
.
173
4.9.6
ELIMINATING
THE
EFFECT
OF
GRAVITY
.
173
4.9.7
TESTING
CRYOGENIC
MIRRORS
.
173
4.10
MIRROR
COATINGS
AND
WASHING
.
174
4.10.1
MIRROR
CLEANING
.
174
4.10.2
COATING
PLANT
.
176
REFERENCES
.
177
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
181
5
STRAY
LIGHT
CONTROL
183
5.1
CAUSES
OF
STRAY
LIGHT
.
183
5.2
FINDING
AND
FIXING
STRAY
LIGHT
PROBLEMS
.
184
5.3
BAFFLES
AND
STOPS
.
185
5.3.1
APERTURE
STOP
.
185
5.3.2
FIELD
STOP
.
186
5.3.3
LYOT
STOP
.
186
5.3.4
BAFFLES
.
187
5.3.5 BAFFLES
FOR
CASSEGRAIN
SYSTEMS
.
187
5.4
SCATTERING
PROCESSES
.
188
CONTENTS
XIII
5.5
STRAY
LIGHT
ANALYSIS
.
189
5.6
SURFACE
SCATTERING
PROPERTIES
.
193
5.6.1
SCATTER
FROM
MIRRORS
.
193
5.6.2
SCATTER
FROM
DIFFUSE
BLACK
SURFACES
.
195
5.7
AN
EXAMPLE
OF
PROTECTION
AGAINST
OFF-AXIS
SOURCES:
HST
.
197
5.8
AN
EXAMPLE
OF
MINIMIZING
STRAY
LIGHT
FROM
SELF-EMISSION:
NGST
198
5.9
MINIMIZING
THERMAL
BACKGROUND
IN
GROUND-BASED
TELESCOPES
.
.
199
REFERENCES
.
200
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
201
6
TELESCOPE
STRUCTURE
AND
MECHANISMS
202
6.1
GENERAL
PRINCIPLES
.
203
6.1.1
KINEMATIC
MOUNTING
.
203
6.1.2
MINIMIZING
DECOLLIMATION
.
205
6.1.3
USE
OF
PRELOAD
.
207
6.1.4
LOAD
PATHS
.
208
6.1.5
DESIGNING
OUT
"
STICK-SLIP
"
AND
"
MICROLURCHES
"
.
208
6.1.6
CHOICE
OF
MATERIALS
.
210
6.1.7
ATHERMALIZATION
.
212
6.1.8
STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
.
213
6.2
DESIGN
REQUIREMENTS
.
214
6.2.1
OPERATIONAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
214
6.2.2
SURVIVAL
CONDITIONS
.
215
6.3
MIRROR
MOUNTS
.
219
6.3.1
MOUNTS
FOR
SINGLE
MIRRORS
.
219
6.3.2
MOUNTS
FOR
SEGMENTED-MIRROR
SYSTEMS
.
223
6.4
TELESCOPE
"
TUBE
"
.
224
6.4.1
TUBE
TRUSS
.
225
6.4.2
TRIPOD
AND
TOWER-TYPE
SUPPORTS
FOR
SECONDARY
MIRRORS
.
228
6.4.3
THERMAL
EFFECTS
.
229
6.4.4
CASSEGRAIN
MIRROR
"
SPIDER
"
.
230
6.4.5
PRIMARY
MIRROR
CELL
.
233
6.5
MOUNTS
FOR
GROUND-BASED
TELESCOPES
.
233
6.5.1
EQUATORIAL
MOUNT
.
233
6.5.2
ALTITUDE-AZIMUTH
MOUNT
.
235
6.5.3
ALTITUDE-ALTITUDE
MOUNT
.
236
6.5.4
FIXED-ALTITUDE
AND
FIXED-PRIMARY-MIRROR
MOUNTS
.
236
6.6
BEARINGS
FOR
GROUND
TELESCOPES
.
237
6.6.1
ROLLING
BEARINGS
.
238
6.6.2
HYDROSTATIC
BEARINGS
.
238
6.7
MISCELLANEOUS
MECHANISMS
.
242
6.7.1
OVERALL
TELESCOPE
ALIGNMENT
.
242
6.7.2
OPTICS
ALIGNMENT
AND
FOCUSING
DEVICES
.
242
6.7.3
ACTIVE
SECONDARY
MIRROR
FOR
INFRARED
CHOPPING
AND
FIELD
STABILIZATION
.
243
XIV
CONTENTS
6.7.4
BALANCING
SYSTEMS
.
245
6.7.5
CABLE
WRAP
AND
CABLE
TWIST
.
245
6.7.6
MIRROR
COVER
.
246
6.8
SAFETY
DEVICES
.
247
6.8.1
BRAKES
.
247
6.8.2
END
STOPS
.
248
6.8.3
LOCKING
DEVICES
.
248
6.8.4
EARTHQUAKE
RESTRAINTS
.
249
REFERENCES
.
250
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
251
7
POINTING
AND
CONTROL
252
7.1
POINTING
REQUIREMENTS
.
253
7.2
SYSTEM
MODELING
.
253
7.2.1
FIRST-ORDER
LUMPED-MASS
MODELS
.
255
7.2.2
MEDIUM-SIZE
LUMPED-MASS
OPTOMECHANICAL
MODELS
.
.
.
257
7.2.3
INTEGRATED
MODELS
.
257
7.3
POINTING
SERVO
SYSTEM
.
263
7.3.1
FUNDAMENTALS
OF
SERVO
SYSTEMS
.
263
7.3.2
TELESCOPE
CONTROL
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATION
.
265
7.3.3
DISTURBANCE
REJECTION
.
271
7.4
ATTITUDE
ACTUATORS
.
273
7.4.1
DRIVES
FOR
GROUND-BASED
TELESCOPES
.
273
7.4.2
SPACE
TELESCOPE
ATTITUDE
ACTUATORS
.
279
7.5
ATTITUDE
SENSORS
AND
GUIDING
SYSTEM
.
280
7.5.1
POSITION
ENCODERS
.
280
7.5.2
TACHOMETERS
.
282
7.5.3
GYROSCOPES
.
283
7.5.4
STAR
TRACKERS
AND
SUN
SENSORS
.
284
7.5.5
GUIDING
SYSTEM
.
285
7.6
GROUND-BASED
TELESCOPE
DISTURBANCES
.
288
7.6.1
EFFECTS
OF
WIND:
GENERALITIES
.
289
7.6.2
EFFECTS
OF
WIND
ON
TELESCOPE
STRUCTURE
.
291
7.6.3
EFFECT
OF
WIND
ON
PRIMARY
MIRROR
.
293
7.6.4
EFFECT
OF
WIND
ON
TELESCOPE
PIER
.
293
7.7
DISTURBANCES
IN
SPACE
.
294
7.7.1
GRAVITY
GRADIENT
TORQUE
.
295
7.7.2
AERODYNAMIC
TORQUE
.
296
7.7.3
SOLAR
RADIATION
TORQUE
.
296
7.7.4
MAGNETIC
TORQUE
.
297
7.7.5
REACTION
WHEEL
DISTURBANCES
.
298
7.7.6
OTHER
INTERNALLY
GENERATED
DISTURBANCES
.
300
7.8
ACTIVE
AND
PASSIVE
VIBRATION
CONTROL
.
302
7.8.1
PASSIVE
ISOLATION
OF
THE
VIBRATION
SOURCE
.
303
7.8.2
ACTIVE
ISOLATION
.
305
CONTENTS
XV
7.9
OBSERVATORY
CONTROL
SOFTWARE
.
306
REFERENCES
.
308
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
310
8
ACTIVE
AND
ADAPTIVE
OPTICS
311
8.1
FUNDAMENTAL
PRINCIPLES
.
311
8.1.1
RESPECTIVE
ROLES
OF
ACTIVE
AND
ADAPTIVE
OPTICS
.
311
8.1.2
ACTIVE
AND
ADAPTIVE
OPTICS
ARCHITECTURES
.
313
8.2
WAVEFRONT
SENSORS
.
315
8.2.1
SHACK-HARTMANN
SENSOR
.
315
8.2.2
CURVATURE
SENSING
.
316
8.2.3
PHASE
RETRIEVAL
TECHNIQUES
.
318
8.3
INTERNAL
METROLOGY
DEVICES
.
319
8.3.1
EDGE
SENSORS
.
319
8.3.2
HOLOGRAPHIC
GRATING
PATCHES
AND
RETROREFLECTOR
SYSTEMS
322
8.3.3
LASER
METROLOGY
SYSTEMS
.
324
8.3.4
IPSRU
.
324
8.4
WAVEFRONT
CORRECTION
SYSTEMS
.
325
8.4.1
FINE
STEERING
MIRRORS
.
325
8.4.2
DEFORMING
THE
MAIN
OPTICS
.
327
8.4.3
DEDICATED
DEFORMABLE
MIRROR
.
330
8.5
CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
.
331
8.6
TYPICAL
ACTIVE
OPTICS
SYSTEM
IMPLEMENTATIONS
.
332
8.6.1
THE
VLT
ACTIVE
OPTICS
SYSTEM
.
332
8.6.2
COALIGNING,
COFOCUSING,
AND
COPHASING
SEGMENTED
SYS
TEMS
.
333
8.7
CORRECTION
OF
SEEING
.
338
8.7.1
HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENTS
.
339
8.7.2
ADAPTIVE
OPTICS
USING
NATURAL
GUIDE
STARS
.
340
8.7.3
ADAPTIVE
OPTICS
WITH
LASER
STARS
.
340
REFERENCES
.
342
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
344
9
THERMAL
CONTROL
345
9.1
GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
.
345
9.2
THERMAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS
.
346
9.3
TEMPERATURE
CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
.
346
9.4
THERMAL
CONTROL
FOR
DIMENSIONAL
CONTROL
.
348
9.4.1
MIRROR
FIGURE
CONTROL
.
348
9.4.2
CONTROLLING
OPTICS
SEPARATION
AND
ALIGNMENT
.
349
9.5
AVOIDING
LOCALLY
INDUCED
SEEING
.
351
9.5.1
THERMAL
CONTROL
OF
THE
ENCLOSURE
DURING
THE
DAY
.
352
9.5.2
SEEING
CAUSED
BY
A
WARMER
FLOOR
.
353
9.5.3
SEEING
DUE
TO
HEAT
SOURCES
OR
SINKS
IN
THE
TELESCOPE
CHAMBER
.
354
XVI
CONTENTS
9.5.4
SEEING
DUE
TO
TELESCOPE
STRUCTURE
COLD
AREAS
.
356
9.5.5
MIRROR
SEEING
.
356
REFERENCES
.
360
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
360
10
INTEGRATION
AND
VERIFICATION
361
10.1
INTEGRATION
AND
VERIFICATION
PROGRAM,
METHODS,
AND
TECHNIQUES
362
10.1.1
VERIFICATION
METHODS
.
363
10.1.2
INCREMENTAL
VERIFICATION
.
363
10.1.3
VERIFICATION
REQUIREMENTS
MATRIX
.
364
10.1.4
VERIFICATION
BASED
ON
END-TO-END
COMPUTER
MODELING
.
.
365
10.2
OBSERVATORY
VALIDATION
.
366
10.2.1
ENGINEERING
VERIFICATION
.
366
10.2.2
SCIENCE
VERIFICATION
.
366
REFERENCES
.
367
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
367
11
OBSERVATORY
ENCLOSURE
368
11.1
ENCLOSURE
FUNCTIONS
AND
REQUIREMENTS
.
369
11.2
OVERALL
ENCLOSURE
CONFIGURATION
.
369
11.3
HEIGHT
OF
TELESCOPE
CHAMBER
ABOVE
THE
GROUND
.
372
11.4
WIND
PROTECTION
AND
FLUSHING
.
372
11.4.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
372
11.4.2
WINDSCREENS
AND
LOUVERS
.
374
11.4.3
WIND
AND
WATER-TUNNEL
STUDIES
AND
NUMERICAL
MODEL
ING
.
375
11.4.4
ACOUSTIC
MODES
IN
THE
ENCLOSURE
.
376
11.5
THERMAL
DESIGN
.
376
11.5.1
BASIC
PRINCIPLES
.
376
11.5.2
ENCLOSURE
EXTERNAL
SKIN
EMISSIVITY
.
380
11.6
STRUCTURAL
AND
MECHANICAL
DESIGN
.
380
11.6.1
LOADING
CASES
.
380
11.6.2
ENCLOSURE
SHAPE
.
381
11.6.3
SHUTTER
.
382
11.6.4
BOGIES
AND
DRIVE
.
383
11.6.5
WEATHER
SEALS
.
384
11.7
TELESCOPE
PIER
.
385
11.8
HANDLING
EQUIPMENT
.
386
REFERENCES
.
387
12
OBSERVATORY
SITES
389
12.1
GROUND
VERSUS
SPACE
.
389
12.1.1
ADVANTAGES
OF
GROUND-BASED
FACILITIES
.
389
12.1.2
ADVANTAGES
OF
SPACE-BASED
FACILITIES
.
390
12.1.3
AIRCRAFT
AND
BALLOONS
.
392
CONTENTS
XVII
12.1.4
CAPABILITIES
OF
VARIOUS
OBSERVATORY
PLATFORMS
.
392
12.2
DESIRABLE
CHARACTERISTICS
FOR
GROUND-BASED
SITES
.
393
12.2.1
SEEING
.
394
12.2.2
CRITERIA
FOR
EXTREMELY
LARGE
TELESCOPES
OF
THE
FUTURE
.
.
397
12.3
LOCATION
AND
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
THE
BEST
OBSERVING
SITES
.
398
12.3.1
CHARACTERISTICS
OF
THE
MAJOR
OBSERVATORY
SITES
.
400
12.4
EVALUATION
METHODS
FOR
GROUND-BASED
SITES
.
401
12.4.1
METHODS
FOR
TESTING
IMAGE
QUALITY
.
401
12.4.2
MICROTHERMAL
SENSORS
.
402
12.4.3
ACOUSTIC
SOUNDER
.
402
12.4.4
SITE
FLOW
VISUALIZATION
.
404
12.4.5
RADIOSONDES
.
404
12.4.6
NUMERICAL
MODELING
OF
THE
ATMOSPHERE
.
405
12.4.7
OPTICAL
SEEING
MONITORS
.
406
12.5
SPACE
ORBITS
AND
THE
MOON
.
408
12.5.1
LOW-INCLINATION
LOW
EARTH
ORBIT
.
408
12.5.2
SUN-SYNCHRONOUS
ORBITS
.
410
12.5.3
GEOSTATIONARY
AND
GEOSYNCHRONOUS
ORBITS
.
411
12.5.4
HIGH
EARTH
ORBITS
.
412
12.5.5
SUN-EARTH
LAGRANGIAN
POINT
2
.
412
12.5.6
DRIFT-AWAY
ORBIT
.
414
12.5.7
HELIOCENTRIC
ELLIPTICAL
ORBIT
.
415
12.5.8
MOON
.
415
12.5.9
SUN-JUPITER
LAGRANGIAN
POINT
2
.
416
12.6
RADIATION
IN
THE
SPACE
ENVIRONMENT
.
417
12.6.1
SOURCES
OF
RADIATION
.
417
12.6.2
RADIATION
EFFECTS
.
418
12.6.3
DEPENDENCE
OF
RADIATION
LEVELS
ON
OBSERVATORY
LOCATION
.
419
12.7
LAUNCHERS
.
422
REFERENCES
.
423
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
425
A
COMMONLY
USED
SYMBOLS
426
B
BASIC
DATA
AND
UNIT
CONVERSIONS
427
C
THE
LARGEST
TELESCOPES
429
D
SHARPNESS
433
E
DERIVATION
OF
THE
EQUATION
OF
MOTIONS
436
F
GLOSSARY
439
INDEX
486 |
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| dewey-ones | 522 - Techniques, equipment & materials |
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| dewey-sort | 3522 229 |
| dewey-tens | 520 - Astronomy and allied sciences |
| discipline | Physik |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-08-24T00:18:28Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0387955127 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-010259160 |
| oclc_num | 49750274 |
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| physical | XXIV, 505 S. Ill., graph. Darst. : 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2003 |
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| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Astronomy and astrophysics library |
| spelling | The design and construction of large optical telescopes Pierre Y. Bely ed. New York [u.a.] Springer 2003 XXIV, 505 S. Ill., graph. Darst. : 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Astronomy and astrophysics library Literaturangaben Télescopes géants - Conception et construction Large astronomical telescopes Design and construction Spiegelteleskop (DE-588)4182256-0 gnd rswk-swf Spiegelteleskop (DE-588)4182256-0 s DE-604 Bely, Pierre Y. Sonstige oth DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010259160&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The design and construction of large optical telescopes Télescopes géants - Conception et construction Large astronomical telescopes Design and construction Spiegelteleskop (DE-588)4182256-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4182256-0 |
| title | The design and construction of large optical telescopes |
| title_auth | The design and construction of large optical telescopes |
| title_exact_search | The design and construction of large optical telescopes |
| title_full | The design and construction of large optical telescopes Pierre Y. Bely ed. |
| title_fullStr | The design and construction of large optical telescopes Pierre Y. Bely ed. |
| title_full_unstemmed | The design and construction of large optical telescopes Pierre Y. Bely ed. |
| title_short | The design and construction of large optical telescopes |
| title_sort | the design and construction of large optical telescopes |
| topic | Télescopes géants - Conception et construction Large astronomical telescopes Design and construction Spiegelteleskop (DE-588)4182256-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Télescopes géants - Conception et construction Large astronomical telescopes Design and construction Spiegelteleskop |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010259160&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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