The theory of heat:
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| Main Author: | |
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| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Macmillan
1894
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XVI, 719 S. Ill. |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The theory of heat |c Th. Preston |
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY SKETCH
PAGE
Section I.—Introductory .....·· ®
Section II.—Preliminary Remarks on tie General Effects of Heat, and on
the Meaning of the Terms used in the Subject.
On the sense of heat and definition of temperature 12
Expansion 11
Change of state ......·■ 1®
The meremy-in-glass thermometer . . . ■ 16
Expansion of the thermometric substance 19
Temperature equilibrium and quantity of heat . . . . 20, 21
Sensible heat and latent heat . . . - · 2®
Specific heat and thermal capacity .... - 20
Thermometry by quantities of heat . .... 27
Thermometry by the sense of heat ..... 29
Remarks on the definition of temperature .... 30
Section III.—Early Theories of Heat.
The caloric theory ....... 34
Section IV.—The Dynamical Generation of Ileat.
The fire syringe ........ 37
Explanation of the calorists ...... 38
Rumford’s experiment ....... 39
Davy’s experiment ....... 42
The dynamical equivalent—Joule’s experiments ... 44
Transformation of heat into work ..... 46
The two laws of thermodynamics—Meaning of the term law in physical
science ........ 48
Section V.—The Dynamical or Wave Theory of Heat.
Antiquity of the idea ....... »1
The ether ........ 51
Heat and light reducible to the same agency .... 53
Waves beyond the limits of the senses ..... 55
Common theory of light and heat ..... 56
x
THEORY OF HEAT
Section VI.·—On Matter.
Definitions . . -
Divisibility of matter ....
Atoms and molecules ....
Idea of a fundamental medium .
Continuity and heterogeneity .
Three states of matter—Molecular theory
Encounter and free path
The dynamical theory of gases .
Influence of the size and collisions of the molecules
Molecular kinetic energies
Structure of atoms—Rankine’s theory .
Matter considered as due to motion in a medium
The vortex atom ....
Section VII.—On Energy.
Motion the primary basis of all phenomena
Relativity of motion and energy
Conservation of energy ....
History ......
On potential energy—All energy probably kinetic
Perpetual motion—Indestructibility of matter .
Indicator diagrams ....
Graphic representation of work .
Energy of a system in stationary motion
CHAPTER II
THERMOMETRY
Section I.—Liquid Thermometers.
Discontinuous thermoscopes
Continuous thermoscopes and thermometers
Determination of the fixed points
Graduation of the thermometer .
Calibration of the tube ....
Displacements of the zero point.
Choice of a thermometric substance
Overflowing thermometers
Maximum and minimum thermometers.
Section II.—Gas and Vapour-Pressure Thermometers.
Thermométrie substance obeying Boyle’s law .
Air thermometers ....
Calendar s compensated air thermometer
Vapour-pressure thermometers .
Comparison of thermometers
Section III.—Pyrometry.
Measurement of high temperatures
. The method of cooling ....
Vapour density pyrometers
I AGIS
58
59
60
62
64
65
67
68
71
73
74
75
77
81
81
82
87
89
91
91
93
96
101
102
105
108
110
115
118
121
121
127
129
133
135
136
142
143
144
CONTENTS
Platinum resistance pyrometers .
Other methods ·
Strain thermometers
Joule’s air-temperature thermometer .
CHAPTER III
DILATATION
Section I.—Dilatation of Solids.
Cubical expansion ....
Linear and superficial expansion
Determination of linear expansion
Section II.—Dilatation of Liquids.
Comparison of densities . . . ■
Method of equilibrating columns
Kegnault’s experiments . . . .
Application of the weight thermometer .
The dilatometer .
Study of the dilatation of water
Maximum density of solutions .
Dilatation of liquids at high temperatures
Section III.—Dilatation of Gases.
Dilatation of the thermometric substance
Dilatation under constant pressure
Kegnault’s experiments . . . .
The pressure coefficient ....
Method of variable pressure and volume
Section IV.—Dilatation of Crystals.
Three principal dilatations
Change of the dihedral angles .
Linear expansion in any direction
Fizoau’s optical method . . . .
CHAPTER IV
CALORIMETRY
Section I.—Introductory.
The general methods of calorimetry
Units and quantities of heat
Specific heat .....
Absolute specific heat ....
Section II.—The Method of Melting Ice.
Black’s ice calorimeter ....
Lavoisier and Laplace’s ice calorimeter .
Bunsen’s ice calorimeter
XI
PA GO
146
150
151
152
157
159
160
164
165
168
173
175
177
183
184
186
188
191
194
195
199
200
201
202
207
208
211
213
215
216
217
TH KOKY OF HEAT
xii
Section III.—TIio Method of Mixtures. PAGE
Preliminary considerations ...... 221
The water calorimeter ....... 222
The radiation correction . . . · ■ .223
Regnault’s apparatus ....... 226
Specific heats of liquids ....... 229
Favre and Silbermann’s calorimeter ..... 230
Section IV.·—The Method of Cooling.
Apparatus of Dulong and Petit...... 233
Regnault’s experiments ....... 234
Section V.—The Method of Condensation.
The steam calorimeter ....... 236
Differential steam calorimeter ...... 239
Section VI.—On the Specific Heats of Gases.
The two specific heats of a gas ...... 243
Specific heat under constant pressure ..... 244
Method of stationary temperature ..... 248
Influence of pressure and temperature . . . . . 249
Difference of the two specific heats ..... 249
Internal energy of a gas—Joule’s law ..... 2.50
Fundamental equation for a perfect gas .... 251
Ratio of the two specific heats ...... 252
Method of Clement and Desormcs ..... 253
Method of Jamin and Richard ...... 255
Section VII.—On Atomic and Molecular Thermal Capacities, and the
Variations of Specific Heat with Temperature.
Dulong and Petit’s law7 ....... 256
Extensions of Dulong and Petit’s law ..... 257
Variation of specific heats with temperature .... 258
Influence of change of density and state .... 261
Specific heat of water ....... 262
CHAPTER V
CHANGE OP STATE
Section I.—Fusion.
Normal fusing point ....... 269
Laws of fusion—Suvfusiun . . . . . .270
Fusion of alloys ........ 272
Change of volume during fusion ..... 273
Influence of pressure on the melting point . . . .275
Properties of ice, glacier motion, and rcgelation . . . 279
Latent heat of fusion ....... 283
Case if ice . . . . . · . 284
Fusion of amorphous solids ...... 286
Section II.—Evaporation and Ebullition-
Molecular motion in liquids ...... 288
Evaporation in a closed space ...... 289
CONTENTS xiii
PAGE
Evaporation in an open space ...... 290
Ebullition . . . . , . .291
Variation of the boiling point—Conditions which determine ebullition 293
The spheroidal state ....... 297
Sublimation ........ 299
Freezing machines ....... 300
Latent heat of vaporisation ...... 304
Section III.—On the Pressure of Saturated Vapours.
Determination of maximum vapour pressures .... 319
Regnault’s experiments ....... 322
Vapour pressure of mixed liquids ..... S29
Empirical formulae ....... 330
Section IV.—Vapour Densities.
Gay-Lussac’s method ....... 335
Regnault’s experiments ....... 337
Mayer’s method ........ 338
Dumas’s method ....... 338
Experiments of Fairbaim and Tate ..... 341
Recent Experiments . . · · ■ ■ .344
Section V.—Mixtures of Gases and Vapours.
Dalton’s experiment ....... 346
Dalton’s law ........ 350
Hygromctry ........ 353
Dew-point hygrometers 355
The chemical hygrometer ...... 360
Ilygroscopes or empiric hygrometers ..... 362
The wet and dry bulb hygrometer ..... 363
Section VI.—On the Continuity of State.
Critical temperature ....... 368
Liquefaction of gases ....... 371
Experiments of Andrews . . . 372
State of matter near the critical point ..... 377
Determination of the critical constants .... 382
Distinction between gases and vapours ..... 385
Critical point of mixtures ...... 386
Liquid and vapour densities up to the critical point . . 388
.lames Thomson’s isothermal . . . ■ .394
Section VII.—On Equations relating to the Fluid State of Matter.
Early experiments on Boyle’s law ..... 399
Amagat’s experiments ....... 403
Compressibility of gases under high pressures .... 410
Properties of vapours ....-·■ 412
Influence of intermolecular actions . . ■ .416
Van der IVaals’s equation ...... 419
Clausius’s equation ....... 421
Application of Clausius’s equation . . . . . 424
The critical constants ....... 428
Corresponding states ....... 430
XIV
THEORY OF HEAT
CHAPTER VI
RADIATION՜ AND ABSORPTION
SECTION I.—General Theoretical Considerations. PAQE
Propagation of heat .....·· 435
Formation of a theory 436
Dynamical analogy . . . . . . .43/
The theory of exchanges .....· 440
Emissivity ........ 442
Section II.—Cooling.
Empirical laws of cooling ...... 444
Experiments of Dulong and Petit ..... 446
Experiments of MM. De la Provostaye and Desains . . ■ 457
Stefan s law ........ 458
Emissivity in absolute measure ...... 460
Section III.—Diathermancy.
Diathermancy of solids and liquids ..... 464
Diathermancy of gases and vapours—Tyndall s experiments . . 470
Case of aqueous vapour ....... 480
Experiments of Magnus ....... 483
Other experiments ....... 485
Section IV.—Radiometers.
The differential thermometer ,....· 489
The thermopile ....... 491
The bolometer ........ 494
The radio-micrometer ....... 497
Other sensitive radiometers ...... 501
CHAPTER VII
CONDUCTION
Section I.—On the Conductivity of Solids.
Preliminary considerations ...... 505
Comparison of conductivities . . ... . . 507
Rectilinear flow of heat . . . . . . . 509
Steady flow in a bar . . . . . . .511
Despretz’s experiments ....... 515
Experiments of Wiedemann and Franz ..... 517
Determination of absolute conductivity .... 518
Forbes’s method ........ 520
The guard-ring method ....... 527
Thermal and electric conductivity ..... 529
CONTENTS
XV
Periodic flow of heat in a bar
Angstrom s experiments
Conductivity of the earth’s crust
General equations
Conductivity of crystals ,
Experiments of M. do Senarmont
Theory of crystalline conductivity
Section II.—On the Conductivity of Fluids
Despretz’s method
Recent experiments
Conductivity of gases
Experiment of Andrews .
Experiments of Magnus .
Absolute conductivity of a gas .
Simplest case of molecular convection
PAGE
531
535
538
542
547
549
552
557
560
565
565
566
568
570
CHAPTER VIII
THERMODYNAMICS
Section I. —On the Dynamical Equivalent of Heat.
Joule’s experiments ....
Rowland’s experiments ....
Experiments by various methods
Section II.—The First Fundamental Principle.
The first law and the energy equation .
Cyclic transformations ....
Integrating factor of the energy equation
Section III.—The Second Fundamental Principle.
The work of Sadi Carnot
Carnot’s cycle .....
Carnot’s theorem ....
The absolute scale of temperature
Supposed violations of the second law .
Section IV.—On Entropy and Available Energy.
The theorem of Clausius
Entropy ......
The theorem of Clausius considered as the second law
Entropy of a system ....
Available energy ....
Dissipation of energy ....
Graphic representations ....
Work obtainable from an unequally heated body
Section V.—Thermodynamic Formulae.
Fundamental differential equations
The four thermodynamic relations
General relations ....
575
583
588
596
597
599
604
606
610
615
618
623
625
627
628
629
630
631
632
637
641
643
XVI
THEORY OF HEAT
Section VI,—Change of State. page
The fundamental equations ...... 650
Internal and external latent heats ..... 654
Specific heat of saturated vapour ..... 655
The triple point ........ 661
Section VII.—Thermodynamic Potential.
Characteristic functions ....... 668
Condition of the possibility of a transformation . . . 670
Thermodynamic potential at constant pressure and at constant volume 671
Thermodynamic potential of a mixture . . . . .673
Applications to change of state ...... 673
The triple point ........ 676
Applications ........ 678
Section VIII.—Geometrical Representations.
Plane diagrams ........ 680
Characteristic surfaces ....... 683
Gibbs’s model ........ 685
Surface of stability ....... 690
Section IX.—On the Absolute Scale of Temperature.
Introduction ........ 695
First example ........ 696
Second example ........ 697
The porous plug experiment, and graduation of gas thermometers ac-
cording to the absolute scale ...... 699-710
Index
711
|
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| spelling | Preston, Thomas Verfasser aut The theory of heat Th. Preston London [u.a.] Macmillan 1894 XVI, 719 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Heat Thermodynamics Thermodynamik (DE-588)4059827-5 gnd rswk-swf Wärme (DE-588)4064171-5 gnd rswk-swf Thermodynamik (DE-588)4059827-5 s DE-604 Wärme (DE-588)4064171-5 s 1\p DE-604 KOBV Fremddatenuebernahme application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010223858&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Preston, Thomas The theory of heat Heat Thermodynamics Thermodynamik (DE-588)4059827-5 gnd Wärme (DE-588)4064171-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059827-5 (DE-588)4064171-5 |
| title | The theory of heat |
| title_auth | The theory of heat |
| title_exact_search | The theory of heat |
| title_full | The theory of heat Th. Preston |
| title_fullStr | The theory of heat Th. Preston |
| title_full_unstemmed | The theory of heat Th. Preston |
| title_short | The theory of heat |
| title_sort | the theory of heat |
| topic | Heat Thermodynamics Thermodynamik (DE-588)4059827-5 gnd Wärme (DE-588)4064171-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Heat Thermodynamics Thermodynamik Wärme |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010223858&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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