Holdings: Engineering noise control

Engineering noise control: theory and practice

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Bies, David A. (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	London [u.a.] Spon Press 2003
Edition:	3. ed.
Subjects:	Bruit, Lutte contre le Geluid Geluidshinder Lawaaibestrijding Machinery > Noise Noise control Akustik Lärmschutz
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Includes bibliographical references and index
Physical Description:	XIX, 719 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	0415267137 0415267145

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245	1	0	\|a Engineering noise control \|b theory and practice \|c David A. Bies and Colin H. Hansen
250			\|a 3. ed.
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_version_	1804129803288182784
adam_text	ENGINEERING NOISE CONTROL THEORY AND PRACTICE DAVID A. BIES AND COLIN H. HANSEN UNIVERSITY OF ADELAIDE, AUSTRALIA SPON PRESS TAYLOR &. FRANCIS GROUP LONDON AND NEW YORK CONTENTS PREFACE XVII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XX CHAPTER ONE FUNDAMENTALS AND BASIC TERMINOLOGY 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 NOISE-CONTROL STRATEGIES 3 1.2.1 SOUND SOURCE MODIFICATION 5 1.2.2 CONTROL OF THE TRANSMISSION PATH 8 1.2.3 MODIFICATION OF THE RECEIVER 8 1.2.4 EXISTING FACILITIES 8 1.2.5 FACILITIES IN THE DESIGN STAGE 10 1.2.6 AIRBORNE VERSUS STRUCTURE-BORNE NOISE 11 1.3 ACOUSTIC FIELD VARIABLES AND THE WAVE EQUATION 12 1.3.1 VARIABLES 12 1.3.2 THE ACOUSTIC FIELD 13 1.3.3 MAGNITUDES 14 1.3.4 THE SPEED OF SOUND 15 1.3.5 DISPERSION 18 1.3.6 ACOUSTIC POTENTIAL FUNCTION AND THE WAVE EQUATION 19 1.4 PLANE AND SPHERICAL WAVES 20 1.4.1 PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION 20 1.4.2 SPHERICAL WAVE PROPAGATION 24 1.4.3 WAVE SUMMATION 27 1.4.4 PLANE STANDING WAVES 28 1.4.5 SPHERICAL STANDING WAVES 29 1.5 MEAN SQUARE QUANTITIES 29 1.6 ENERGY DENSITY 30 1.7 SOUND INTENSITY 31 1.7.1 DEFINITIONS 32 1.7.2 PLANE WAVE AND FAR FIELD INTENSITY 34 1.7.3 SPHERICAL WAVE INTENSITY 35 1.8 SOUND POWER 36 1.9 UNITS 36 1.10 SPECTRA 39 1.10.1 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 41 1.11 COMBINING SOUND PRESSURES 44 1.11.1 COHERENT AND INCOHERENT SOUNDS 44 1.11.2 ADDITION OF COHERENT SOUND PRESSURES 45 1.11.3 BEATING 45 1.11.4 ADDITION OF INCOHERENT SOUNDS (LOGARITHMIC ADDITION) 47 1.11.5 SUBTRACTION OF SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS 49 1.11.6 COMBINING LEVEL REDUCTIONS 49 VI CONTENTS 1.12 IMPEDANCE 51 1.12.1 MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE, Z M 51 1.12.2 SPECIFIC ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE, Z 51 1.12.3 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE, Z A 52 1.13 FLOW RESISTANCE 52 CHAPTER TWO THE HUMAN EAR 54 2.1 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE EAR 54 2.1.1 EXTERNAL EAR 54 2.1.2 MIDDLE EAR 55 2.1.3 INNER EAR 56 2.1.4 COCHLEAR DUCT OR PARTITION 59 2.1.5 HAIR CELLS 60 2.1.6 NEURAL ENCODING 61 2.1.7 LINEAR ARRAY OF UNCOUPLED OSCILLATORS 62 2.2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CENTRAL PARTITION 64 2.2.1 BASILAR MEMBRANE TRAVELLING WAVE 64 2.2.2 ENERGY TRANSPORT AND GROUP SPEED 68 2.2.3 UN-DAMPING 69 2.2.4 THE HALF OCTAVE SHIFT 70 2.2.5 FREQUENCY RESPONSE 74 2.2.6 CRITICAL FREQUENCY BAND 74 2.2.7 FREQUENCY RESOLUTION 76 2.3 NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS 77 2.4 SUBJECTIVE RESPONSE TO SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL 78 2.4.1 MASKING 79 2.4.2 LOUDNESS 82 2.4.3 COMPARATIVE LOUDNESS AND THE PHON 83 2.4.4 RELATIVE LOUDNESS AND THE SONE 86 2.4.5 PITCH 89 CHAPTER THREE INSTRUMENTATION FOR NOISE MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS 92 3.1 MICROPHONES 92 3.1.1 CONDENSER MICROPHONE 93 3.1.2 PIEZOELECTRIC MICROPHONE 95 3.1.3 PRESSURE RESPONSE 96 3.1.4 MICROPHONE SENSITIVITY 96 3.1.5 FIELD EFFECTS AND CALIBRATION 97 3.2 WEIGHTING NETWORKS 100 3.3 SOUND LEVEL METERS 102 3.4 GRADES OF SOUND LEVEL METER 104 3.5 SOUND LEVEL METER CALIBRATION 104 3.5.1 ELECTRICAL CALIBRATION 104 3.5.2 ACOUSTICAL CALIBRATION 104 3.6 NOISE MEASUREMENTS USING SOUND LEVEL METERS 105 I CONTENTS I 3.6.1 MICROPHONE MISHANDLING 105 3.6.2 SOUND LEVEL METER AMPLIFIER MISHANDLING 105 3.6.3 MICROPHONE AND SOUND LEVEL METER RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS 106 3.6.4 BACKGROUND NOISE 106 3.6.5 WIND NOISE 106 3.6.6 TEMPERATURE 106 3.6.7 HUMIDITY AND DUST 107 3.6.8 REFLECTIONS FROM NEARBY SURFACES 107 3.7 TIME-VARYING SOUND 107 3.8 NOISE LEVEL MEASUREMENT 108 3.9 STATISTICAL ANALYSERS 110 3.10 NOISE DOSIMETERS 110 3.11 TAPE RECORDING OF NOISE 111 3.12 SPECTRUM ANALYSERS 113 3.13 INTENSITY METERS 114 3.13.1 SOUND INTENSITY BY THE P-U METHOD 115 3.13.2 SOUND INTENSITY BY THE P-P METHOD 116 3.13.3 FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION OF THE INTENSITY 119 3.13.3.1 DIRECT FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION 119 3.13.3.2 INDIRECT FREQUENCY DECOMPOSITION 119 3.14 ENERGY DENSITY SENSORS 121 CHAPTER FOUR CRITERIA 123 4.1 INTRODUCTION 123 4.1.1 NOISE MEASURES 124 4.1.1.1 A-WEIGHTED EQUIVALENT CONTINUOUS NOISE LEVEL, L AEQ 124 4.1.1.2 A-WEIGHTED SOUND EXPOSURE 124 4.1.1.3 A-WEIGHTED SOUND EXPOSURE LEVEL, L AE OR SEL 125 4.1.1.4 DAY-NIGHT AVERAGE SOUND LEVEL, L^ OR DNL 126 4.1.1.5 COMMUNITY NOISE EQUIVALENT LEVEL, L DEN OR CNEL 126 4.1.1.6 EFFECTIVE PERCEIVED NOISE LEVEL, L PNE YLL 4.1.1.7 OTHER DESCRIPTORS 128 4.2 HEARING LOSS 128 4.2.1 THRESHOLD SHIFT 128 4.2.2 PRESBYACUSIS 129 4.2.3 HEARING DAMAGE 130 4.3 HEARING DAMAGE RISK 131 4.3.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR SPEECH RECOGNITION 132 4.3.2 QUANTIFYING HEARING DAMAGE RISK 132 4.3.3 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION FORMULATION 134 4.3.4 ALTERNATIVE FORMULATIONS 137 4.3.4.1 BIES AND HANSEN FORMULATION 137 4.3.4.2 DRESDEN GROUP FORMULATION 138 4.3.5 OBSERVED HEARING LOSS 139 4.3.6 SOME ALTERNATIVE INTERPRETATIONS 141 VIII CONTENTS 4.4 HEARING DAMAGE RISK CRITERIA 144 4.4.1 CONTINUOUS NOISE 144 4.4.2 IMPULSE NOISE 145 4.4.3 IMPACT NOISE 146 4.5 IMPLEMENTING A HEARING CONSERVATION PROGRAM 148 4.6 SPEECH INTERFERENCE CRITERIA 150 4.6.1 BROADBAND BACKGROUND NOISE 150 4.6.2 INTENSE TONES 151 4.7 PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NOISE 152 4.7.1 NOISE AS A CAUSE OF STRESS 152 4.7.2 EFFECT ON BEHAVIOUR AND WORK EFFICIENCY 152 4.8 AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL SPECIFICATION 152 4.8.1 NOISE WEIGHTING CURVES 154 4.8.1.1 NR CURVES 154 4.8.1.2 NC CURVES 156 4.8.1.3 RC CURVES 157 4.8.1.4 NCB CURVES 159 4.8.1.5 RNC CURVES 161 4.8.2 COMPARISON OF NOISE WEIGHTING CURVES WITH DB(A) SPECIFICATIONS 163 4.8.3 SPEECH PRIVACY 164 4.9 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE LEVEL CRITERIA 165 4.9.1 A-WEIGHTING CRITERIA 166 4.9.2 NOISE RATING CRITERIA 168 4.10 ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE SURVEYS 169 4.10.1 MEASUREMENT LOCATIONS 171 4.10.2 DURATION OF THE MEASUREMENT SURVEY 171 4.10.3 MEASUREMENT PARAMETERS 172 4.10.4 NOISE IMPACT 172 CHAPTER FIVE SOUND SOURCES AND OUTDOOR SOUND PROPAGATION 174 5.1 INTRODUCTION 174 5.2 SIMPLE SOURCE 175 5.2.1 PULSATING SPHERE 175 5.2.2 FLUID MECHANICAL MONOPOLE SOURCE 178 5.3 DIPOLE SOURCE 178 5.3.1 PULSATING DOUBLET (FAR-FIELD APPROXIMATION) 179 5.3.2 VIBRATING SPHERE 182 5.3.3 FLUID MECHANICAL DIPOLE SOURCE 184 5.4 QUADRUPOLE SOURCE (FAR-FIELD APPROXIMATION) 185 5.4.1 LATERAL QUADRUPOLE 187 5.4.2 LONGITUDINAL QUADRUPOLE 187 5.4.3 FLUID MECHANICAL QUADRUPOLE SOURCE 187 5.5 LINE SOURCE 188 5.5.1 INFINITE LINE SOURCE 188 CONTENTS IX 5.5.2 FINITE LINE SOURCE 191 5.6 PISTON IN AN INFINITE BAFFLE 192 5.6.1 FAR FIELD 192 5.6.2 NEAR FIELD ON-AXIS 195 5.6.3 RADIATION LOAD OF THE NEAR FIELD 197 5.7 INCOHERENT PLANE RADIATOR 200 5.7.1 SINGLE WALL 200 5.7.2 SEVERAL WALLS OF A BUILDING OR ENCLOSURE 204 5.8 DIRECTIVITY 204 5.9 REFLECTION EFFECTS 205 5.9.1 SIMPLE SOURCE NEAR A REFLECTING SURFACE 205 5.9.2 OBSERVER NEAR A REFLECTING SURFACE 206 5.9.3 OBSERVER AND SOURCE BOTH CLOSE TO A REFLECTING SURFACE 207 5.10 REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION AT A PLANE / TWO MEDIA INTERFACE 208 5.10.1 POROUS EARTH 208 5.10.2 PLANE WAVE REFLECTION AND TRANSMISSION 209 5.10.3 SPHERICAL WAVE REFLECTION AT A PLANE INTERFACE 213 5.10.4 EFFECTS OF TURBULENCE 216 5.11 SOUND PROPAGATION OUTDOORS, GENERAL CONCEPTS 217 5.11.1 METHODOLOGY 217 5.11.2 LIMITS TO ACCURACY OF PREDICTION 218 5.11.3 OUTDOOR SOUND PROPAGATION PREDICTION SCHEMES 219 5.11.4 GEOMETRICAL SPREADING 220 5.11.5 DIRECTIVITY INDEX 221 5.11.6 EXCESS ATTENUATION FACTOR 221 5.11.7 AIR ABSORPTION 225 5.11.8 SHIELDING BY BARRIERS, HOUSES AND PROCESS EQUIPMENT/ INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS 225 5.11.9 ATTENUATION DUE TO FORESTS AND DENSE FOLIAGE 227 5.11.10 GROUND EFFECTS 228 5.11.10.1 CONCAWE METHOD 229 5.11.10.2 SIMPLE METHOD (HARD OR SOFT GROUND) 230 5.11.10.3 PLANE WAVE METHOD 230 5.11.10.4 ISO 9613-2 (1996) METHOD 230 5.11.10.5 DETAILED, ACCURATE AND COMPLEX METHOD 232 5.11.11 IMAGE INVERSION AND INCREASED ATTENUATION AT LARGE DISTANCE 233 5.11.12 METEOROLOGICAL EFFECTS 234 5.11.12.1 ATTENUATION IN THE SHADOW ZONE (NEGATIVE SONIC GRADIENT) 237 5.11.12.2 EXCESS ATTENUATION CALCULATED ACCORDING TO TONIN (1985) 238 5.11.12.3 EXCESS ATTENUATION CALCULATED ACCORDING TO CONCAWE 239 5.11.12.4 EXCESS ATTENUATION CALCULATED ACCORDING TO ISO 9613-2 (1996) 244 X CONTENTS 5.11.13 COMBINED EXCESS ATTENUATION MODEL 244 CHAPTER SIX SOUND POWER, ITS USE AND MEASUREMENT 245 6.1 INTRODUCTION 245 6.2 RADIATION IMPEDANCE 246 6.3 RELATION BETWEEN SOUND POWER AND SOUND PRESSURE 248 6.4 RADIATION FIELD OF A SOUND SOURCE 249 6.4.1 FREE-FIELD SIMULATION IN AN ANECHOIC ROOM 250 6.4.2 SOUND FIELD PRODUCED IN AN ENCLOSURE 252 6.5 DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER USING INTENSITY MEASUREMENTS 252 6.6 DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER USING CONVENTIONAL PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS 253 6.6.1 MEASUREMENT IN FREE OR SEMI-FREE FIELD 254 6.6.2 MEASUREMENT IN A DIFFUSE FIELD 258 6.6.2.1 SUBSTITUTION METHOD 260 6.6.2.2 ABSOLUTE METHOD 260 6.6.3 FIELD MEASUREMENT 261 6.6.3.1 SEMI-REVERBERANT FIELD MEASUREMENTS BY METHOD ONE 261 6.6.3.2 SEMI-REVERBERANT FIELD MEASUREMENTS BY METHOD TWO 263 6.6.3.3 SEMI-REVERBERANT FIELD MEASUREMENTS BY METHOD THREE 263 6.6.3.4 NEAR-FIELD MEASUREMENTS 265 6.7 DETERMINATION OF SOUND POWER USING SURFACE VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS 269 6.8 SOME USES OF SOUND POWER INFORMATION 271 6.8.1 THE FAR FREE FIELD 271 6.8.2 THE NEAR FREE FIELD 272 CHAPTER SEVEN SOUND IN ENCLOSED SPACES 273 7.1 INTRODUCTION 273 7.1.1 WALL-INTERIOR MODAL COUPLING 274 7.1.2 SABINE ROOMS 274 7.1.3 FLAT AND LONG ROOMS 275 7.2 LOW FREQUENCIES 276 7.3 BOUND BETWEEN LOW-FREQUENCY AND HIGH-FREQUENCY BEHAVIOUR 281 7.3.1 MODAL DENSITY 282 7.3.2 MODAL DAMPING AND BANDWIDTH 282 7.3.3 MODAL OVERLAP 283 7.3.4 CROSS-OVER FREQUENCY 284 7.4 HIGH FREQUENCIES, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 284 7.4.1 EFFECTIVE INTENSITY IN A DIFFUSE FIELD 285 7.4.2 ENERGY ABSORPTION AT BOUNDARIES 287 CONTENTS XI 7.4.3 AIR ABSORPTION 287 7.4.4 STEADY-STATE RESPONSE 288 7.5 TRANSIENT RESPONSE 289 7.5.1 CLASSICAL DESCRIPTION 290 7.5.2 MODAL DESCRIPTION 291 7.5.3 EMPIRICAL DESCRIPTION 294 7.5.4 MEAN FREE PATH 296 7.6 MEASUREMENT OF THE ROOM CONSTANT 297 7.6.1 REFERENCE SOUND SOURCE METHOD 297 7.6.2 REVERBERATION TIME METHOD 298 7.7 POROUS SOUND ABSORBERS 299 7.7.1 MEASUREMENT OF ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 299 7.7.2 NOISE REDUCTION INDEX (NRI) 303 7.7.3 POROUS LINERS 303 7.7.4 POROUS LINERS WITH PERFORATED PANEL FACINGS 304 7.7.5 SOUND ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF MATERIALS IN COMBINATION 305 7.8 PANEL SOUND ABSORBERS 306 7.8.1 EMPIRICAL METHOD 306 7.8.2 ANALYTICAL METHOD 308 7.9 FLAT AND LONG ROOMS 310 7.9.1 FLAT ROOM WITH SPECULARLY REFLECTING FLOOR AND CEILING 312 7.9.2 FLAT ROOM WITH DIFFUSELY REFLECTING FLOOR AND CEILING 314 7.9.3 FLAT ROOM WITH SPECULARLY AND DIFFUSELY REFLECTING BOUNDARIES 320 7.9.4 LONG ROOM WITH SPECULARLY REFLECTING WALLS 322 7.9.5 LONG ROOM WITH CIRCULAR CROSS-SECTION AND DIFFUSELY REFLECTING WALL 324 7.9.6 LONG ROOM WITH RECTANGULAR CROSS-SECTION 326 7.10 APPLICATIONS OF SOUND ABSORPTION 327 7.10.1 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF THE REVERBERANT FIELD 327 7.10.2 REVERBERATION CONTROL 327 7.11 AUDITORIUM DESIGN 328 7.11.1 REVERBERATION TIME 328 7.11.2 EARLY DECAY TIME (EDT) 330 7.11.3 CLARITY (C 80 ) 331 7.11.4 ENVELOPMENT 331 7.11.5 INTERAURAL CROSS CORRELATION COEFFICIENT, IACC 331 7.11.6 BACKGROUND NOISE LEVEL 332 7.11.7 TOTAL SOUND LEVEL OR LOUDNESS, G 332 7.11.8 DIFFUSION 332 7.11.9 SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY 333 7.11.10 ESTIMATION OF PARAMETERS FOR OCCUPIED CONCERT HALLS 333 7.11.11 OPTIMUM VOLUMES FOR AUDITORIA 334 XII CONTENTS CHAPTER EIGHT PARTITIONS, ENCLOSURES AND BARRIERS 335 8.1 INTRODUCTION 335 8.2 SOUND TRANSMISSION THROUGH PARTITIONS 336 8.2.1 BENDING WAVES 336 8.2.2 TRANSMISSION LOSS 341 8.2.3 IMPACT ISOLATION 345 8.2.4 PANEL TRANSMISSION LOSS (OR SOUND REDUCTION INDEX) 347 8.2.5 SANDWICH PANELS 356 8.2.6 DOUBLE WALL TRANSMISSION LOSS 356 8.2.6.1 STAGGERED STUDS 364 8.2.6.2 PANEL DAMPING 365 8.2.7 TRIPLE WALL SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS 365 8.2.8 COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS 366 8.2.9 SOUND-ABSORPTIVE LININGS 366 8.3 COMPOSITE TRANSMISSION LOSS 366 8.4 ENCLOSURES 375 8.4.1 NOISE INSIDE ENCLOSURES 375 8.4.2 NOISE OUTSIDE ENCLOSURES 375 8.4.3 PERSONNEL ENCLOSURES 378 8.4.4 ENCLOSURE WINDOWS 381 8.4.5 ENCLOSURE LEAKAGES 382 8.4.6 ACCESS AND VENTILATION 383 8.4.7 ENCLOSURE VIBRATION ISOLATION 384 8.4.8 ENCLOSURE RESONANCES 384 8.4.9 CLOSE-FITTING ENCLOSURES 386 8.4.10 PARTIAL ENCLOSURES 386 8.5 BARRIERS 387 8.5.1 DIFFRACTION AT THE EDGE OF A THIN SHEET 388 8.5.2 OUTDOOR BARRIERS 391 8.5.2.1 THICK BARRIERS 394 8.5.2.2 SHIELDING BY TERRAIN 398 8.5.2.3 EFFECTS OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS ON BARRIER ATTENUATION 398 8.5.2.4 ISO 9613-2 APPROACH TO BARRIER INSERTION LOSS CALCULATIONS 400 8.5.3 INDOOR BARRIERS 402 8.6 PIPE LAGGING 403 8.6.1 POROUS MATERIAL LAGGING 403 8.6.2 IMPERMEABLE JACKET AND POROUS BLANKET LAGGING 404 CHAPTER NINE MUFFLING DEVICES 406 9.1 INTRODUCTION 406 9.2 MEASURES OF PERFORMANCE 406 9.3 DIFFUSERS AS MUFFLING DEVICES 407 9.4 CLASSIFICATION OF MUFFLING DEVICES 408 CONTENTS XIII 9.5 ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE 409 9.6 LUMPED ELEMENT DEVICES 411 9.6.1 IMPEDANCE OF AN ORIFICE OR A SHORT NARROW DUCT 411 9.6.1.1 END CORRECTION 414 9.6.1.2 ACOUSTIC RESISTANCE 417 9.6.2 IMPEDANCE OF A VOLUME 419 9.7 REACTIVE DEVICES 420 9.7.1 ACOUSTICAL ANALOGS OF KIRCHHOFFS LAWS 420 9.7.2 SIDE BRANCH RESONATOR 421 9.7.3 RESONATOR MUFFLERS 425 9.7.4 EXPANSION CHAMBER 427 9.7.5 SMALL ENGINE EXHAUST 431 9.7.6 LOWPASS FILTER 433 9.7.7 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS FOR REACTIVE MUFFLING DEVICES 438 9.7.8 FLOW-GENERATED NOISE 442 9.8 LINED DUCTS 444 9.8.1 LOCALLY REACTING AND BULK REACTING LINERS 445 9.8.2 LINER SPECIFICATION 446 9.8.3 LINED DUCT SILENCERS 448 9.8.3.1 FLOW EFFECTS 455 9.8.3.2 HIGHER ORDER MODE PROPAGATION 456 9.8.4 CROSS-SECTIONAL DISCONTINUITIES 460 9.8.5 PRESSURE DROP CALCULATIONS FOR DISSIPATIVE MUFFLERS 462 9.9 DUCT BENDS 462 9.10 UNLINED DUCTS 463 9.11 EFFECT OF DUCT END REFLECTIONS 463 9.12 DUCT BREAK-OUT NOISE 463 9.12.1 BREAK-OUT SOUND TRANSMISSION 463 9.12.2 BREAK-IN SOUND TRANSMISSION 466 9.13 LINED PLENUM ATTENUATOR 466 9.14 WATER INJECTION 468 9.15 DIRECTIVITY OF EXHAUST DUCTS 469 CHAPTER TEN VIBRATION CONTROL 473 10.1 INTRODUCTION 473 10.2 VIBRATION ISOLATION 475 10.2.1 SINGLE-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM SYSTEMS 476 10.2.2 FOUR-ISOLATOR SYSTEMS 482 10.2.3 TWO-STAGE VIBRATION ISOLATION 484 10.2.4 PRACTICAL ISOLATOR CONSIDERATIONS 486 10.2.4.1 LACK OF STIFFNESS OF EQUIPMENT MOUNTED ON ISOLATORS 488 10.2.4.2 LACK OF STIFFNESS OF FOUNDATIONS 488 10.2.4.3 SUPERIMPOSED LOADS ON ISOLATORS 490 10.3 TYPES OF ISOLATORS 490 10.3.1 RUBBER 490 XIV CONTENTS 10.3.2 METAL SPRINGS 491 10.3.3 CORK 493 10.3.4 FELT 493 10.3.5 AIR SPRINGS 493 10.4 VIBRATION ABSORBERS 494 10.5 VIBRATION MEASUREMENT 497 10.5.1 ACCELERATION TRANSDUCERS 497 10.5.1.1 SOURCES OF MEASUREMENT ERROR 500 10.5.1.2 SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE MEASUREMENT OF TRANSIENTS 500 10.5.1.3 ACCELEROMETER CALIBRATION 501 10.5.1.4 ACCELEROMETER MOUNTING 501 10.5.1.5 PIEZO-RESISTIVE ACCELEROMETERS 502 10.5.2 VELOCITY TRANSDUCERS 502 10.5.3 INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS 503 10.5.4 UNITS OF VIBRATION 504 10.6 DAMPING OF VIBRATING SURFACES 504 10.6.1 WHEN DAMPING IS EFFECTIVE AND INEFFECTIVE 504 10.6.2 DAMPING METHODS 506 10.7 MEASUREMENT OF DAMPING 507 CHAPTER ELEVEN SOUND POWER AND SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL ESTIMATION PROCEDURES 510 11.1 INTRODUCTION 510 11.2 FAN NOISE 511 11.3 AIR COMPRESSORS 515 11.3.1 SMALL COMPRESSORS 515 11.3.2 LARGE COMPRESSORS (NOISE LEVELS WITHIN THE INLET AND EXIT PIPING) 516 11.3.2.1 CENTRIFUGAL COMPRESSORS (INTERIOR NOISE LEVELS) 516 11.3.2.2 ROTARY OR AXIAL COMPRESSORS (INTERIOR NOISE LEVELS) 516 11.3.2.3 RECIPROCATING COMPRESSORS (INTERIOR NOISE) 518 11.3.3 LARGE COMPRESSORS (EXTERIOR NOISE LEVELS) 518 11.4 COMPRESSORS FOR REFRIGERATION UNITS 519 11.5 COOLING TOWERS 519 11.6 PUMPS 523 11.7 JETS 524 11.7.1 GENERAL ESTIMATION PROCEDURES 524 11.7.2 GAS AND STEAM VENTS 528 11.7.3 GENERAL JET NOISE CONTROL 528 11.8 CONTROL VALVES 529 11.8.1 INTERNAL SOUND POWER GENERATION 530 11.8.2 INTERNAL SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL 536 11.8.3 EXTERNAL SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL 539 11.8.4 HIGH EXIT VELOCITIES 543 11.8.5 CONTROL VALVE NOISE REDUCTION 543 11.8.6 CONTROL VALVES FOR LIQUIDS 543 CONTENTS XV 11.8.7 CONTROL VALVES FOR STEAM 545 11.9 PIPE FLOW 545 11.10 BOILERS 546 11.11 TURBINES 547 11.12 DIESEL AND GAS-DRIVEN ENGINES 548 11.12.1 EXHAUST NOISE 549 11.12.2 CASING NOISE 549 11.12.3 INLET NOISE 551 11.13 FURNACE NOISE 551 11.14 ELECTRIC MOTORS 553 11.14.1 SMALL ELECTRIC MOTORS (BELOW 300 KW) 553 11.14.2 LARGE ELECTRIC MOTORS (ABOVE 300 KW) 554 11.15 GENERATORS 554 11.16 TRANSFORMERS 554 11.17 GEARS 556 11.18 TRANSPORTATION NOISE 557 11.18.1 ROAD TRAFFIC NOISE 557 11.18.1.1 UK DOT MODEL (CORTN) 557 11.18.1.2 UNITED STATES FWHA TRAFFIC NOISE MODEL (TNM) 561 11.18.1.3 OTHER MODELS 562 11.18.2 RAIL TRAFFIC NOISE 563 11.18.3 AIRCRAFT NOISE 568 CHAPTER TWELVE ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL 570 12.1 INTRODUCTION 570 12.2 ACTIVE CONTROL OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN DUCTS 573 12.2.1 ACTIVE CONTROL OF PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION 573 12.2.2 ACTIVE CONTROL OF HIGHER ORDER MODE PROPAGATION 573 12.2.3 PERIODIC FEEDFORWARD CONTROLLER 574 12.2.4 RANDOM NOISE FEEDFORWARD CONTROLLER 576 12.2.5 FEEDBACK CONTROLLER 579 12.2.6 CONTROL SOUND SOURCES 580 12.2.7 MICROPHONES 582 12.3 ACTIVE CONTROL OF SOUND RADIATION FROM VIBRATING STRUCTURES 582 12.3.1 PHYSICAL CONTROL MECHANISMS 583 12.3.2 CONTROL ACTUATORS AND ERROR SENSORS 585 12.4 SOUND TRANSMISSION INTO ENCLOSED SPACES 586 12.5 ACTIVE VIBRATION ISOLATION 591 12.6 ELECTRONIC CONTROLLER DESIGN 592 CHAPTER THIRTEEN SURVEY OF ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SOUND POWER LEVELS 596 13.1 INTRODUCTION 596 13.2 LOW-FREQUENCY REGION 597 13.2.1 HELMHOLTZ METHOD 598 13.2.2 RAYLEIGH METHOD 599 XVI CONTENTS 13.2.3 SIMPLE ACOUSTIC MODELLING 600 13.3 HIGH-FREQUENCY REGION 600 APPENDIX A WAVE EQUATION DERIVATION 602 A.I CONSERVATION OF MASS 602 A.2 EULER S EQUATION 603 A.3 EQUATION OF STATE 604 A.4 WAVE EQUATION (LINEARIZED) 605 APPENDIX B PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS 609 APPENDIX C ACOUSTICAL PROPERTIES OF POROUS MATERIALS 611 C.I FLOW RESISTANCE AND RESISTIVITY 611 C.2 SOUND PROPAGATION IN POROUS MEDIA 613 C.3 SOUND REDUCTION DUE TO PROPAGATION THROUGH A POROUS MATERIAL 615 C.4 MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION OF ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS 616 C.4.1 POROUS MATERIALS WITH A BACKING CAVITY 624 C.4.2 POROUS LINER COVERED WITH A LIMP IMPERVIOUS LAYER 625 C.4.3 POROUS LINER COVERED WITH A PERFORATED SHEET 626 C.4.4 POROUS LINER COVERED WITH A LIMP IMPERVIOUS LAYER AND A PERFORATED SHEET 626 APPENDIX D FREQUENCY ANALYSIS 628 D.I DIGITAL FILTERING 628 D.2 DIGITAL FOURIER ANALYSIS 629 D.2.1 POWER SPECTRUM 634 D.2.2 SAMPLING FREQUENCY AND ALIASING 637 D.2.3 UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE 639 D.2.4 REAL-TIME FREQUENCY 639 D.2.5 WEIGHTING FUNCTIONS 639 D.2.6 ZOOM ANALYSIS 641 D.3 IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS 641 D.3.1 CROSS-SPECTRUM 642 D.3.2 COHERENCE 643 D.3.3 FREQUENCY RESPONSE (OR TRANSFER) FUNCTION 643 REFERENCES 645 LIST OF ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS 662 GLOSSARY OF SYMBOLS 682 INDEX 709
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dewey-sort	3620.2 13
dewey-tens	620 - Engineering and allied operations
discipline	Physik Bauingenieurwesen Mess-/Steuerungs-/Regelungs-/Automatisierungstechnik / Mechatronik
edition	3. ed.
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language	English
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spelling	Bies, David A. Verfasser aut Engineering noise control theory and practice David A. Bies and Colin H. Hansen 3. ed. London [u.a.] Spon Press 2003 XIX, 719 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Bruit, Lutte contre le Geluid gtt Geluidshinder gtt Lawaaibestrijding gtt Machinery Noise Noise control Akustik (DE-588)4000988-9 gnd rswk-swf Lärmschutz (DE-588)4034054-5 gnd rswk-swf Lärmschutz (DE-588)4034054-5 s DE-604 Akustik (DE-588)4000988-9 s 1\p DE-604 Hansen, Colin H. Sonstige oth HEBIS Datenaustausch Darmstadt application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010185632&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk
spellingShingle	Bies, David A. Engineering noise control theory and practice Bruit, Lutte contre le Geluid gtt Geluidshinder gtt Lawaaibestrijding gtt Machinery Noise Noise control Akustik (DE-588)4000988-9 gnd Lärmschutz (DE-588)4034054-5 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4000988-9 (DE-588)4034054-5
title	Engineering noise control theory and practice
title_auth	Engineering noise control theory and practice
title_exact_search	Engineering noise control theory and practice
title_full	Engineering noise control theory and practice David A. Bies and Colin H. Hansen
title_fullStr	Engineering noise control theory and practice David A. Bies and Colin H. Hansen
title_full_unstemmed	Engineering noise control theory and practice David A. Bies and Colin H. Hansen
title_short	Engineering noise control
title_sort	engineering noise control theory and practice
title_sub	theory and practice
topic	Bruit, Lutte contre le Geluid gtt Geluidshinder gtt Lawaaibestrijding gtt Machinery Noise Noise control Akustik (DE-588)4000988-9 gnd Lärmschutz (DE-588)4034054-5 gnd
topic_facet	Bruit, Lutte contre le Geluid Geluidshinder Lawaaibestrijding Machinery Noise Noise control Akustik Lärmschutz
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=010185632&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT biesdavida engineeringnoisecontroltheoryandpractice AT hansencolinh engineeringnoisecontroltheoryandpractice

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