A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből: tanulmányok
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|---|---|
| Language: | Hungarian |
| Published: |
Marosvásárhely
Mentor Könyvk.
|
| Series: | Erdély emlékezete
|
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | ABSTRACTS
Lajos Balázs
The Cult of Our Holy Kings among the
Székelys
For years, the Hungarian mass media has been asking around 20th August (the
day of Saint Stephen) why King Saint Laszlo s cult exceeds a lot
-
in its intensity
and in its depth
-
that of Saint Stephen among the
Székelys.
Historians consider this
puzzle still unsolvable as the
Székelys
history is not sufficiently elucidated. This
paper chooses another approach: the one of myths. It tries to demonstrate that in
riddles where there is no certain historical evidence a possible hypothesis could be
offered by myths, spiritual sources great peoples also resort to.
The author of this study thinks that the essential personal and spiritual differences
between the two kings are the main myth-generating reasons. Thus, the personality
of King Saint Stephen, founder of the Hungarian state has been imprinted into the
conscience of the Hungarians with several controversial aspects, highlighting the ima¬
ge of the saint and that of the cruel king. The new Christian order he consequently and
forcefully introduced, the open war he declared against pagan beliefs and customs,
on the one hand, and the intellectual and sacred profile of the wise man, organizer
of Trans-European pilgrimages, on the other, did not appeal to the Hungarians in
general and to the
Székelys in
particular either. Then again, Saint Laszlo, the young
king,
harasser
of the Cumanians, accomplisher of several miraculous deeds (even
ones similar to that of Moses, who communicated directly to God) and knightly acts
has become an ideal of a king who is permanently active for the benefit of his people,
thus generating the sympathy and admiration of the
Székelys.
All these are overtly
present not only in countless monumental frescoes painted in the
Székely
Catholic
churches but also in legends and ballads of the Hungarians within the Carpathian
Basin.
Hunor Boér
The Collective Council of Museums of the Hungarian Autonomous Region
(1956-1957)
The Collective Council of Museums of the Hungarian Autonomous Region
was established in
1956
in
Marosvásárhely (Tg.
Mureş)
and functioned half a year,
simultaneously with the revolutionary events and the reprisals following it in Hun¬
gary, from
1956-1957.
This council was established due to the initiative of the
communist governance, perhaps to assure an increased control over the museums
that were considered propaganda instruments by the governance, in lack of resources.
317
A MAROS MEGYEI MAGYARSÁG TÖRTÉNETÉBŐL
However, this centralization offered the museologists, specialists of the only scientific
institution network in the region, a possibility to organize themselves in the interest
of the Hungarian community in the region and in the whole of Romania. This paper
publishes documents from the archive of the
Székely
National Museum.
Árpád Csáki
János Kendi,
Prince
Mihály Apafi
I s
Assistant Notary
The paper presents the possibilities for social mobility in Prince
Apafi
I s
Transylvania through the prism of the life and work of a lesser known 17th century
Transylvanian official.
Born at the beginning of the century in
Kend (Küküllő
County, the
Mureş
County
of today),
János Kendi
followed the route characteristic to youth coming from the
poorer strata striving to affirm themselves and become public servants in the Prince s
court. In
1623-1638,
he worked as a clerk in the lesser chancery, later, having
acquired the necessary practice, gradually succeeding to higher functions: notary of
Marosszék,
assessor of the Principal Board and prefect of the Prince s
Alvine
(Vinţu
de
Jos)
estate. In
1661,
he was made assistant notary, an eminence he occupied as
long as he lived.
Coming from a family of serfs,
János Kendi
built his career
-
beside certain
juridical maneuvers unascertained by his contemporaries
—
on well-devised marriage,
through which he has also won considerable property. Towards the middle of the
1670s, he owned a set of properties in
Torda
and
Küküllő
counties as well as
Marosszék
and
Udvarhelyszék
with several manor houses, the most important of
which, his principal residence, was that of
Kelementelke
(Călimăneşti,
in today s
Ma¬
ros
County).
Assistant notary
Kendi
was
70
years old when he drew up his only known
testament. Not having direct descendants from his second marriage either,
János
Kendi
left most of his possessions in
1675
(manor houses, property, various goods
like arms, clothing, furniture, books etc.) to his wife and his sister s orphans who had
been raised by him, making donations to the
Calvinist
churches of the surroundings
(Marosvásárhely, Kiskend, Kelementelke
etc.) and Transylvanian
Calvinist
colleges.
Through his activity as a functionary and especially the realization that learning
can offer the road to ascension into nobility,
János Kendi
laid the basis to a reputation
and family fortune that facilitated his heirs* ascension to political functions and
important ranks at the end of the century. However,
János Kendi
died in
1677
without
direct descendants and a considerable part of his possessions he had been donated by
the Prince returned into fiscal property.
318
Abstracts
Ákos Egyed
Electing the Prince of Transylvania at the
1605
Diet in
Nyárádszereda
(Miercurea
Nirajtilui)
The
Székelys
had a defining role in electing
István Bocskai
Prince of Transylvania.
Previously, on 1st February,
1605,
the representatives of the
Székelys
had gathered in
Székeíykeresztúr
(Cristuru
Secuiesc),
where they arrived to an understanding over the
conditions they requested in exchange to electing
István Bocskai,
namely, ensuring
and respecting the
Székely
rights, as follows:
1.
The
Székelys
shall have their old rights.
2.
They shall be forgiven certain acts they committed against the nobility.
3.
No foreign, that is, not
Székely
officers shall be sent to the
Székely
land but,
instead,
Székelys
shall be permitted to choose their own officers.
4.
No foreign troops shall be sent to the
Székelyland;
noblemen not originally
Székelys
shall be allowed to be expelled from this region.
5.
When in war,
Székely
troops can return to their homes if for
15
days no battle
takes place.
As
Bocskai
accepted the above conditions, the
Székeíykeresztúr
(Cristuruł
Secuiesc)
assembly decided to back
Bocskai
s election. For this purpose, on 21st
February an assembly of the Transylvanian orders was held in
Nyárádszereda
(Miercurea Nirajului),
where, beside the
Székelys,
the representatives of the
Transylvanian nobility were also present. This way, the assembly transformed into a
diet and
Bocskai
was elected Prince of Transylvania. Later, on 14th September,
1605,
at the Medgyes
(Mediaş)
diet, the ceremony of inauguration took place as well.
Consequently, the
Székely
troops took a massive part in
Bocskai
s war
of
independence against the
Habsburg
Empire. A remarkable political personality,
Bocskai
formulated and applied a clear definition of Transylvanian policy of external
affairs: keeping neutral between the two empires, the
Habsburg
and the Turkish ones.
Bocskai
died on 29th December,
1606,
and was buried in the
Gyulafehérvár
(Alba
Iulia) Roman Catholic cathedral.
Dezső
Garda
The Settling of the
Lázár
Family in
Marosszék
in the
Іб11*
Century
The study presents the settling of the
Lázár
family in
Marosszék
and the way this
family of
Székely
noblemen enforced their positions in the early 16th century.
The family originates in
Felső-Csíkszék,
the present
Harghita
County. In the
15th century,
András Lázár,
a remarkable member of the family, extended his family
estates in
Gyergyószék
and
Marosszék,
the present
Harghita
and
Mureş
counties. In
the early 16th century, the
Lázárs
played a leading role in the
Székely
resurrections
319
AMAROS
MEGYEI MAGYARSÁG TÖRTÉNETÉBŐL
against the Transylvanian
voivode,
the most important of which was that of
1519-
1521.
Therefore they were forced to fight on several levels to keep and regain the
property given and, after a time, lost in
Marosszék. András Lázár s
descendants
extended their property in
Marosszék
through marriage and further donations.
That was the way
János Lázár
did, to whose fortune his
Nyárádszentanna (Santana
Nirajului) estate was added through marriage. Among his descendants,
Imre Lázár
was donated in
1566
by Prince
János Zsigmond
16
family of serfs,
Mihály
7
families
and
János
14
ones. Consequently, in the 16th century, they have ascended into the
strata of the biggest propriety owners in
Marosszék.
In the eighth decade of the 16lh
century their power was felt in the
szék
administration as well.
Imre
and
Ferenc Lá¬
zár
are mentioned in
1571
and
1576
as royal judges of
Marosszék.
The importance
of the
Lázárs
in
Marosszék
is also proved by the fact that
Imre
and
Ferenc Lázár
accompanied Prince
István Báthory
to his inauguration as King of Poland in
1576.
Csaba Gidó
In Memory of a Railway Network. The Construction of the Narrow Gauge
Railroad in
Maros-Torda
County
In the
1
9th century, the infrastructure was poorly developed in the eastern part
of the Transylvanian Plain and in the
Nyárád (Niraj)
region. The roads were often
impracticable and not suitable for the high demand of public transport and goods
traffic. The center of this region was
Marosvásárhely
(Tg-Mureş),
a town where most
of the produced goods of the region was sold. Therefore, at the end of the century,
the idea was to construct a railway from
Marosvásárhely
towards the two regions
mentioned above. Three directions were planned: from
Marosvásárhely
to
Szováta
(Sovata)
and Parajd (Praid) through the
Nyárád (Niraj)
valley, from
Marosvásár¬
hely
to Mezoband (Band) and
Mezőméhes
(Miheşu de Câmpie),
and finally from
Mezoband (Band) to
Mezőkapus
(Viile Tecii).
The constructions started in summer,
1912,
but the financial difficulties, the floods in
1913
and the outbreak of World War
I hindered the completion of the works. Thus, the construction was only finished in
1915.
On 1st February, the section between
Marosvásárhely-Mezőbánd-Mezőméhes
and
Marosvásárhely-Deményháza
(Dămieni)
was opened to traffic, and later that
year, on 23rd October, other two tracks were opened between Mezoband and
Mezőka¬
pus
and
Deményháza-Szováta-Parajd.
Through about eight decades, these narrow gauge railroads, which are today
unused, were of great significance to the settlements in these regions.
320
Abstracts
András Józsa
The consequences of Minister of Education Angelescu s policy in the Salt
Region
The Act of Primary Education published in the Official Register in
26
July,
1924,
was considered one of the most up-to-date pieces of educational legislation of the
time as it introduced free, unitary and obligatory state primary education as well as a
free and obligatory network of kindergartens.
In spite of its positive characteristics, for ethnic minorities it had disastrous
consequences by annihilating Hungarian school networks that had existed for many
centuries. From the
1663
Hungarian schools in
1919,
in five years, only
334
bilingual
schools prevailed, but in the following years even these schools were, with few
exceptions, transformed into Romanian schools.
Mother tongue education was only tolerated in confessional schools. These
schools were tolerated but they did not receive any help from the state. Maintaining
schools became almost impossible as the property of Hungarian churches was
secularized. After setting up Romanian schools, the authorities did everything
to close down confessional schools on this pretext or the other. Thus, in
1923/24,
407
Hungarian schools were forced to close. This trend was the most intense in the
counties inhabited by
Székelys,
considered Romanians who had been forced to
become Hungarian .
Together with closing down Hungarian schools, hundreds of teachers with many
decades of pedagogic experience became unemployed. They were replaced with
Romanian teachers from distant counties with huge salaries, benefits worth many
months of salaries as well as housing etc. The consequence of the activity of these
teachers who did not speak the Hungarian language were tragic: generations of people
failed to learn to read and write in the schools set up based on Angelescu s Act of
Primary Education.
István
Koszta
1916,
the Eve of the Autumn at War in Transylvania
The collection of events and data published in the press cannot be a primary
source for the historian but it is fit for giving direction to the researcher in the
labyrinth of the daily events of the chosen period. In the same time, it is indispensable
to follow events in the local press, mainly in chaotic war time, when the news are
filtered by all kinds of interests. One must treat the commentaries and background
explanations with careful skepticism because behind them the publisher or the
editor s commitment, the (not always presumed) intention of the message is hiding
from the onset. Such time was the late summer and autumn of the year
1916
in
321
AMAROS
MEGYEI MAGYARSÁG TÖRTÉNETÉBŐL
the eastern and north-eastern parts of Transylvania, but elsewhere in Transylvania
as well, mostly in the eastern part of the Monarchy. I leafed through the summer-
autumn numbers of
Székely Napló {Székely
Diary), issued between July
10*, 1910
and July 6th,
1930,
published in
Marosvásárhely
(today s Tg.
Mureş)
as the official
newspaper of the National Labour Party in
Maros-Torda
County and
Marosvásár¬
hely
to find material for one of the chapters of my next book with the working title
Földindulás
(Earthquake). Therefore I narrowed the material of this study to the
eastern region, to
Maros-Torda
County. The notes include background information
thought indispensable for the interpretation of the selected fragments, as well as a
rough summary of war events that happened at a distance from the hinterland to the
Romanian declaration of war, events that complete the image of the time.
Márton László
Murder of a Wealthy Farmer in
1950
in
Vadad
(Vadu)
István
Kiss was a respected farmer, mayor of
Vadad,
Maros
(Mureş)
County,
who was executed on the night of
20/2
1st July,
1950,
by officers of the political
police, presenting their action as the result of using their firearms when the prisoner
attempted to escape.
The present study aims at reconstructing the circumstances a well-to-do Anti-
Communist farmer was murdered in. The author thinks this case study is an example
of the general practice of the Communist power in the early
1950s,
when the first
collective farms started to form, as a means to intimidate peasants resisting the
socializing policy of Romanian agriculture. To this end, class fight was started on the
one hand, while, on the other hand, brutal reprimanding was used by the police and
political police against every case of resistance against the new social order.
Gyula
Nemes
In Search of Burial Monuments in the
Marosvásárhely (Tg.
Mureş)
Area
The study aims at presenting from certain aspects the graveyards and their
monuments in
25
settlements around
Marosvásárhely.
Data collection took place
from
2004
to
2011.
After presenting the ancient custom of burial in the churchyard,
the study introduces a setout of deserted cemeteries. It also classifies the tombs
according to their material and ornamentation and it ventures to unlock some of the
abbreviations they use. Several shrine poems and suggestive texts are also published.
In the settlements concerned in this study, tombs of the aristocracy, landholders
and aldermen have been best preserved. Their presentation is also part of the study.
Tomb symbols made of wood are not characteristic for this area, but one of the
25
settlements still uses carved shrine symbols. There are few Jewish shrines in the area.
322
Abstracts
The biggest damage caused to cemeteries and tomb symbols is due to nature s
destructive force and human ill-will.
The final part deals with a few positive initiatives concerning the rescuing of
shrines and upkeep of cemeteries in a few settlements.
Sándor Pál-Antal
The
1708-1711
Plague in the
Székelyland
The plague, also called the Black Death by people, was for centuries the most
feared disease in Europe up to the l&th century. Our study presents, based on
contemporary chronicles and diaries as well as archival documents, the course
and results of the
1708—1711
plague. This epidemic spread on a large area, several
countries, decimating the population of Central and Eastern Europe. In Transylvania,
it started in
Gyergyószék
(the present
Harghita
County), introduced by migrant
gypsies from Moldavia. From here, it spread westward, on the whole area of the
Transylvanian Principality, against every measure to isolate the affected zones and
of sanitary prevention. We do not have concrete data concerning the victims of the
1708-1711
plague. The chroniclers of the time estimated them to be of
45,000
in the
Székelyland.
The author, based on the effective population of the area, considers the
above numbers exaggerated and estimates the number of the victims to be of
20—
22,000
persons.
Sándor Pál-Antal
Aspects of Parish life in
Buzásbesenyő
(Valea Izvoarelor)
in the 19th century
After a short historical description of the churches in the community, the author
publishes data from the minutes of the general assemblies and
Calvinist
as well as
Roman Catholic parish committees of
Buzásbesenyő
in the 19th century. The Roman
Catholic sources date from the years
1840-1895
while the
Calvinist
ones from
1860-
1880
and comprise information referring to choosing the aldermen, sextons and
bellringers, the salary of the schoolmaster, administering church property, setting up
a codex of conduct, disciplinary measures and other aspects, which reflect the parish
life of a small community of the age.
Szekeres Attila István
Coats-of-arms in the township of
Radnót
(Iernut)
Radnót
(Iernut) town has had four coats-of-arms for centuries. The oldest is a
coat-of-arms carved in a keystone in the sanctuary of the
Calvinist
church, built in
1486.
This is one of the three newest existing
Székely coats-of-arms.
The second was
carved in the Renaissance stone frame of the southern door of the church in
1593.
323
A MAROS MEGYEI
MAGYARSAG
TÖRTENETÉBŐL
This is a unique coat-of-arms of the Kendy family commemorating the builder of this
part of the church:
Ferenc
Kendy. The third is in the castle of
Radnót.
It is an alliance
coat-of-arms, carved in stone, of
György Rákóczi
II, Prince of Transylvania, and his
wife,
Zsófia Báthory.
This is the only Transylvanian coat-of-arms of a woman other
than those elected to the throne of the country, which contains the elements of the
coat-of-arms of the Translylvanian Principality. The fourth is the coat-of-arms of the
Bethlen
family, embroidery on velvet in the Catholic church of
Radnót.
Péter Takács
The inhabitants of
Marosszék
villages at town and country fairs
This study presents an ample analysis of rural trade in
Marosszék.,
the present
Mures County, at the beginning of the 19lh century. The concept that trade was
insignificant in villages, even in the early 19th century, is widespread among
historians. Analyzing from this respect village customs, the author concludes this
view is only partially correct. True,
Székelys
lead a life of animal husbandry and land
tilling and were not into trade; however, a certain amount of trade had to be done. Salt
needed to be bought in market or from itinerant traders as well as some household
utensils (knives, sieves, needles, thread, pots and pans, various kinds of kettles, axes,
plugs, horseshoes etc.). In most households, linen and clothing were made by family
members, but footwear and overcoats etc, needed to be bought for money.
Marosszék
villages lay at the meeting point of various geographical zones;
therefore wood, used for heating and building, as well as other products linked to
forested areas became objects of trade. In the
Székely
land, oxen were bought and
sold. On the other hand, people had to find the money to pay the taxes etc. For this
reason, the exchange of goods became an organic part of village life. However,
villages were not developed enough for stores to be opened.
Tamási Zsolt
The situation of the
Maros
Roman Catholic Diocese in
1848/49
In
1848/49,
the priests of the
Maros
(Mureş)
Roman Catholic Diocese took an
active part in the internal church reform as well as the revolutionary fights. The
paper presents the radical claims in the context of preparing for the
1848
diocesan
synod. Eventually, most of the claims were not solved, but the priests persevered in
organizing a diocese meeting at the end of the revolution, in the summer of
1849.
Ma¬
ros
Diocese Roman catholic priests took part in the revolutionary fights with church
services or even with weapons in their hands. Despite the Bishop s interventions,
following the fall of the Revolution, most of the diocese priests were persecuted by
the Austrian authorities.
324
Abstracts
Weisz
Szidónia
The life story of
Antal Erdélyi Somkereki
The Somkereki
Erdélyis
were one of the notable families of the late medieval/
early modern society of Transylvania. In spite of their
250
years of existence and the
impressive amount of archival resources referring to them, the history of the Somke¬
reki
Erdélyi
family has never been studied before.
This research focuses on the reconstruction of the life-story and on the rise of a
Transy
lvanian nobleman,
Antal Somkereki Erdélyi,
founder of the above-mentioned
family. Loyal courtier of King
Sigismund
and of Palatine
Garai,
he was one of the
persons who saved the sovereign s life during the battle of Nicopolis. Present at
numerous important events of Sigismund s reign, he had a significant political carrier,
which earned him several royal donations and royal protection at his trials and other
legal affairs.
Judging by the sources mentioning him, he appears to be a powerful personality at
a local level. His ascension is a good example for Sigismund s social politics.
Jenő
Zepeczaner
Spa life in
Maros-Torda
County in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
After listing the places used as spas, the study presents the spas of the area in
details:
Szovátafürdő
(Sovata),
Sóskút
(Jabeniţa),
Hévízfürdő
(Topliţa),
Borszék
(Borsec) and
Marosszentgyörgy
(Sângeorgiu de Mureş).
Beside the evolution of
these spas, the study presents the scientific research into the healing value of their
mineral water as well as details concerning the public attending these places; on the
other hand, speculations are made regarding the question why these spas failed to
developed parallel with the famous European centres.
325
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DR279 |
| callnumber-raw | DR279.92.H8 PT2026 |
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| callnumber-sort | DR 3279.92 H8 |
| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)50035438 (DE-599)BVBBV016454787 |
| era | Geschichte 1300-1958 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1300-1958 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Rumänien Mureș (Romania) History Maros-Gebiet (DE-588)4450881-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Rumänien Mureș (Romania) History Maros-Gebiet |
| id | DE-604.BV016454787 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:56:29Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Hungarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-012735483 |
| oclc_num | 50035438 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| publishDateSort | 0000 |
| publisher | Mentor Könyvk. |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Erdély emlékezete |
| spelling | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok szerkesztette Pál-Antal Sándor Marosvásárhely Mentor Könyvk. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Erdély emlékezete Geschichte 1300-1958 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Hungarians Romania Mureș History Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd rswk-swf Rumänien Mureș (Romania) History Maros-Gebiet (DE-588)4450881-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Maros-Gebiet (DE-588)4450881-5 g Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 s Geschichte 1300-1958 z DE-604 Pál-Antal, Sándor Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen 19 - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012735483&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok Geschichte Hungarians Romania Mureș History Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4100008-0 (DE-588)4450881-5 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok |
| title_auth | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok |
| title_exact_search | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok |
| title_full | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok szerkesztette Pál-Antal Sándor |
| title_fullStr | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok szerkesztette Pál-Antal Sándor |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből tanulmányok szerkesztette Pál-Antal Sándor |
| title_short | A Maros megyei magyarság történetéből |
| title_sort | a maros megyei magyarsag tortenetebol tanulmanyok |
| title_sub | tanulmányok |
| topic | Geschichte Hungarians Romania Mureș History Magyaren (DE-588)4100008-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Hungarians Romania Mureș History Magyaren Rumänien Mureș (Romania) History Maros-Gebiet Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=012735483&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT palantalsandor amarosmegyeimagyarsagtorteneteboltanulmanyok |