Community ecotoxicology:
"Ecotoxicology is a rapidly expanding field of research within the international scientific community. Ecotoxicology is a hierarchical science with defined impacts at different levels of the environment. This series of five books takes each level of the biological hierarchy: Individual, Populat...
Saved in:
| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Chichester [u.a.]
Wiley
2002
|
| Series: | Hierarchiccal ecotoxicology series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Summary: | "Ecotoxicology is a rapidly expanding field of research within the international scientific community. Ecotoxicology is a hierarchical science with defined impacts at different levels of the environment. This series of five books takes each level of the biological hierarchy: Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Landscape, and Global and provides the primary source of the information on the basic paradigms emerging at each level. Each book will focus on one level at a time but defines the connections between levels. Identification and discussion of ecotoxicological paradigms form the backbone for each book."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 336 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471495190 |
Staff View
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Record in the Search Index
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Community
Ecotoxicology
WILLIAM H CLEMENTS
Department of Fishery and Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University,
Colorado, USA
MICHAEL C NEWMAN
College of William and Mary, Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Virginia, USA
JOHN WILEY amp; SONS, LTD
Contents
Series Preface xv
Acknowledgements xvii
1 Introduction to Community Ecotoxicology 1
1 1 Definitions - community ecology and ecotoxicology 1
111 Community ecology 1
112 Community ecotoxicology 2
1 2 Historical perspective of community ecology
and ecotoxicology 3
121 Holism and reductionism in community ecology
and ecotoxicology 4
122 Trophic interactions in community ecology
and ecotoxicology 7
123 Importance of experiments in community ecology
and ecotoxicology 8
1 3 Are communities more than the sum of individual
populations? 8
131 The need to understand indirect effects
of contaminants 9
1 4 Communities within the hierarchy of biological organization 13
1 5 Contemporary topics in community ecotoxicology 15
151 The need for an improved understanding of basic
community ecology 15
152 Development and application of improved
biomonitoring techniques 16
153 Application of contemporary food web theory
to ecotoxicology 17
154 The need for improved experimental approaches 18
155 Influence of global atmospheric stressors
on community responses to contaminants 18
References 19
2 Biotic and Abiotic Factors that Regulate Communities 23
2 1 Characterizing community structure and organization 23
211 Colonization and community structure 24
viii CONTENTS
212 Definitions of species diversity 26
2 2 Changes in species diversity and composition along
environmental gradients 27
221 Global patterns of species diversity 29
222 Species-area relationships 32
223 Assumptions about equilibrium communities 35
2 3 The role of keystone species in community regulation 36
231 Identifying keystone species 37
232 Summary 40
2 4 The role of species interactions in community ecology
and ecotoxicology 40
241 Definitions 41
242 Experimental designs for studying species interactions 42
243 The influence of contaminants on predator-prey
interactions 43
244 The influence of contaminants on competitive
interactions 49
245 Summary 52
2 5 Environmental factors and species interactions 52
251 Environmental stress gradients 53
References 56
3 Biomonitoring and the Responses of Communities
to Contaminants 61
3 1 Biomonitoring and biological integrity 61
3 2 Conventional approaches 62
321 Indicator species concept 63
3 3 Biomonitoring and community-level assessments 64
331 Species abundance models 64
332 The use of species richness and diversity
to characterize communities 69
3321 Species richness 69
3322 Species diversity 72
3323 Species evenness 73
3324 Limitations of species richness and diversity
measures 74
333 Biotic indices 76
3 4 Development and application of rapid bioassessment
protocols 80
341 Application of qualitative sampling techniques 82
342 Subsampling and fixed count sample processing 84
343 Pooling samples 84
344 Relaxed taxonomic resolution 85
CONTENTS ix
3 5 Regional reference conditions 89
3 6 Integrated assessments of biological integrity 90
3 7 Limitations of biomonitoring 91
371 Summary 94
References 94
4 Experimental Approaches in Community Ecology
and Ecotoxicology 99
4 1 Experimental approaches in basic community ecology 99
411 The transition from descriptive to experimental
ecology 100
412 Manipulative experiments in rocky intertidal
communities 103
413 Manipulative studies in more complex communities 103
414 Types of experiments in basic community ecology 104
4 2 Experimental approaches in community ecotoxicology 106
4 3 Microcosms and mesocosms 107
431 Background and definitions 107
432 Design considerations in microcosm and mesocosm
studies 110
4321 Source of organisms 110
4322 Spatiotemporal scale 112
4323 The influence of seasonal variation
on community responses 114
433 Statistical analyses of microcosm and mesocosm
experiments 114
434 General applications of microcosms and mesocosms 115
4341 The use of mesocosms for pesticide
registration 116
4342 Development of concentration-response
relationships 117
4343 Investigation of stressor interactions 118
4344 Influence of environmental and ecological
factors on community responses 119
4345 Species interactions 120
4346 Applications in terrestrial systems 120
435 Summary 122
4 4 Whole ecosystem manipulations 123
441 Examples of ecosystem manipulations: aquatic
communities 124
4411 Experimental Lakes Area (ELA) 124
4412 Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory 125
4413 Summary 126
X CONTENTS
442 Examples of ecosystem manipulations: avian
and mammalian communities 127
443 Limitations of whole ecosystem experiments 129
4 5 What is the appropriate experimental approach
for community ecotoxicology? 132
451 Questions of spatiotemporal scale 132
452 Integrating descriptive and experimental approaches 133
4 6 Conclusions 133
References 135
5 Application of Multimetric and Multivariate Approaches
in Community Ecotoxicology 141
5 1 Introduction 141
511 Comparison of multimetric and multivariate
approaches 142
5 2 Multimetric indices 143
521 Multimetric approaches for terrestrial communities 146
522 Limitations of multimetric approaches 147
5 3 Multivariate approaches 148
531 Similarity indices 149
532 Ordination 151
533 Discriminant and cluster analysis 157
534 Application of multivariate methods
to laboratory data 160
5 4 Conclusions 164
References 164
6 Disturbance Ecology and the Responses of Communities
to Contaminants 167
6 1 The importance of disturbance in structuring communities 167
612 Disturbance and equilibrium communities 168
613 Resistance and resilience stability 169
614 Pulse and press disturbances 170
6 2 Community stability and species diversity 172
6 3 Species diversity and ecosystem function 176
6 4 Relationship between natural and anthropogenic disturbance 179
641 The ecosystem distress syndrome 180
642 The intermediate disturbance hypothesis 181
643 Subsidy-stress gradients 184
6 5 Contemporary hypotheses to explain community responses
to anthropogenic disturbance 185
CONTENTS xi
651 Pollution-induced community tolerance 186
6 6 Biotic and abiotic factors that influence community
recovery 189
661 Cross community comparisons of recovery 192
662 Importance of long-term studies for documenting
recovery 193
663 Community-level indicators of recovery 195
664 Community characteristics that influence rate
of recovery 199
6 7 Influence of environmental variability on resistance
and resilience 202
6 8 Quantifying the effects of multiple perturbations 204
681 Sensitivity of communities to novel stressors 205
6 9 Summary and conclusions 207
References 208
7 Community Responses to Global and Atmospheric Stressors 213
7 1 Introduction 213
7 2 CO2 and climate change 215
721 Facts and evidence 216
722 Carbon cycles and sinks 218
723 The mismatch between climate models
and ecological studies 221
724 Paleoecological studies of CO2 and climate change 222
725 Effects of climate change on terrestrial vegetation 224
726 Ecological responses to CO2 enrichment 226
727 Effects of climate change on terrestrial animal
communities 228
728 Effects of climate change on freshwater communities 230
729 Effects of climate change on marine communities 234
7 2 10 Conclusions 236
7 3 Stratospheric ozone depletion 238
731 Methodological approaches for manipulating UVR 240
732 The effects of ultraviolet radiation on marine
and freshwater plankton 240
7321 Direct and indirect effects of UV-B radiation 241
733 Responses of benthic communities 243
734 Responses of terrestrial plant communities 245
735 Biotic and abiotic factors that influence UV-B effects
on communities 245
7351 Dissolved organic materials 245
7352 Location 247
xii CONTENTS
7353 Interspecific and intraspecific differences
in UV-B tolerance 248
7354 Interactions with other stressors 250
7 4 Acid deposition 251
741 Descriptive studies of acid deposition effects
in aquatic communities 251
742 Episodic acidification 254
743 Experimental studies of acid deposition effects
in aquatic communities 255
744 Recovery of aquatic ecosystems from acidification 257
745 Effects of acid deposition on forest communities 258
746 Indirect effects of acidification on terrestrial wildlife 260
7 5 Interactions among global atmospheric stressors 261
References 264
8 Trophic Structure, Food Webs, and Contaminant Transport 273
8 1 Introduction 273
8 2 Basic food web ecology 274
821 Historical perspective of food web ecology 274
822 Descriptive, interactive, and energetic food webs 276
823 Contemporary questions in food web ecology 277
824 Trophic cascades 282
825 Limitations of food web studies 284
826 Use of radioactive and stable isotopes to characterize
food webs 286
8 3 Applications of food web ecology to community
ecotoxicology 288
831 Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, biomagnification,
and food chain transfer 289
832 Lipids influence the patterns of contaminant
distribution among trophic levels 289
833 Relative importance of diet and water in aquatic
systems 290
834 Energy flow and contaminant transport 292
835 Modeling contaminant movement in food webs 293
8351 Models for discrete trophic levels 293
8352 Models incorporating omnivory 294
836 Feeding habits, habitat associations, and prey
tolerances 296
837 Transport from aquatic to terrestrial communities 297
838 Food chain transfer of contaminants from sediments 298
839 Ecological influences on food chain transport
of contaminants 300
CONTENTS xiii
8391 Food chain length and complexity 300
8392 Primary productivity 302
8393 Landscape features 304
8 3 10 Application of stable isotopes to study contaminant
fate and effects 306
8 4 Effects of contaminants on food chains and food web
structure 309
841 Interspecific differences in contaminant sensitivity 310
842 Indirect effects of contaminant exposure on feeding
habits 310
843 Alterations in energy flow and trophic structure 311
844 The development and application of bioenergetic
food webs in ecotoxicology 314
8 5 Summary 315
References 315
9 Conclusions 323
9 1 General 323
9 2 Some particularly key concepts 323
921 Improvements in experimental techniques 323
922 Use of multimetric and multivariate approaches
to assess community-level responses 324
923 Disturbance ecology and community ecotoxicology 325
924 An improved understanding of trophic interactions 326
925 Interactions between contaminants and global
atmospheric stressors 327
9 3 Concluding remarks 328
References 329
Index 331
|
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| spelling | Clements, William H. 1954- Verfasser (DE-588)124569552 aut Community ecotoxicology William H. Clements ; Michael C. Newman Chichester [u.a.] Wiley 2002 XIII, 336 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Hierarchiccal ecotoxicology series "Ecotoxicology is a rapidly expanding field of research within the international scientific community. Ecotoxicology is a hierarchical science with defined impacts at different levels of the environment. This series of five books takes each level of the biological hierarchy: Individual, Population, Community, Ecosystem and Landscape, and Global and provides the primary source of the information on the basic paradigms emerging at each level. Each book will focus on one level at a time but defines the connections between levels. Identification and discussion of ecotoxicological paradigms form the backbone for each book."--BOOK JACKET. Ecologie gtt Milieufactoren gtt Verontreiniging gtt Umwelt Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s DE-604 Newman, Michael C. Verfasser aut HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009982495&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Clements, William H. 1954- Newman, Michael C. Community ecotoxicology Ecologie gtt Milieufactoren gtt Verontreiniging gtt Umwelt Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 |
| title | Community ecotoxicology |
| title_auth | Community ecotoxicology |
| title_exact_search | Community ecotoxicology |
| title_full | Community ecotoxicology William H. Clements ; Michael C. Newman |
| title_fullStr | Community ecotoxicology William H. Clements ; Michael C. Newman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Community ecotoxicology William H. Clements ; Michael C. Newman |
| title_short | Community ecotoxicology |
| title_sort | community ecotoxicology |
| topic | Ecologie gtt Milieufactoren gtt Verontreiniging gtt Umwelt Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ecologie Milieufactoren Verontreiniging Umwelt Environmental toxicology Pollution Environmental aspects Umwelttoxikologie |
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