ATP and the heart:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Boston [u.a.]
Kluwer Acad.
2002
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Basic science for the cardiologist
11 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XVI, 244 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1402070934 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a ATP and the heart |c Joanne S. Ingwall |
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston [u.a.] |b Kluwer Acad. |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XVI, 244 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Basic science for the cardiologist |v 11 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
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| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009883880 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
List of Topics vi
Prologue xiii
PART I: ATP: THE MOLECULE
1 ATP and the heart: An overview 3
2 The basics 7
3 The chemistry of the ATPase reaction 21
4 Ways to measure ATP and related metabolites 39
PART II: ATP: DEGRADATION PATHWAY AND DE NOVO
SYNTHESIS
5 Degradation and synthesis of ATP 55
PART III: ATP UTILIZING PATHWAYS
6 The work of contraction: Myosin ATPase 103
7 The work of ion movements 125
8 The work of macromolecular synthesis and degradation 139
PART IV: ATP SYNTHESIZING PATHWAYS
9 ATP synthesis pathways: glycolysis 147
10 ATP synthesis pathways: oxidative phosphorylation 165
11 ATP synthesis pathways: phosphotransferase reactions 197
PARTV: ATP AND THE HEART
12 Integration of ATP synthesis and ATP utilization pathways .... 217
Index 241
List of Topics
PARTI: ATP: THE MOLECULE
1 ATP and the Heart: An Overview 3
2 The Basics 7
• Structure of ATP 8
• ATPcontent 11
• ATP is the most abundant purine and the most abundant
nucleotide 12
• Distribution of ATP in regions of the heart and within
myocytes 12
• The phosphocreatine to ATP ratio is close to two 14
• ATP content vs. ATP turnover rate 15
3 The Chemistry of the ATPase Reaction 21
• The ATPase reaction 21
• Enzyme kinetics 23
• The energy state or chemical driving force 25
Adenylate energy charge 25
Phosphorylation potential 26
Free energy released from ATP hydrolysis, AG atp 27
• AG atp and the heart 30
• How does the cell maintain a high phosphorylation
potential and therefore a large value for |AG atp|? 33
4 Ways to Measure ATP and Related Metabolites 39
• ATP 40
The problem of normalization 41
• Phosphocreatine (PCr) 44
• ATP and PCr by 31P NMR spectroscopy 44
• ADP, AMP, Pi and AG atp 47
PART II: ATP: DEGRADATION PATHWAY AND DE NOVO
SYNTHESIS
5 Degradation and Synthesis of ATP 55
• The primary pathway for ATP degradation 55
The Basics 59
• The fates of AMP and adenosine: upstream vs. downstream
pathways 59
• Extracellular ATP: the purinergic cascade 61
• De novo ATP synthesis 62
• Strategies to prevent the loss of purines 66
The Ischemic Myocardium: Lessons in Purine
Biochemistry 69
• Lessons learned from the cultured fetal mouse heart deprived
of oxygen and oxidizable substrates 70
• Lessons learned from the isolated adult rat heart 74
• Clinical implications 79
• Lessons learned from the canine model of ischemia 79
• Lessons learned from a canine model of sustained stable
partial ischemia 82
• Clinical implications 84
• Ischemic preconditioning: lessons learned on the chemistry of
ATP and adenosine in the interstitial space 85
• ATP degradation in myocardial ischemia in man 87
• Summary of lessons learned: purine chemistry and
myocardial ischemia 90
The Failing Myocardium 91
• Summary of lessons learned: purine biochemistry and the
failing heart 93
Experiments In Rational Therapy: Expanding the Purine
Pool 94
• Inosine 94
• Adenosine 95
• AlCAriboside 95
PART III: ATP UTILIZING PATHWAYS
6 The Work of Contraction: Myosin ATPase 103
viii
• Overview 104
• Properties of four major contractile proteins 106
The A band is composed of thick filaments 106
myosin 106
myosin binding protein C, titin, M band proteins 107
The l band contains thin filaments 108
actin 108
tropomyosin 109
troponin 109
• Energetics of the cross bridge cycle 111
• Physiology and the cross bridge cycle: regulation of actomyosin
ATPase activity 113
Myosin isoforms have distinct ATPase activities 113
The energetic cost of a single cross bridge cycle 114
Energetics of intact muscles 115
Efficiency and economy of contraction 116
Regulation of actomyosin ATPase activity 116
example 1: rigor bond formation due to absence of ATP 117
example 2: muscle contraction inhibition by MgADP, Pi And H .. 117
example3: ADP and diastolic function 118
Pathophysiology and the cross bridge cycle 119
Pressure overload hypertrophy 119
Coronary artery disease 119
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC), a disease of the
sarcomere 119
Clinical implications 121
7 The Work of Ion Movements 125
• Overview 126
• Maintaining the Na* gradient in normal mammalian myocardium. 127
• Characteristics of the Na+ pump and why ouabain is an inotrope. 129
• The thermodynamics of the Na+, K+ ATPase reaction 130
• On the relationship between AG atp and Na+ efflux by the
Na+ pump 131
Example 1: ion movements in ischemia 131
Example 2: manipulating AG~atp by changing exogenous
oxidizable substrate for ATP synthesis 133
Clinical implications 134
Example 3: ion movements in hypoxia: spontaneous
ventricular fibrillation 135
8 The Work of Macromolecular Synthesis and Degradation 139
• Polypeptide synthesis 140
ix
• Protein degradation 143
PART IV: ATP SYNTHESIZING PATHWAYS
9 ATP Synthesis from Carbon Based Fuels by Glycolysis
and Glycogenolysis 147
• Overview 148
• The heart as an omnivore 149
• Glucose transport 150
GLUTs and the ischemic heart 151
GLUTs and the hypertrophied heart 152
• The glycolytic pathway 152
Key enzymes in the glycolytic pathway or Why the glycolytic
rate is so low in the normal heart and increases in
energy poor states 156
Anaerobic vs. aerobic glycolysis 157
• Other fates of glucose 6 phosphate 158
Glycogen 158
glycogen synthesis 158
glycogen breakdown 159
Glycogen and the heart 161
Pentose shunt 161
• Summary 162
10 ATP Synthesis Pathways: Oxidative Phosphorylation ... 165
• Overview 165
Strategy for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria 167
• Communication between the cytosol and the mitochondria 170
Malate aspartate shuttle 170
ADP ATP translocatase 171
Fatty acid activation 172
• Formation of acetyl CoA 173
Formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvate by pyruvate
dehyrdrogenase 174
Formation of acetyl CoA from fatty acids by p oxidation 175
Where are we in the long path to regenerating ATP? 176
• The tricarboxylic acid cycle 176
Regulation of the TCA cycle 178
Physiology and the TCA cycle 179
• Oxidative phosphorylation 182
Oxidation reduction reactions 183
Electron transport 186
x
control of electron transport in the heart 187
the electron transport chain and NO 188
Fi, Fo ATPase 188
control of F,, F0 ATPase in the heart 190
ATP ADP translocase 191
ATP ADP translocase and the heart 191
• Summary: Generation of ATP from glucose and palmitate 192
11 ATP Synthesis Pathways: Phosphotransferase Reactions 197
• Overview 197
• Creatine kinase 198
Creatine transport 203
Changes in the CK system in the ischemic and failing
myocardium 204
the ischemic myocardium 205
the failing myocardium 206
kinetics of ATP synthesis in the failing heart 207
thermodynamics of the failing heart 209
Clinical implications 210
• Adenylate kinase 211
PART V: ATP AND THE HEART
12 Integration of ATP Synthesis and ATP Utilization Pathways
• Overview 218
• The developing heart 219
• Acute vs. chronic high workloads: hypertrophy and heart
failure 224
Regulation of ATP synthesis during acute increases in
workload 224
Regulation of ATP synthesis in response to chronic
increases in workload 226
Failure of ATP synthesis pathways to maintain normal [ATP]
in hypertrophy and failure 226
molecular remodeling of isozyme families 227
cause vs.effect: Ca2+vs. ATP 229
• Hypoxia and ischemia 230
Example 1: myocardial hypoxia in the living rat 230
Example 2: a unique model of ischemia 232
integration of the pathways for ATP synthesis 233
• Substrate selection during stress: the role of AMP activated
protein kinase 235
xi
|
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:03:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1402070934 |
| language | English |
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| title | ATP and the heart |
| title_auth | ATP and the heart |
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| title_full | ATP and the heart Joanne S. Ingwall |
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