Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials: with numerous exercises
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2002
|
| Edition: | 2. ed. |
| Series: | Physics and astronomy online library
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Literaturangaben |
| Physical Description: | XXI, 748 S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 3540437649 3540678417 |
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MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Fultz, Brent |d 1955- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)122354796 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials |b with numerous exercises |c Brent Fultz ; James Howe |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Berlin [u.a.] |b Springer |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XXI, 748 S. |b zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Physics and astronomy online library | |
| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
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| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Röntgendiffraktometrie |0 (DE-588)4336833-5 |D s |
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| 689 | 1 | 0 | |a Röntgendiffraktometrie |0 (DE-588)4336833-5 |D s |
| 689 | 1 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Howe, James M. |d 1955- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)122354818 |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m SWB Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009873333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
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| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009873333 | |
Record in the Search Index
| _version_ | 1805086080174653440 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
CONTENTS 1. DIFFRACTION AND THE X-RAYPOWDER DIFFRACTOMETER . 1
1.1 DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.1 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFRACTION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.1.2 BRAGG*S LAW . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1.3 STRAIN EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 6 1.1.4 SIZE EFFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.1.5 A SYMMETRY
CONSIDERATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1.1.6
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 9 1.2 THE CREATION OF X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2.1 BREMSSTRAHLUNG . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.2.2 CHARACTERISTIC
RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.2.3
SYNCHROTRON RADIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 20 1.3 THE X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTOMETER . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.1 PRACTICE OF X-RAY GENERATION . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1.3.2 GONIOMETER FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.3.3 MONOCHROMATORS AND FILTERS .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1.4 X-RAY DETECTORS FOR
XRD AND TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.4.1
DETECTOR PRINCIPLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 29 1.4.2 POSITION-SENSITIVE DETECTORS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.4.3 CHARGE SENSITIVE PREAMPLIFIER . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.4.4 OTHER ELECTRONICS. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 1.5 EXPERIMENTAL
X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.1 *
INTENSITIES OF POWDER DIFFRACTION PEAKS . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 1.5.2
PHASE FRACTION MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
45 1.5.3 LATTICE PARAMETER MEASUREMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 50 1.5.4 * REFINEMENT METHODS FOR POWDER DIFFRACTION DATA . . . 52
1.5.5 * PAIR DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 55 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 57 2. THE TEM AND ITS OPTICS . 63
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE . . . . . . .
63 2.2 WORKING WITH LENSES AND RAY DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 67 2.2.1 SINGLE LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 XIV CONTENTS 2.2.2 MULTI-LENS SYSTEMS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 2.3
MODES OF OPERATION OF A TEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 72 2.3.1 CONVENTIONAL MODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 2.3.2 CONVERGENT-BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2.3.3 HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 2.4 REAL LENS SYSTEMS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
2.4.1 ILLUMINATION LENS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 89 2.4.2 IMAGING LENS SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.5 GLASS LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 2.5.1
INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 93 2.5.2 LENSES AND RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 2.5.3 LENSES AND PHASE SHIFTS . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 2.6 MAGNETIC LENSES .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 100 2.7 LENS ABERRATIONS AND OTHER DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 104 2.7.1 SPHERICAL ABERRATION . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 2.7.2 CHROMATIC ABERRATION . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 2.7.3
DIFFRACTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 107 2.7.4 ASTIGMATISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 2.7.5 GUN BRIGHTNESS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 2.8
RESOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 3. SCATTERING
. 123 3.1 COHERENCE AND
INCOHERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
123 3.1.1 PHASE AND ENERGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 123 3.1.2 WAVE AMPLITUDES AND CROSS-SECTIONS . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 126 3.2 X-RAY SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 3.2.1
ELECTRODYNAMICS OF X-RAY SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.2.2 * INELASTIC COMPTON SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 134 3.2.3 X-RAY MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 136 3.3 COHERENT ELASTIC SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3.3.1 * BORN APPROXIMATION FOR
ELECTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 3.3.2 ATOMIC FORM FACTORS
* PHYSICAL PICTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 3.3.3 * SCATTERING OF
ELECTRONS BY MODEL POTENTIALS . . . . . . . . 146 3.3.4 * * ATOMIC FORM
FACTORS * GENERAL FORMULATION . . . . . . 150 3.4 * NUCLEAR SCATTERING .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
155 3.4.1 PROPERTIES OF NEUTRONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 156 3.4.2 * INELASTIC NEUTRON SCATTERING. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 3.4.3 * M¨ OSSBAUER SCATTERING . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 FURTHER READING . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 164 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 CONTENTS XV 4.
INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING AND SPECTROSCOPY . 167 4.1
INELASTIC ELECTRON SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 167 4.2 ELECTRON ENERGY-LOSS SPECTROMETRY (EELS). . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.1 INSTRUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4.2.2 GENERAL FEATURES
OF EELS SPECTRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.2.3 * FINE
STRUCTURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 172 4.3 PLASMON EXCITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.3.1 PLASMON PRINCIPLES . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.3.2 * PLASMONS
AND SPECIMEN THICKNESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 4.4 CORE
EXCITATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 181 4.4.1 SCATTERING ANGLES AND ENERGIES * QUALITATIVE
. . . . . . . . 182 4.4.2 * INELASTIC FORM FACTOR. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 4.4.3 * * DOUBLE-DIFFERENTIAL
CROSS-SECTION, D 2 * IN / D * D E . . . 188 4.4.4 * SCATTERING ANGLES
AND ENERGIES * QUANTITATIVE. . . . . . 190 4.4.5 * * DIFFERENTIAL
CROSS-SECTION, D * IN / D E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 4.4.6 *
PARTIAL AND TOTAL CROSS-SECTIONS, * IN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
4.4.7 QUANTIFICATION OF EELS CORE EDGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 196 4.5 * ENERGY-FILTERED TEM IMAGING (EFTEM) . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 198 4.5.1 * ENERGY FILTERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 4.5.2 * CHEMICAL MAPPING WITH
ENERGY-FILTERED IMAGES . . . . 200 4.5.3 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS WITH HIGH
SPATIAL RESOLUTION . . . . . . 202 4.6 ENERGY DISPERSIVE X-RAY
SPECTROMETRY (EDS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 4.6.1 ELECTRON
TRAJECTORIES THROUGH MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 4.6.2
FLUORESCENCE YIELD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 207 4.6.3 EDS INSTRUMENTATION CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 210 4.6.4 THIN-FILM APPROXIMATION . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 4.6.5 * ZAF CORRECTION . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216 4.6.6 LIMITS OF
MICROANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
221 5. DIFFRACTION FROM CRYSTALS . 225
5.1 SUMS OF WAVELETS FROM ATOMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 225 5.1.1 ELECTRON DIFFRACTION FROM A MATERIAL . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 226 5.1.2 WAVE DIFFRACTION FROM A MATERIAL . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 5.2 THE RECIPROCAL LATTICE AND THE
LAUE CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 5.2.1 DIFFRACTION FROM A
SIMPLE LATTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 5.2.2
RECIPROCAL LATTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 233 5.2.3 LAUE CONDITION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 5.2.4 EQUIVALENCE OF THE LAUE
CONDITION AND BRAGG*S LAW . . 235 5.2.5 RECIPROCAL LATTICES OF CUBIC
CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 5.3 DIFFRACTION FROM A
LATTICE WITH A BASIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 5.3.1
STRUCTURE FACTOR AND SHAPE FACTOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.3.2 STRUCTURE FACTOR RULES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 239 5.3.3 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS AND FORBIDDEN DIFFRACTIONS . .
. . 244 XVI CONTENTS 5.3.4 SUPERLATTICE DIFFRACTIONS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 5.4 CRYSTAL SHAPE FACTOR . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 5.4.1
SHAPE FACTOR OF RECTANGULAR PRISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
5.4.2 OTHER SHAPE FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 253 5.4.3 SMALL PARTICLES IN A LARGE MATRIX. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 254 5.5 DEVIATION VECTOR (DEVIATION PARAMETER) . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 5.6 EWALD SPHERE . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
5.6.1 EWALD SPHERE CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 259 5.6.2 EWALD SPHERE AND BRAGG*S LAW. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 261 5.6.3 TILTING SPECIMENS AND TILTING ELECTRON BEAMS .
. . . . . . 261 5.7 LAUE ZONES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 5.8 * EFFECTS OF
CURVATURE OF THE EWALD SPHERE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
268 6. ELECTRON DIFFRACTION AND CRYSTALLOGRAPHY . 275
6.1 INDEXING DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 275 6.1.1 ISSUES IN INDEXING . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 6.1.2 METHOD 1 * START WITH
ZONE AXIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278 6.1.3 METHOD 2 *
START WITH DIFFRACTION SPOTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282 6.2
STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS AND THEIR MANIPULATION . . . . . . . . . . 284
6.2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF A STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION . . . . . . . . . . 284
6.2.2 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS AND ELECTRON
DIFFRACTION PATTERNS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 6.2.3
MANIPULATIONS OF STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . 286 6.3
KIKUCHI LINES AND SPECIMEN ORIENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 293 6.3.1 ORIGIN OF KIKUCHI LINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 293 6.3.2 INDEXING KIKUCHI LINES . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 6.3.3 SPECIMEN ORIENTATION AND
DEVIATION PARAMETER . . . . . . 298 6.3.4 THE SIGN OF S . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.3.5
KIKUCHI MAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 301 6.4 DOUBLE DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 6.4.1 OCCURRENCE OF
FORBIDDEN DIFFRACTIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 6.4.2
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CRYSTALLITES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
305 6.5 * CONVERGENT-BEAM ELECTRON DIFFRACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 306 6.5.1 CONVERGENCE ANGLE OF INCIDENT ELECTRON BEAM . . .
. . . . 308 6.5.2 DETERMINATION OF SAMPLE THICKNESS . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 309 6.5.3 MEASUREMENTS OF UNIT CELL PARAMETERS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 311 6.5.4 * * DETERMINATION OF POINT GROUPS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 316 6.5.5 * * DETERMINATION OF SPACE GROUPS . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 6.6 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 PROBLEMS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 CONTENTS XVII 7. DIFFRACTION CONTRAST IN
TEM IMAGES . 339 7.1 CONTRAST IN TEM IMAGES . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.2 A REVIEW
OF STRUCTURE AND SHAPE FACTORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 7.3
EXTINCTION DISTANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 343 7.4 THE PHASE-AMPLITUDE DIAGRAM . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 7.5 FRINGES FROM SAMPLE
THICKNESS VARIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.5.1
THICKNESS AND PHASE-AMPLITUDE DIAGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . 348 7.5.2
THICKNESS CONTOURS IN TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349 7.6
BEND CONTOURS IN TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 353 7.7 DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM STRAIN FIELDS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 357 7.8 DISLOCATIONS AND BURGERS VECTOR
DETERMINATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 7.8.1 DIFFRACTION CONTRAST
FROM DISLOCATION STRAIN FIELDS . . . 361 7.8.2 THE G B RULE FOR NULL
CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 7.8.3 IMAGE
POSITION AND DISLOCATION PAIRS OR LOOPS . . . . . . . 367 7.9
SEMI-QUANTITATIVE DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM DISLOCATIONS . . . . 370
7.10 WEAK-BEAM DARK-FIELD (WBDF) IMAGING OF DISLOCATIONS . . . . 378
7.10.1 PROCEDURE TO MAKE A WBDF IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
379 7.10.2 DIFFRACTION CONDITION FOR A WBDF IMAGE . . . . . . . . . . .
. 380 7.10.3 ANALYSIS OF WBDF IMAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 382 7.11 FRINGES AT INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 7.11.1 PHASE SHIFTS OF
ELECTRON WAVELETS ACROSS INTERFACES . . . 385 7.11.2 MOIR´ E FRINGES . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
7.12 DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM STACKING FAULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 392 7.12.1 KINEMATICAL TREATMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 393 7.12.2 RESULTS FROM DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 7.12.3 DETERMINATION OF THE
INTRINSIC OR EXTRINSIC NATURE OF STACKING FAULTS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 7.12.4 PARTIAL DISLOCATIONS
BOUNDING THE FAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 7.12.5 AN EXAMPLE OF A
STACKING FAULT ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 7.12.6 SETS OF
STACKING FAULTS IN TEM IMAGES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 7.12.7
RELATED FRINGE CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 404 7.13 ANTIPHASE ( * ) BOUNDARIES AND * BOUNDARIES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 405 7.13.1 ANTIPHASE BOUNDARIES . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 7.13.2 * BOUNDARIES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406 7.14
CONTRAST FROM PRECIPITATES AND OTHER DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
408 7.14.1 VACANCIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 7.14.2 COHERENT PRECIPITATES . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 7.14.3 SEMICOHERENT AND
INCOHERENT PARTICLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 FURTHER READING . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 414 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 XVIII CONTENTS
8. DIFFRACTION LINESHAPES . 423 8.1
DIFFRACTION LINE BROADENING AND CONVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
423 8.1.1 CRYSTALLITE SIZE BROADENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 424 8.1.2 STRAIN BROADENING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 8.1.3 INSTRUMENTAL BROADENING *
CONVOLUTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430 8.2 FOURIER TRANSFORM
DECONVOLUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 8.2.1
MATHEMATICAL FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 434 8.2.2 EFFECTS OF NOISE ON FOURIER TRANSFORM DECONVOLUTIONS .
437 8.3 SIMULTANEOUS STRAIN AND SIZE BROADENING . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 441 8.4 * FOURIER METHODS WITH MULTIPLE ORDERS . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 447 8.4.1 * * FORMULATION . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 8.4.2 * STRAIN
HETEROGENEITY AND PEAK ASYMMETRY. . . . . . . . . 452 8.4.3 * COLUMN
LENGTHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
455 8.4.4 * * SIZE COEFFICIENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 456 8.4.5 * PRACTICAL ISSUES IN WARREN*AVERBACH
ANALYSIS . . . . . . 458 8.5 COMMENTS ON DIFFRACTION LINESHAPES . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
462 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 9. PATTERSON FUNCTIONS AND
DIFFUSE SCATTERING . 465 9.1 THE PATTERSON FUNCTION . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 9.1.1
OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 465 9.1.2 ATOM CENTERS AT POINTS IN SPACE . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 466 9.1.3 DEFINITION OF THE PATTERSON FUNCTION .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 9.1.4 PROPERTIES OF PATTERSON
FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 9.1.5 * PERFECT
CRYSTALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
471 9.2 PATTERSON FUNCTIONS FOR HOMOGENEOUS DISORDER AND ATOMIC
DISPLACEMENT DIFFUSE SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 9.2.1
DEVIATIONS FROM PERIODICITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 474 9.2.2 UNCORRELATED DISPLACEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 475 9.2.3 * CORRELATED DISPLACEMENTS: ATOMIC SIZE EFFECTS
. . . . . . 478 9.2.4 * TEMPERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 9.3 DIFFUSE SCATTERING FROM
CHEMICAL DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 9.3.1 RANDOMNESS
* UNCORRELATED CHEMICAL DISORDER . . . . . . 485 9.3.2 * * SRO
PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
489 9.3.3 * * PATTERSON FUNCTION FOR CHEMICAL SRO . . . . . . . . . . .
491 9.3.4 SHORT-RANGE ORDER DIFFUSE INTENSITY . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 492 9.3.5 * * ISOTROPIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 493 9.3.6 * POLYCRYSTALLINE AVERAGE AND SINGLE
CRYSTAL SRO . . . . 494 9.4 * AMORPHOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 9.4.1 * *
ONE-DIMENSIONAL MODEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
495 9.4.2 * * RADIAL DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 500 9.4.3 * * PARTIAL PAIR CORRELATION FUNCTIONS . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 504 9.5 SMALL ANGLE SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 9.5.1 CONCEPT OF SMALL ANGLE
SCATTERING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 CONTENTS XIX 9.5.2 *
GUINIER APPROXIMATION (SMALL *K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
9.5.3 * POROD LAW (LARGE *K ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 511 9.5.4 * * DENSITY-DENSITY CORRELATIONS (ALL *K ) . . . .
. . . . . . . . 514 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 PROBLEMS . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 517 10. HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM IMAGING
. 521 10.1 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 10.1.1
WAVELETS FROM POINTS IN A CONTINUUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
10.1.2 HUYGENS PRINCIPLE FOR A SPHERICAL WAVEFRONT * FRESNEL ZONES . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
10.1.3 * FRESNEL DIFFRACTION NEAR AN EDGE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 531 10.2 PHYSICAL OPTICS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 536 10.2.1 * WAVEFRONTS AND FRESNEL PROPAGATOR . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . 536 10.2.2 * LENSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538 10.2.3 * MATERIALS
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 540 10.3 EXPERIMENTAL HIGH-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 542 10.3.1 DEFOCUS AND SPHERICAL ABERRATION . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 542 10.3.2 * LENSES AND SPECIMENS . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 10.3.3 LENS
CHARACTERISTICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 550 10.4 * SIMULATIONS OF HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM IMAGES . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 559 10.4.1 PRINCIPLES OF SIMULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 10.4.2 * PRACTICE OF SIMULATIONS . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565 10.5 ISSUES AND EXAMPLES
IN HIGH-RESOLUTION TEM IMAGING . . . . . . 566 10.5.1 IMAGES OF
NANOSTRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
10.5.2 EXAMPLES OF INTERFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 569 10.5.3 * EFFECTS OF SOLUTE MISFIT AND SCATTERING
FACTOR DIFFERENCES ON SPOT INTENSITIES . . 572 10.5.4 * SPECIMEN AND
MICROSCOPE PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 10.5.5 * HINTS AND
TRICKS FOR HRTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 583 10.6 Z
-CONTRAST IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . 586 10.6.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF Z -CONTRAST IMAGING . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 586 10.6.2 COMPARISON OF Z -CONTRAST IMAGING
WITH HRTEM IMAGING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 590 10.6.3 Z -CONTRAST IMAGING WITH ATOMIC RESOLUTION . . . . . . . .
. 592 10.6.4 DEVELOPMENTS IN ATOMIC-RESOLUTION IMAGING . . . . . . . . .
594 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 595 11. DYNAMICAL THEORY .
597 11.1 CHAPTER OVERVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 11.2 * * MATHEMATICAL FEATURES OF
HIGH-ENERGY ELECTRONS IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 11.2.1 * * THE SCHR¨
ODINGER EQUATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 11.2.2
* KINEMATICAL AND DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605 XX
CONTENTS 11.2.3 THE CRYSTAL AS A PHASE GRATING . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 607 11.3 FIRST APPROACH TO DYNAMICAL THEORY * BEAM
PROPAGATION . . . 609 11.4 * SECOND APPROACH TO DYNAMICAL THEORY * BLOCH
WAVES AND DISPERSION SURFACES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . 613 11.4.1 DIFFRACTED BEAMS, { * G } , ARE BEATS
OF BLOCH WAVES, { * ( J ) } . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 613 11.4.2 CRYSTAL PERIODICITY AND DISPERSION SURFACES . . .
. . . . . . . 619 11.4.3 ENERGIES OF BLOCH WAVES IN A PERIODIC POTENTIAL
. . . . . . 623 11.4.4 * GENERAL TWO-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORY . . . . . . .
. . . . . 626 11.5 ESSENTIAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN KINEMATICAL AND
DYNAMICAL THEORIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 632 11.6 * DIFFRACTION ERROR, S G , IN TWO-BEAM DYNAMICAL
THEORY . . . . 637 11.6.1 BLOCH WAVE AMPLITUDES AND DIFFRACTION ERROR. .
. . . . . . 637 11.6.2 DISPERSION SURFACE CONSTRUCTION . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . 639 11.7 DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION CONTRAST FROM
CRYSTAL DEFECTS . . . . . . . 641 11.7.1 DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION CONTRAST
WITHOUT ABSORPTION . . 641 11.7.2 * * TWO-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORY OF
STACKING FAULT CONTRAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 646 11.7.3 DYNAMICAL DIFFRACTION CONTRAST WITH ABSORPTION . . . . .
650 11.8 * * MULTI-BEAM DYNAMICAL THEORIES OF ELECTRON DIFFRACTION . .
655 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658 PROBLEMS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 658 BIBLIOGRAPHY .
663 FURTHER READING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663 REFERENCES AND FIGURES . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667 A.
APPENDIX . 677 A.1
INDEXED POWDER DIFFRACTION PATTERNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 677 A.2 MASS ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS FOR CHARACTERISTIC K*
X-RAYS . 678 A.3 ATOMIC FORM FACTORS FOR X-RAYS . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 A.4 X-RAY DISPERSION CORRECTIONS FOR
ANOMALOUS SCATTERING . . . . . 683 A.5 ATOMIC FORM FACTORS FOR 200 KEV
ELECTRONS AND PROCEDURE FOR CONVERSION TO OTHER VOLTAGES . . . . . . . .
. . . . 684 A.6 INDEXED SINGLE CRYSTAL DIFFRACTION PATTERNS: FCC, BCC,
DC, HCP . 689 A.7 STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699 A.8 EXAMPLES OF FOURIER
TRANSFORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703 A.9
K* 1 , K* 2 SPLITTING AND THE RACHINGER CORRECTION . . . . . . . . . .
706 A.10 NUMERICAL APPROXIMATION FOR THE VOIGT FUNCTION . . . . . . . .
. . 707 A.11 DEBYE*WALLER FACTOR FROM WAVE AMPLITUDE . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 708 A.12 REVIEW OF DISLOCATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709 A.13 TEM LABORATORY EXERCISES. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 A.13.1
PRELIMINARY * JEOL 2000FX DAILY OPERATION . . . . . . . . 716 A.13.2
PRELIMINARY * PHILIPS 400T DAILY OPERATION . . . . . . . . . 720
CONTENTS XXI A.13.3 LABORATORY 1 * MICROSCOPE PROCEDURES AND CALIBRATION
WITH AU AND MOO 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 A.13.4 LABORATORY
2 * DIFFRACTION ANALYSIS OF * * PRECIPITATES . 726 A.13.5 LABORATORY 3 *
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF * * PRECIPITATES . . 729 A.13.6 LABORATORY 4 *
CONTRAST ANALYSIS OF DEFECTS . . . . . . . . . 730 A.14 FUNDAMENTAL AND
DERIVED CONSTANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 732 INDEX
. 735 IN SECTION
TITLES, THE ASTERISK, **,* DENOTES A MORE SPECIALIZED TOPIC. THE DOUBLE
DAGGER, * * ,* WARNS OF A HIGHER LEVEL OF MATHEMATICS, PHYSICS, OR CRYS-
TALLOGRAPHY. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Fultz, Brent 1955- Howe, James M. 1955- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)122354796 (DE-588)122354818 |
| author_facet | Fultz, Brent 1955- Howe, James M. 1955- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | Fultz, Brent 1955- |
| author_variant | b f bf j m h jm jmh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV014443897 |
| classification_rvk | UH 6300 |
| classification_tum | PHY 608f WER 770f WER 780f PHY 606f PHY 605f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)634170349 (DE-599)BVBBV014443897 |
| discipline | Physik Werkstoffwissenschaften |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV014443897 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T08:30:33Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540437649 3540678417 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009873333 |
| oclc_num | 634170349 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-1046 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-91G DE-BY-TUM DE-20 DE-1046 |
| physical | XXI, 748 S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Physics and astronomy online library |
| spelling | Fultz, Brent 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)122354796 aut Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe 2. ed. Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2002 XXI, 748 S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Physics and astronomy online library Literaturangaben Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd rswk-swf Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4215608-7 gnd rswk-swf Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4215608-7 s Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 s 1\p DE-604 DE-604 Howe, James M. 1955- Verfasser (DE-588)122354818 aut SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009873333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Fultz, Brent 1955- Howe, James M. 1955- Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4215608-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4336833-5 (DE-588)4215608-7 |
| title | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises |
| title_auth | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises |
| title_exact_search | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises |
| title_full | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe |
| title_fullStr | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe |
| title_full_unstemmed | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises Brent Fultz ; James Howe |
| title_short | Transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials |
| title_sort | transmission electron microscopy and diffractometry of materials with numerous exercises |
| title_sub | with numerous exercises |
| topic | Röntgendiffraktometrie (DE-588)4336833-5 gnd Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie (DE-588)4215608-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Röntgendiffraktometrie Durchstrahlungselektronenmikroskopie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009873333&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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