Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology: advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2002
|
| Edition: | 1. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Physical Description: | XX, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst., 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 0444506535 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology |b advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases |c ed. by Takao Tsuji ... |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Liver Diseases |x immunology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liver Diseases |x therapy | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Liver |x Diseases |x Immunological aspects | |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Contents
Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
Hepatology in 21st Century
Chapter 1. General Aspects of Molecular Biology and Immunology for the Treatment of
Intractable Liver Diseases 3
K.H. Meyer zum Buschenfelde
Introduction 3
1. The liver as immune privileged site 3
1.1. Microenvironment and the role of liver cells 3
1.1.1. Hepatocytes 4
1.1.2. Sinusoidal endothelial cells 4
1.1.3. Kupffer cells 5
1.1.4. Liver associated lymphocytes 6
1.1.5. Stellata cells (fat storing cells) 6
1.1.6. Cytokines and chemokines released by liver cells 6
1.2. Tolerance induction 6
2. Host defense mechanisms 8
2.1. Innate immune responses 8
2.2. Adaptive immune response 9
2.3. The role of cytokines and chemokines 9
3. Immune mechanisms in liver diseases 10
3.1. Autoimmune liver diseases 10
3.1.1. Autoimmune hepatitis 10
3.1.2. Primary sclerosing cholangitis 11
3.1.3. Primary biliary cirrhosis II
3.2. Viral liver diseases 11
References 13
Viral Hepatitis
Chapter 2. The Mechanisms of Liver Injury in Hepatitis B Virus Infection 25
T. Ishikawa and S. Kakumu
Introduction 25
1. HBV immunopathogenesis and fulminant hepatitis in human 26
2. CTL mediated immunopathogenesis 26
3. Pathogenetic potential of the CTL response to HBV 26
4. Noncytopathic antiviral potential of the immune response to HBV 29
5. Thl mediated immunopathogenesis 29
vi Contents
6. Factors responsible for the disease exacerbation 30
Acknowledgements 32
References 32
Chapter 3. Genetic Diversity and Pathophysiology of Hepatitis B Virus 33
H. Yatsuhashi and M. Yano
Introduction 33
1. HBV DNA 33
2. Mutations in the precore/core region 34
2.1. Precore stop mutation 35
2.2. BCP mutations (X ORF region) 35
3. Mutations in patients with HBV related fulminant hepatitis 36
References 39
Chapter 4. Immunopathogenesis of Hepatitis C 41
M.J. Koziel
Introduction 41
1. Host immune defenses 42
1.1. Innate immunity 42
1.2. Acquired immunity 43
2. Acute HCV 45
2.1. Antibody responses 45
2.2. CD4 responses in acute HCV 46
2.3. CD8 responses in acute HCV 47
3. Chronic HCV 48
4. Mechanisms of liver injury 48
5. Mechanisms of HCV persistence 49
5.1. Compartmentalisation of immune responses in the liver 50
Conclusion 51
References 52
Chapter 5. Recent Advancement in Interferon Therapy for Hepatitis C Treatment 61
J. Feher and G. Lengyel
Introduction 61
1. Therapeutic possibilities in acute hepatitis C 64
2. Interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C 64
2.1. Interferon monotherapy 64
2.1.1. Effect of alcohol on interferon treatment 66
2.1.2. Long term follow up 67
2.1.3. Interferon in the prevention of liver cancer 67
2.2. Combined therapy with interferon and ribavirin 68
2.2.1. Recommendation of the European Association for the Study of
Liver (EASL) 69
2.2.2. Therapy of chronic hepatitis C in children 70
2.2.3. Treatment of patients with HCV recurrency after liver transplantation 71
3. Pegylated interferon 71
4. Other treatment modalities, future possibilities 72
Conclusions 72
References 73
Contents vii
Chapter 6. New Therapeutic Strategy for Chronic Hepatitis C 75
N. Hayashi and A. Kasahara
Introduction 75
1. Interferon Therapy 75
1.1. Recommendations for use of interferon therapy 75
1.2. Results of interferon therapy with different treatment schedules 76
1.3. Prolonged interferon treatment 77
2. Clinical outcome after interferon treatment 77
2.1. Long term biochemical and virological outcome 77
2.2. Histological outcome after interferon 78
2.3. Development of HCC 79
Conclusions 80
References 81
Chapter 7. Transgenic Mouse Models for Viral Hepatitis: The Role of Hepatitis Viruses in
Hepatocarcinogenesis 85
K. Koike
Introduction 85
1. Pathogenesis of HCC in persistent hepatitis virus infections 86
2. Application of transgenic mice to molecular medical analysis of viral hepatitis ... 86
3. HCV transgenic mouse 87
3.1. Establishment of transgenic mice introduced with the HCV core gene .... 87
3.2. Early development of steatosis characteristic of chronic hepatitis C in
transgenic mice having the HCV core gene 88
3.3. Development of HCC in transgenic mice harboring the HCV core gene ... 89
3.4. Mechanism for hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice harboring the HCV
core gene 90
4. HBV transgenic mouse 91
4.1. Transgenic mice harboring the HBV X gene 91
4.2. Sequential changes in the liver of transgenic mice with the HBV X gene ... 91
4.3. Mechanism for hepatocarcinogenesis stimulated by the HBx protein 92
5. Hepatocarcinogenesis induced by hepatitis viruses: a mechanism distinct from the
proposal by Vogelstein 92
Summary 94
References 94
Chapter 8. Gene Therapy of Viral Hepatitis 97
H.E. Blum
Introduction 97
1. Basic concepts of gene therapy 98
1.1. Gene repair or substitution 98
1.2. Block of gene expression or function 99
1.3. Gene augmentation 99
1.4. DNA vaccination 100
2. Gene therapy of viral hepatitis 100
2.1. Block of gene expression or function 100
2.1.1. Ribozymes 100
2.1.2. Antisense oligonucleotides 101
2.1.3. Interfering peptides or proteins 101
viii Contents
2.1.4. DNA vaccination 101
3. Current issues and perspectives 102
References 102
Liver Cirrhosis
Chapter 9. Reversibility of Liver Cirrhosis: Evidence from Clinical and Basic Research . . 113
A. Watanabe
Introduction 113
1. Diagnostic criteria of liver cirrhosis 113
2. Difficulty in diagnosing liver cirrhosis — evaluation of the transition period from
chronic hepatitis to liver cirrhosis 114
3. Parameters for evaluation of improvement in liver fibrosis 115
3.1. Fiber stained specimens of liver tissue 115
3.2. Blood biochemistry 116
3.3. Biochemistry using liver tissue 117
3.4. Urinary pyridinoline 117
4. Is advanced chronic hepatitis (pre cirrhosis) or early liver cirrhosis reversible? ... 117
5. Mechanism of improvement in liver fibrosis and anti fibrosis drugs 118
5.1. Mechanism of improvement in liver fibrosis 119
5.2. Development of drugs for liver fibrosis 120
6. Is liver cirrhosis accompanied by thick collateral vessels reversible? 120
7. Association with liver carcinogenesis 122
Conclusion 122
References 123
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Chapter 10. Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Diverse Strategies Based on
Underlying Liver Diseases 129
M. Omata
1. Increase in hepatocellular carcinoma 129
2. Course of hepatic fibrosis and carcinogenesis 129
3. Suppression of the indicence of type C HCC using interferon 131
4. Mitigation of hepatic necrosis/inflammation with viral elimination and abatement
of fibrosis 133
5. Regular medical care for HCC 135
6. Problems in medical care for HCC nodes 136
7. Curing cirrhosis 137
8. Delineating high risk groups for HCC 137
9. Future perspectives 139
References 139
Chapter 11. Gene Expression Profiles in Hepatocellular Carcinoma 141
S. Kaneko and K. Kobayashi
Introduction 141
1. Comprehensive gene expression profile of HCC complicated in chronic hepatitis . . 141
2. a Fetoprotein producing hepatoma cell lines share common expression profiles . . 142
3. Identification of differentially expressed genes in HCC 143
Contents ix
4. Making sense of genomic results for HCC 144
References 145
Chapter 12. Gene Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advancements and
Problems to Overcome 147
5. Kuriyama, H. Tsujinoue, T. Nakatani, H. Yoshiji and H. Fukui
Introduction 147
1. Gene therapy protocols 147
2. Gene delivery systems 148
3. HCC selective transgene expression 148
4. Therapeutic strategies for gene therapy against HCC 150
4.1. Tumor suppressor gene therapy 150
4.2. Genetic immunotherapy 151
4.2.1. Transduction of HCC cells with cytokine genes 151
4.2.2. Enhancement of tumor immunogenicity 152
4.2.3. Genetic modification of dendritic cells 153
4.3. Suicide gene therapy against HCC 153
4.3.1. HSV tk gene 153
4.3.2. Bacterial CD gene 155
4.4. Antisense strategy 156
4.5. Antiangiogenesis strategy 156
5. Clinical gene therapy trials against HCC 157
6. Problems to overcome for successful gene therapy against HCC 158
References 159
Chapter 13. Novel Immunological Approach for the Treatment of Hepatocellular
Carcinoma 169
T. Higashi, K. Nouso, M. Uemura, S. Nakamura and Y. Kobayashi
Introduction 169
1. Adoptive immunotherapy using LAK cells in human HCC 170
2. Immunotherapy targeting tumor specific antigen 171
3. Immunotherapy for human HCC in prospect 172
Conclusions 176
References 176
Alcoholic Liver Injury
Chapter 14. Assessment of the Reversibility and Treatments of Alcoholic Liver Disease . . 183
J.C. Bode
Introduction 183
1. Spectrum of alcoholic liver disease 184
2. Treatment 186
2.1. Abstinence and reversibility of ALD 186
2.2. Nutritional therapy 187
2.2.1. Protein calorie supplementation 188
2.2.2. Vitamins and trace elements 188
2.3. Drug treatment 189
2.3.1. Glucocorticoids 190
2.3.2. Propylthiouracil (PTU) 192
x Contents
2.3.3. Anabolic steroids 192
2.3.4. Colchicine 193
2.3.5. Flavonoids 193
2.3.6. Polyunsaturated phosphatydylcholine (PPC) 194
2.3.7. S adenosyl methionine (SAM) 194
2.3.8. Malotilate 195
2.3.9. Pentoxifylline (POF) 195
2.3.10. Miscellaneous 196
2.4. Liver transplantation 196
References 197
Autoimmune Liver Diseases
Chapter 15. Molecular Mechanisms of Autoimmune Hepatitis 207
A. Vogel and M.P. Manns
Introduction 207
1. Autoimmune hepatitis and genetic factors 208
2. Autoimmune hepatitis in APECED 210
3. Autoimmunity and viruses 212
3.1. Molecular mimicry 212
3.2. Bystander activation 212
3.3. Superantigens 213
3.4. Autoimmune hepatitis and viruses 213
4. Autoimmune hepatitis and drugs 213
Conclusions 214
References 215
Chapter 16. Roles of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Autoimmune Hepatitis 219
H. Miyakawa
Introduction 219
1. Anti GOR in HCV infection 219
2. Possibility of HCV infection as the trigger of AIH 219
3. HCV associated autoimmunity: anti LKM 1 in HCV infected patients 220
4. Anti CYP2D6 and HCV infection 220
5. Cross reactivity based on molecular homology 222
6. CYP2D6 Genetic polymorphisms and the production of anti LKM l 222
7. Immunoreactivity with CYP proteins other than CYP2D6 in HCV infection 224
8. Treatment for AIH patients with HCV infection 225
Closing remarks 225
References 225
Chapter 17. Molecular Mechanisms of T cell Responses of Autoimmune Hepatitis 229
M. Zeniva, H. Takahashi, Y. Aizawa and G. Toda
Background 229
1. Immunomolecular mechanisms of hepatocyte damage 229
2. Autoantigenic peptide recognition in AIH 231
3. How does an autoantigen trigger an autoimmune reaction? 231
3.1. Molecular mimicry 231
4. T cell response 231
Contents xi
5. Specific T cell clones in AIH 232
6. TCR VP chain repertoire in AIH 232
7. Tolerance breaking 233
8. Cytotoxic effector mechanisms 233
Summary 235
Acknowledgements 235
References 235
Chapter 18. Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: Solving the Enigma 239
K. Yamamoto and M.E. Gershwin
Introduction 239
1. Clinical features of disease 240
2. Epidemiology 241
3. Bile duct destruction 241
4. Autoantibody production 242
5. Molecular mimicry 245
6. Immunogenetics 245
7. Immunochemistry 245
8. Is there a role for IgA? 246
9. Models of disease 246
10. Do xenobiotics cause PBC? 247
References 249
Chapter 19. Induction of T Cell Anergy by Peptide Analogues in Primary Biliary Cirrhosis 255
H. Ishibashi, S. Shimoda, H. Shigematsu and M. Nakamura
Introduction 255
1. Identification of T cell epitope 256
2. Antigen specificity and HLA restriction of the T cell response 256
3. Minimal epitope mapping 256
4. Frequency of T cells in the peripheral blood and the liver 257
5. Proliferative response of T cells against Analogue Peptides 257
6. Anergy assay 258
Summary 259
Acknowledgements 260
References 260
Chapter 20. Putative Mechanism of Overlap Syndrome: What is the Entity? 263
M. Onji and K. Yamamoto
Introduction 263
1. Overview of the overlap syndrome of autoimmune liver diseases 263
2. Putative mechanism of overlap syndrome 265
2.1. Our recent study on the overlap syndrome 267
3. Present concept of overlap syndrome of autoimmune liver diseases 269
Summary 269
References 271
Fulminant Hepatic Failure
Chapter 21. Etiology and Pathophysiology of Fulminant Hepatic Failure 275
K. Fujiwara and S. Mochida
Introduction 275
xii Contents
1. Demographic features of fulminant hepatitis and LOHF in Japan 276
1.1. Background of fulminant hepatitis and LOHF 276
1.2. Etiology of fulminant hepatitis and LOHF 277
1.3. Acute hepatitis severe type and fulminant hepatic failure 278
2. The mechanisms of massive liver necrosis 278
2.1. Viral factors 278
2.2. Immunological factors 279
2.3. Local factors in the liver 279
3. Therapeutic strategies for prevention of massive liver necrosis 281
4. Treatment and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis and LOHF in Japan 281
References 282
Chapter 22. Cytokines and Fulminant Hepatic Failure 285
K. Kayano, I. Sakaida and K. Okita
Introduction 285
1. Mechanisms for the onset of viral hepatitis 285
1.1. Mechanisms of hepatic cytotoxicity 285
1.2. Mechanisms of hepatic histological damage 286
2. Cytokine dynamics in viral hepatitis 287
3. Cytokine dynamics in fulminant hepatic failure 287
3.1. Animal models 288
3.1.1. Activated T cell mediated model 288
3.1.2. Activated macrophage mediated model 288
3.2. Cases of fulminant hepatic failure 289
4. Future perspectives 290
References 290
Chapter 23. Treatment and Prognosis of Fulminant Hepatic Failure 293
M. Yoshiha
Introduction 293
1. Difference between FHF and FH 293
2. Symptomatic treatment of FHF 295
3. Artificial liver 296
4. Treatment of underlying liver diseases 296
5. Liver transplantation 300
6. Prognosis 301
References 302
Living Related Liver Transplantation
Chapter 24. Current Strategy of Living Related Liver Transplantation: Overview 307
K. Tanaka and S. Kaihara
Introduction 307
1. Donor selection 308
1.1. Informed consent 308
1.2. Evaluation 308
1.3. Contraindications 308
1.4. Risk for the donor 309
2. Results of LRLT 309
Contents xiii
2.1. Patient survival 309
2.2. Surgical complications 310
2.2.1. Vascular complications 310
2.2.2. Biliary complications 310
2.3. Rejection 310
3. Graft size matching 311
3.1. Small for size graft 311
3.2. Large for size graft 311
4. Right lobe LRLT for adults 312
4.1. Evolution of right lobe graft for adults 312
4.2. Donor safety 312
4.3. Technical issues in right lobe LRLT 313
4.3.1. Vascular complications 313
4.3.2. Biliary complications 314
5. Future directions 314
References 314
Chapter 25. Viral Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Relation to Living Donor
Liver Transplants 319
T. Ichida
Introduction 319
1. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) positive cirrhosis 319
1.1. Prophylaxis by means of HBIG 320
1.2. Prophylaxis by means of lamivudine administration 321
1.3. Prophylaxis by means of lamivudine and combined use of HBIG 322
1.4. Treatment with respect to cases of HBV infection after transplant using
lamivudine 322
1.5. Future problems 322
2. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) positive cirrhosis 323
2.1. HCV reinfection 323
2.2. Prophylaxis for HCV re infection 324
2.3. Future problems 325
3. Hepatocellular carcinoma 326
3.1. Liver transplants and other treatments in terms of survival rates 326
3.2. Liver transplants and other treatments in terms of cases of mortality 327
3.3. Liver transplants and other treatments in terms of applicable standards .... 328
3.4. Recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after transplant 329
3.5. Future problems 332
References 332
Index 337
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| id | DE-604.BV014387431 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T19:02:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0444506535 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2002018927 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009848522 |
| oclc_num | 48951397 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | XX, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst., 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2002 |
| publishDateSearch | 2002 |
| publishDateSort | 2002 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases ed. by Takao Tsuji ... 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2002 XX, 342 S. Ill., graph. Darst., 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Liver Diseases genetics Liver Diseases immunology Liver Diseases therapy Liver Diseases Immunological aspects Liver Diseases Molecular aspects Immunologie (DE-588)4026637-0 gnd rswk-swf Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd rswk-swf Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 gnd rswk-swf Leberkrankheit (DE-588)4034937-8 gnd rswk-swf Leberkrankheit (DE-588)4034937-8 s Immunologie (DE-588)4026637-0 s Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 s DE-604 Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 s Tsuji, Takao Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009848522&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases Liver Diseases genetics Liver Diseases immunology Liver Diseases therapy Liver Diseases Immunological aspects Liver Diseases Molecular aspects Immunologie (DE-588)4026637-0 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 gnd Leberkrankheit (DE-588)4034937-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4026637-0 (DE-588)4039983-7 (DE-588)4059798-2 (DE-588)4034937-8 |
| title | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases |
| title_auth | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases |
| title_exact_search | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases |
| title_full | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases ed. by Takao Tsuji ... |
| title_fullStr | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases ed. by Takao Tsuji ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases ed. by Takao Tsuji ... |
| title_short | Molecular biology and immunology in hepatology |
| title_sort | molecular biology and immunology in hepatology advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases |
| title_sub | advances in the treatment of intractable liver diseases |
| topic | Liver Diseases genetics Liver Diseases immunology Liver Diseases therapy Liver Diseases Immunological aspects Liver Diseases Molecular aspects Immunologie (DE-588)4026637-0 gnd Molekularbiologie (DE-588)4039983-7 gnd Therapie (DE-588)4059798-2 gnd Leberkrankheit (DE-588)4034937-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Liver Diseases genetics Liver Diseases immunology Liver Diseases therapy Liver Diseases Immunological aspects Liver Diseases Molecular aspects Immunologie Molekularbiologie Therapie Leberkrankheit |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009848522&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT tsujitakao molecularbiologyandimmunologyinhepatologyadvancesinthetreatmentofintractableliverdiseases |