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The sun: an introduction ; with 27 tables

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author:	Stix, Michael (Author)
Format:	Book
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2002
Edition:	2. ed.
Series:	Astronomy and astrophysics library Physics and astronomy online library
Subjects:	Sonne
Online Access:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Item Description:	Literaturverz. S. 453 - 483
Physical Description:	XVI, 490 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	3540428860

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MARC


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adam_text	TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUN . 1 1.1 DISTANCE . 2 1.2 MASS . 3 1.3 RADIUS . 4 1.4 LUMINOSITY . 5 1.5 SPECTRAL ENERGY DISTRIBUTION . 8 1.5.1 ENERGY FLUX AND INTENSITY . 8 1.5.2 THE VISIBLE . 9 1.5.3 THE INFRARED . 10 1.5.4 THE RADIO SPECTRUM . 11 1.5.5 THE ULTRAVIOLET . 12 1.5.6 EXTREME ULTRAVIOLET AND X-RAYS . 13 1.5.7 COLOR INDICES . 14 1.6 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 15 2. INTERNAL STRUCTURE . 17 2.1 CONSTRUCTION OF A MODEL . 17 2.1.1 THE EVOLUTIONARY SEQUENCE . 17 2.1.2 THE STANDARD MODEL . 19 2.2 AGE AND PRE-MAIN-SEQUENCE EVOLUTION . 20 2.3 MODEL INGREDIENTS . 24 2.3.1 CONSERVATION LAWS . 24 2.3.2 ENERGY TRANSPORT . 25 2.3.3 ELEMENT DIFFUSION IN THE INTERIOR . 27 2.3.4 THE EQUATION OF STATE . 30 2.3.5 THE ENTROPY . 36 2.3.6 NUCLEAR ENERGY SOURCES . 38 2.3.7 THE OPACITY . 47 2.3.8 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND METHOD OF SOLUTION . 51 2.4 RESULTS FOR A STANDARD SOLAR MODEL . 54 2.4.1 GENERAL EVOLUTION . 54 2.4.2 NEUTRINOS . 57 2.5 NON-STANDARD MODELS . 61 2.5.1 THE LOW- Z MODEL . 62 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.5.2 RAPIDLY ROTATING CORE . 62 2.5.3 INTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELD . 63 2.5.4 THE INTERNALLY MIXED MODEL . 63 2.6 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 64 3. TOOLS FOR SOLAR OBSERVATION . 67 3.1 LIMITATIONS . 67 3.1.1 GENERAL DIFFICULTIES . 67 3.1.2 SEEING: DESCRIPTION AND DEFINITIONS . 69 3.1.3 SEEING: HOW TO LIVE WITH IT . 73 3.1.4 ADAPTIVE OPTICS . 81 3.1.5 IMAGE RESTORATION . 83 3.2 HIGH-RESOLUTION TELESCOPES . 85 3.2.1 IMAGE SCALE . 85 3.2.2 MIRRORS FOR FIXED TELESCOPES . 86 3.2.3 TELESCOPES WITH LONG PRIMARY FOCUS . 89 3.2.4 TELESCOPES WITH SHORT PRIMARY FOCUS . 94 3.3 SPECTROGRAPHS AND SPECTROMETERS . 99 3.3.1 THE GRATING SPECTROGRAPH . 99 3.3.2 THE FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER . 101 3.3.3 THE MEASUREMENT OF LINE SHIFTS . 103 3.4 FILTERS AND MONOCHROMATORS . 106 3.4.1 THE LYOT FILTER . 106 3.4.2 TUNING: THE UNIVERSAL FILTER . 110 3.4.3 A TUNABLE MICHELSON INTERFEROMETER . 111 3.4.4 THE FABRYPEROT INTERFEROMETER . 112 3.4.5 A MAGNETO-OPTICAL FILTER . 115 3.4.6 A DOUBLE MONOCHROMATOR . 116 3.4.7 THE SPECTROHELIOGRAPH . 117 3.5 POLARIMETRY . 118 3.5.1 ZEEMAN SPLITTING . 118 3.5.2 POLARIZED LIGHT . 121 3.5.3 UNNOS EQUATIONS . 123 3.5.4 SOLAR POLARIMETERS . 131 3.5.5 SCATTERING POLARIZATION AND HANLE EFFECT . 136 3.6 SPECIAL-PURPOSE INSTRUMENTS . 137 3.6.1 THE PYRHELIOMETER . 137 3.6.2 NEUTRINO DETECTORS . 139 3.6.3 THE CORONAGRAPH . 143 3.7 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 145 TABLE OF CONTENTS XIII 4. THE ATMOSPHERE . 149 4.1 RADIATIVE TRANSFER * LOCAL THERMODYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM . 149 4.1.1 THE EQUATION OF TRANSFER . 149 4.1.2 VARIOUS EQUILIBRIA . 150 4.1.3 ABSORPTION LINES IN LTE . 152 4.2 RADIATIVE TRANSFER * STATISTICAL EQUILIBRIUM . 154 4.2.1 MODEL ASSUMPTIONS . 154 4.2.2 LINE RADIATION AND EINSTEIN COEFFICIENTS . 155 4.2.3 CONTINUUM RADIATION . 157 4.2.4 COLLISIONS . 158 4.2.5 THE SOURCE FUNCTION . 158 4.2.6 THE EQUATIONS OF STATISTICAL EQUILIBRIUM . 161 4.3 ATMOSPHERIC MODELS . 162 4.3.1 LIMB DARKENING . 162 4.3.2 MODEL CALCULATIONS IN LTE . 164 4.3.3 MODELS WITH DEPARTURES FROM LTE . 169 4.4 THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SUN . 175 4.4.1 SPECTRUM SYNTHESIS . 175 4.4.2 THE LIGHT ELEMENTS LITHIUM, BERYLLIUM, AND BORON . 176 4.4.3 HELIUM . 178 4.5 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 179 5. OSCILLATIONS . 181 5.1 OBSERVATIONS . 181 5.1.1 FIVE-MINUTE OSCILLATIONS . 181 5.1.2 THE SPECTRUM OF SOLAR OSCILLATIONS . 184 5.1.3 LOW-DEGREE P MODES . 189 5.1.4 LINE WIDTH AND LINE ASYMMETRY . 193 5.2 LINEAR ADIABATIC OSCILLATIONS OF A NON-ROTATING SUN . 194 5.2.1 BASIC EQUATIONS . 194 5.2.2 SPHERICAL HARMONIC REPRESENTATION . 195 5.2.3 THE COWLING APPROXIMATION . 197 5.2.4 LOCAL TREATMENT . 198 5.2.5 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS . 205 5.2.6 ASYMPTOTIC RESULTS . 207 5.3 HELIOSEISMOLOGY . 211 5.3.1 DIRECT MODELING AND INVERSION . 211 5.3.2 SPEED OF SOUND IN THE SOLAR INTERIOR . 213 5.3.3 DEPTH OF THE CONVECTION ZONE . 215 5.3.4 CHEMICAL CONSTITUTION . 217 5.3.5 EQUATION OF STATE . 218 5.3.6 INTERNAL MIXING . 219 5.3.7 PRECISE DETERMINATION OF THE SOLAR RADIUS . 220 5.3.8 INTERNAL ROTATION . 220 5.3.9 TRAVEL TIME AND ACOUSTIC IMAGING . 226 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS 5.4 EXCITATION AND DAMPING . 229 5.4.1 THE * MECHANISM . 229 5.4.2 STOCHASTIC EXCITATION BY CONVECTION . 230 5.5 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 232 6. CONVECTION . 237 6.1 STABILITY . 237 6.2 MIXING-LENGTH THEORY . 239 6.2.1 THE LOCAL FORMALISM . 240 6.2.2 NUMERICAL TEST CALCULATIONS . 243 6.2.3 OVERSHOOTING: A NON-LOCAL FORMALISM . 245 6.3 GRANULATION . 248 6.3.1 THE OBSERVED PATTERN . 248 6.3.2 MODELS . 257 6.3.3 MEAN LINE PROFILES . 261 6.4 MESOGRANULATION . 265 6.5 SUPERGRANULATION . 267 6.5.1 THE VELOCITY FIELD AND THE NETWORK . 267 6.5.2 CONVECTIVE NATURE . 269 6.5.3 THE EFFECT OF ROTATION . 270 6.6 GIANT CELLS . 271 6.6.1 TRACER RESULTS . 271 6.6.2 SPECTROSCOPIC RESULTS . 273 6.7 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 274 7. ROTATION . 277 7.1 AXIS OF ROTATION . 277 7.2 OBLATENESS . 279 7.2.1 ORIGIN . 279 7.2.2 MEASUREMENTS . 280 7.3 ROTATIONAL HISTORY . 281 7.3.1 THE INITIAL STATE . 281 7.3.2 TORQUES . 283 7.3.3 EVOLUTION OF THE SOLAR ROTATION . 286 7.4 THE ANGULAR VELOCITY OF THE SUN . 288 7.4.1 THE INTERNAL ANGULAR VELOCITY . 288 7.4.2 THE ANGULAR VELOCITY AT THE SURFACE . 289 7.4.3 MERIDIONAL CIRCULATION . 295 7.4.4 CORRELATION OF FLOW COMPONENTS . 296 7.5 MODELS OF A ROTATING CONVECTION ZONE . 297 7.5.1 CONSERVATION OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM . 297 7.5.2 MEAN-FIELD MODELS . 298 7.5.3 EXPLICIT MODELS . 301 7.6 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 303 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 8. MAGNETISM . 305 8.1 FIELDS AND CONDUCTING MATTER . 305 8.1.1 THE INDUCTION EQUATION . 305 8.1.2 ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY ON THE SUN . 307 8.1.3 FROZEN MAGNETIC FIELD . 309 8.1.4 THE MAGNETIC FORCE . 310 8.2 FLUX TUBES . 312 8.2.1 CONCENTRATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX . 312 8.2.2 OBSERVATIONAL EVIDENCE FOR FLUX TUBES . 318 8.2.3 VERTICAL THIN FLUX TUBES . 327 8.2.4 CURVED THIN FLUX TUBES . 333 8.2.5 THERMAL STRUCTURE OF PHOTOSPHERIC TUBES . 340 8.3 SUNSPOTS . 342 8.3.1 EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION . 342 8.3.2 SUNSPOT MODELS . 346 8.3.3 SUNSPOTS AND THE SOLAR CONSTANT . 354 8.3.4 DOTS AND GRAINS . 356 8.3.5 OSCILLATIONS IN SUNSPOTS . 359 8.3.6 THE EVERSHED EFFECT . 361 8.4 THE SOLAR CYCLE . 364 8.4.1 GLOBAL MAGNETISM . 364 8.4.2 MEAN-FIELD ELECTRODYNAMICS . 368 8.4.3 THE KINEMATIC ** DYNAMO . 372 8.4.4 THE MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC SOLAR DYNAMO . 378 8.5 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 382 9. CHROMOSPHERE, CORONA, AND SOLAR WIND . 387 9.1 EMPIRICAL FACTS . 387 9.1.1 THE CHROMOSPHERE . 387 9.1.2 THE TRANSITION REGION . 392 9.1.3 THE CORONA . 394 9.1.4 THE WIND . 403 9.2 CONSEQUENCES OF HIGH TEMPERATURE . 409 9.2.1 HEAT CONDUCTION . 409 9.2.2 EXPANSION . 411 9.3 THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN THE OUTER ATMOSPHERE . 413 9.3.1 MAGNETIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS . 413 9.3.2 POTENTIAL FIELD EXTRAPOLATION . 414 9.3.3 THE FORCE-FREE FIELD . 417 9.3.4 PROMINENCES . 419 9.3.5 MAGNETIC BRAKING OF SOLAR ROTATION . 422 9.4 THE ENERGY BALANCE . 425 9.4.1 NEEDS . 425 9.4.2 HEATING . 427 9.5 EXPLOSIVE EVENTS . 431 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 9.5.1 FLARES AND OTHER ERUPTIONS . 432 9.5.2 RELEASE OF MAGNETIC ENERGY . 438 9.6 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES . 440 LIST OF SYMBOLS . 443 REFERENCES . 453 INDEX . 485
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discipline	Physik
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title	The sun an introduction ; with 27 tables
title_auth	The sun an introduction ; with 27 tables
title_exact_search	The sun an introduction ; with 27 tables
title_full	The sun an introduction ; with 27 tables Michael Stix
title_fullStr	The sun an introduction ; with 27 tables Michael Stix
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title_short	The sun
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title_sub	an introduction ; with 27 tables
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