Introduction to child law in South Africa:
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| Format: | Book |
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| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Landsdowne
Juta
2000
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | LXXXIX, 473 S. |
| ISBN: | 0702155934 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to child law in South Africa |c C. J. Davel (ed.) |
| 264 | 1 | |a Landsdowne |b Juta |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a LXXXIX, 473 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Enfants - Droit - Afrique du Sud | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Mineurs (Droit) - Afrique du Sud | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Kind | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Children |x Legal status, laws, etc. |z South Africa | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Children's rights | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Südafrika (Staat) | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Davel, Catharina J. |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
FOREWORD V
PREFACE VII
BIBLIOGRAPHY XXV
ABBREVIATIONS XLVI
TABLE OF CASES XLVII
TABLE OF STATUTES LIX
INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS LXXIII
FART I ASWKTTS OF PRIVATE IJJW PETTTAINIIWL TT FFFLLMFW
CHAPTER 1 THE STATUS OF CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICAN PRIVATE
LAW 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 'CHILDREN' IN THE EYES OF THE LAW 2
1.2.1 THE BEGINNING OF LEGAL SUBJECTIVITY 2
1.2.1.1 BIRTH 2
1.2.1.2 PROTECTION OF THE UNBORN'S INTERESTS 3
1.2.1.2.1 PROTECTION BY MEANS OF THE NASCITURUS FICTION 3
1.2.1.2.2 STATUTORY PROTECTION OF THE UNBOM'S INTERESTS IN
SUCCESSION 7
1.2.13 BIRTH CONTROL 8
1.2.13.1 STERILIZATION 8
1.2.13.2 TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY. 10
1.2.1.4 REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS ." 11
1.2.2 TERMINATION OF MINORITY 13
13 FACTORS THAT DETERMINE A CHILD'S STATUS 14
13.1 AGE 14
13.1.1 WANS 15
13.1.1.1 LEGAL CAPACITY 15
1.3.1.12 CAPACITY TO ACT . 16
13.113 CAPACITY TO LITIGATE .; 18
13.1.2 MINOR . 18
13*1.2.1 LEGAL CAPACITY 18
13.1.2.2 CAPACITY TO ACT 18
13.1.2.2.1 AGREEMENTS IN RESPECT OF WHICH A MINOR
HAS FULL CAPACITY TO ACT . 18
13.1.2.2.2 AGREEMENTS IN RESPECT ERF WHICH A MINOR
HAS LIMITED CAPACITY TO ACT . 20
13.12.23 CONSEQUENCES OF AGREEMENTS BINDING ON
THE MINOR . 24
XII INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
1.31.2.2.4 CONSEQUENCES OF AGREEMENTS NOT BIND-
ING ON THE MINOR 25
1.3.1.2.2.5 AGREEMENTS IN RESPECT OF WHICH A MINOR
HAS NO CAPACITY TO ACT 26
1.3.1.2.2.6 CAPACITY TO CONCLUDE A MARRIAGE 27
1.3.1.2.3 CAPACITY TO LITIGATE 28
1.3.2 BIRTH OUT OF WEDLOCK 30
1.3.2.1 INTRODUCTION 31
1.3.2.2 INCIDENTS OF PARENTAL AUTHORITY 33
1.3.2.2.1 GUARDIANSHIP 33
1.3.2.2.2 CUSTODY . . 35
1.3.2.2.3 ACCESS 36
1.3.2.3 MAINTENANCE 38
1.3-2.4 CAPACITY TO INHERIT 38
1.3-3 THE INDIRECT EFFECT OF DOMICILE 39
1.3.4 ACCOUNTABILITY 40
1.3.5 OTHER FACTORS 40
CHAPTER 2 MAINTENANCE FOR CHILDREN 41
2.1 PARENTAL AUTHORITY AND THE DUTY OF MAINTENANCE 41
2.2 WHAT IS MAINTENANCE? 42
2.3 BASIS OR FOUNDATION OF THE MAINTENANCE ENTITLEMENT OF A CHILD AND
THE
PRIORITY OF LIABILITY 45
2.3.1 GENERAL 45
2.3.2 CHILDREN BORN IN WEDLOCK 47
2.33 CHILDREN BORN OUT OF WEDLOCK. 48
2.3.4 ADOPTED CHILDREN 49
2.3.5 CHILDREN CONCEIVED BY ARTIFICIAL INSEMINATION 49
2.3.6 STEPCHILDREN 49
2.3.7 CHILDREN RELATED BY MARRIAGE 49
2.3.8 NEPHEWS AND NIECES 49
2.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF THE MAINTENANCE OBLIGATION
. 50
2.5 EXTENT OF THE MAINTENANCE , 50
2.6 RIGHT OF RECOURSE FOR MAINTENANCE SUPPLIED 52
2.7 ENFORCING THE MAINTENANCE OBLIGATION 54
2.8 THE CORRECT COURT FOR THE VARIATION, SUSPENSION OR RESCISSION OF THE
MAINTENANCE ORDER 55
2.9 TERMINATION OF DIE MAINTENANCE OBLIGATION AND/OR MAINTENANCE ORDER .
. 56
2.9.1 AGE OF MAJORITY OF THE CHILD 56
2.9.2 SELF-SUPPORTRVENESS OR DEATH ERF THE CHILD 57
2.9.3 DEATH OF THE PERSON LIABLE FAR MAINTENANCE \ !. 58
2.9-4 REPLACING A PREVIOUS CTFDER ., , 62
2.9*5 GROW INGRATITUDE. . 62
2.9.6 INSOLVENCY. * ., .-.!." 11!!!!! 1!!!!!!!! 62
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGP
2.10 CRIMINAL SANCTIONS IN RESPECT OF THE NON-COMPLIANCE WITH THE
MAINTENANCE
OBLIGATION 62
2.10.1 SECTION 50(2) OF THE CHILD CARE ACT 74 ERF 1983 62
2.10.2 SECTION 31(1) OF THE MAINTENANCE ACT 99 OF 1998 63
2.10.3 COMMON-LAW OFFENCE OF CONTEMPT OF COURT 63
2.11 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE BY THE GOVERNMENT IN THE MAINTENANCE OF
CHILDREN. . 63
2.11.1 INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS. .
63
2.11.2 UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 63
2.11.3 SECTION 28(X)(C) OF THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH
AFIICA
ACT 108 OF 1996 64
CHAPTER 3 CHILDREN AND DIVORCE 65
3.1 INTRODUCTION 65
3.2 THE FAMILY ADVOCATE 66
3.3 PARENTAL AUTHORITY 68
3.4 THE APPROACH OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN COURTS 69
3.5 GUARDIANSHIP AND DIVORCE 71
3.6 CUSTODY AND DIVORCE 72
3.6.1 INTRODUCTION 72
3.6.2 THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD AS PARAMOUNT CONSIDERATION IN
DIVORCE
ACTIONS 72
3.6.3 PARENTS AND CUSTODY OF THEIR CHILDREN 73
3.6.3.1 THE INFLUENCE OF FAULT OF THE PARENTS ON THE AWARD OF
CUSTODY 75
3.6.3.2 GAY/LESBIAN PARENTS 76
3.6.3.3 MATERNAL PREFERENCE 77
3.6.3.4 JOINT CUSTODY 79
3.6.3.5 HIE CHILD'S PREFERENCE 81
3.6.3.6 THE 'EXISTING ENVIRONMENT' CRITERION 83
3.6.3.7 THE MATERIAL POSITION OF THE PARENTS 83
3.6.3.8 THE DESIRABILITY OF NOT SEPARATING SIBLINGS UNNECESSARILY. *
84
3.7 ACCESS , 84
3.8 CONCLUSION 86
CHAPTER 4 FAMILY MEDIATION , 87
4.1 INTRODUCTION . 87
4.2 IMPACT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN 88
4.3 IS THE ADVERSARIAL APPROACH APPROPRIATE IN DIVORCE MATTERS? 90
4.4 NEW WAYS OF SAFEGUARDING THE INTERESTS OF CHILDREN ON DIVORCE. 90
4.5 FAMILY MEDIATION. 91
4.6 MEDIATION PROCEDURE . 92
4.6.1 INITIATING THE PROCESS. . . 92
4.6.2 FIRST MEETINGS WITH THE PARTIES . 92
4.63 EXPLAINING MEDIATION. / 92
4.6.4 PURPOSE OF MEDIATION V .*.*/* 92
XIV INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
4.6.5 THE MEDIATOR'S ROLE 92
4.6.6 SUBSEQUENT MEETINGS 93
4.7 IS THE FAMILY ADVOCATE PRACTISING MEDIATION? 94
4.8 AN ASSESSMENT OF MEDIATION 95
4.8.1 THE CLAIMED ADVANTAGES OF MEDIATION 95
4.8.1.1 IMPROVED COMMUNICATION AND REDUCTION OF CONFLICT 96
4.8.1.2 MEDIATION IS PARTICULARLY APPROPRIATE IN FAMILY DISPUTES . 96
4.8.1.3 A MEDIATED DIVORCE IS BETTER FOR THE CHILDREN THAN A LITIGATED
ONE 96
4.8.2 DISADVANTAGES OF MEDIATION 97
4.8.2.1 THE FEMINIST APPROACH 97
4.8.2.1.1 MEDIATION EMPHASIZES CHILDREN'S INTERESTS AT THE
EXPENSE OF WOMEN'S RIGHTS 97
4.8.2.1.2 MEDIATORS DISPLAY A BIAS IN FAVOUR OF JOINT CUSTODY. 97
4.8.2.2 MEDIATION IS INAPPROPRIATE IN CERTAIN CASES 98
4.8.2.2.1 WHERE THE PARTIES HAVE UNEQUAL POWER 98
4.8.2.2.2 WHERE THERE IS A HISTORY OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE . 98
4.8.2.2.3 WHERE THERE IS PSYCHOPATHY 98
4.8.3 ACCESS TO JUSTICE 98
4.8.4 THE PROBLEM OF CONFIDENTIALITY , 99
4.9 WHICH PROFESSION SHOULD PRACTISE MEDIATION? 99
5 ADOPTION 101
5.1 INTRODUCTION 101
5.2 PROCEDURE FOR ADOPTION 103
5.2.1 JURISDICTION 103
5.2.2 ADOPTION PROCEEDINGS WITHOUT A HEARING 103
5.2.3 ADOPTION PROCEEDINGS WITH A HEARING. , 104
5.3 WHO MAY BE ADOPTED 105
5.4 PERSONS QUALIFIED TO ADOPT A CHILD 105
5.4.1 GAY AND LESBIAN ADOPTIONS . . 105
5.5 ADOPTION CRITERIA 106
5.5.1 RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL BACKGROUND OF THE CHILD, PARENTS AND
PROSPECTIVE ADOPTIVE PARENTS. . . . 107
5.5.2 PRESCRIBED REPORT BY A SOCIAL WORKER 107
5.5.3 THE APPLICANT IS, OR BOTH APPLICANTS ARE, QUALIFIED TO ADOPT THE
CHILD IN
TERMS OF SECTION 17 OF THE ACT AND POSSESSED OF ADEQUATE MEANS TO
MAINTAIN AND EDUCATE THE CHILD 108
5.5.4 THE APPLICANTS) IS/AIE ERF GOOD REPUTE AND FIT AND PROPER TO BE
ENTRUSTED WITH THE CUSTODY OF THE CHILD. 108
5.5.5 THE ADOPTIVE PARENT AND CITIZENSHIP. 108
5.6 CONSENT TO ADOPTION 108
5.6.1 DISPENSING WITH PARENTAL CONSENT. 109
5.6.2 THE CHILD'S CONSENT ,. HO
;
:
- 5A3 WITHDRAWAL OF CONSENT. .*.!!!!!!!!!! 110
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
PAGE
5.6.4 CONSENT OF THE FOSTER PARENTS 110
5.7 EFFECT OF ADOPTION 110
5.8 RESCISSION, APPEAL AND REVIEW ILL
5.8.1 RESCISSION . . ILL
5.8.2 APPEAL 112
5.8.3 REVIEW 113
5.9 PROHIBITION OF PAYMENT IN RESPECT OF ADOPTION 113
5.10 ACCESS TO INFORMATION 114
5.11 INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTIONS 114
5.12 CONCLUSION 115
6 THE CHILD IN NEED OF ALTERNATIVE CARE 116
6.1 INTRODUCTION 116
6.2 THE CHILDREN'S COURTS 117
6.3 HOW DO CHILDREN COME INTO CARE? 120
6.4 HIE PERIOD PENDING A CARE INQUIRY 122
6.5 ESTABLISHING WHETHER A CHILD IS IN NEED OF ALTERNATIVE CARE 126
6.6 OUTCOMES: WHAT CAN THE CHILDREN'S COURT DO? 127
6.7 CHILDREN PLACED IN ALTERNATIVE CARE: TTIE POST-COURT PHASE 132
6.8 CONCLUSION 136
7 THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD AND AFRICAN CUSTOMARY LAW 137
7.1 INTRODUCTION 137
7.2 APPLICATION OF CUSTOMARY LAW PRIOR TO 27 APRIL 1994 138
7.3 THE CONSTITUTION 138
7.3-1 INTERPRETATION . . 139
7.3.2 LIMITATION 139
7.4 BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 140
7.5 DETERMINING THE RIGHTS ERF CHILDREN 140
7.5.1 HOW MARRIAGE DETERMINES THE RIGHTS OF CHILDREN IN CUSTOMARY LAW .
. 141
7.5.2 EARLIER CASES DEALING WITH CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP 143
7.6 LATER CASES AND THE IMPACT OF THE CONSTITUTION. 145
7.6.1 CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP 145
7.6.2 SUCCESSION 146
7.6.3 LOBOB FOR A CHILD (OR CHILDREN) 148
7.7 CONCLUSION 149
8 THE THEORY OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 150
8.1 INTRODUCTION 150
8.2 CHILDREN AS RIGHTFR-HOLDEIS 151
8.3 THE IMPORTANCE ERF RIGHTS . . 152
8.3.1 ARE RIGHTS IMPORTANT FOR CHILDREN? 153
8.3.2 THE LIMITATIONS OF RIGHTS 155
8.4 A FRAMEWORK FOR CHILDREN'S RIGHTS , 155
8.4.1 FREEMAN AND A FRAMEWORK FOR CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 156
XVI INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
8.4.1.1 RIGHTS TO WELFARE 156
8.4.1.2 RIGHT TO PROTECTION 156
8.4.1.3 THE RIGHT TO BE TREATED AS AN ADULT 157
8.4.1.4 RIGHTS AGAINST PARENTS. . . 157
8.4.1.5 LIBERAL PATERNALISM, CHILDREN, RIGHTS AND AUTONOMY 158
8.4.2 EEKELAAR AND A THEORY OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 159
8.4.2.1 BASIC INTERESTS 159
8.4.2.2 DEVELOPMENTAL INTERESTS 160
8.4.2.3 AUTONOMY INTERESTS 160
8.4.3 WALD AND A FRAMEWORK FOR CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 160
8.4.3.1 RIGHTS AGAINST THE WORLD 161
8.4.32 PROTECTION FROM INADEQUATE CARE 161
8.4.3.3 ADULT LEGAL STATUS 161
8.4.3.4 RIGHTS VERSUS PARENTS 161
8.4.4 HAFEN AND A THEORY OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS. . 163
8.5 CENTRAL ISSUES 164
8.6 CONCLUSION 165
PART O CONSTNIJTIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
CHAPTER 9 CONSTITIRNONAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN 169
9.1 INTRODUCTION 169
92 SOME BASIC CONSTITUTIONAL PRINCIPLES 170
9.2.1 CONSTITUTIONALISM 170
9.2.1.1 CONSTITUTIONAL SUPREMACY 170
9.2.1.2 JUSTIDABILITY . . 171
9.2.1.3 ENTRENCHMENT 171
9.3 THE BILL OF RIGHTS 171
9.3.1 OVERVIEW OF PROVISIONS 173
9.3.2 APPLICATION 173
9.32.1 BEARERS OF RIGHTS 173
9.3.2.2 BEARERS OF DUTIES '. . 174
9.3.3 STANDING 175
93.4 INTERPRETATION 176
9.3.5 JUSTIFICATION 177
9.4 CHILDREN'S RIGHTS _ 177
9.4.1 RIGHTS OF EVERYONE WITH PARTICULAR SIGNIFICANCE TO CHILDREN 178
9.4.1.1 THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY 178
9.4.1.2 TLIE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 179
9.4.13 PERSONAL AUTONOMY . 180
9.4.2 CHILDREN'S SPECIFIC RIGHTS: SECTION 28 181
9.4.2.1 THE RIGHT TO A NAME AND NATIONALITY FROM BIRTH 181
9.4.2*2 IHE RIGHT TO FAMILY CARE OR PARENTAL CARE _. 183
TABLE OF CONTENTS XVII
PAGE
9.4.2.2.1 THE PROVISION OF CARE OF A CERTAIN NATURE AND QUALITY 183
9.4.2.2.2 NON-INTERFERENCE WITH FAMILY OR PARENTAL CARE . 185
9.4.2.23 RESPECT FOR THE INSTITUTION OF FAMILY 186
9.4.2.3 CHILDREN'S ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RIGHTS 187
9.4.2.4 THE RIGHT AGAINST MALTREATMENT, NEGLECT, ABUSE OR DEGRADATION
188
9.4.2.5 THE RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATIVE LABOUR PRACTICES AND OTHER
LABOUR-RELATED RIGHTS OF CHILDREN 190
9.4.2.6 RIGHTS RELATED TO DETENTION 191
9.4.2.7 THE RIGHT TO LEGAL ASSISTANCE IN CIVIL PROCEEDINGS 193
9.4.2.8 HIE RIGHT NOT TO BE USED IN, AND TO BE PROTECTED IN TIMES OF,
ARMED CONFLICT 193
9.4.2.9 THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 194
9.5 CONCLUSION 195
CHAPTER 10 THE STATUS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
INSTRUMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA . . 197
10.1 HISTORIC OVERVIEW 197
10.2 INTERNATIONAL SOURCES OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS 198
10.3 SOUTH AFRICA'S POSITION WITH REGARD TO HUMAN RIGHTS TREATIES
REFERRING
SPECIFICALLY TO CHILDREN 199
10.4 IMPLEMENTATION OF CHILDREN'S RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA 200
10.4.1 NATIONAL PROGRAMME OF ACTION FOR CHILDREN IN SOUTH AFRICA 200
10.4.2 THE SOUTH AFRICAN CONSTITUTION 200
CHAPTER 11 THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF
THE CHILD: AN EVOLUTIONARY REVOLUTION 202
11.1 AN EVOLUTIONARY REVOLUTION 202
11.2 THE FOUR T'S . . 203
11.3 CHANGES IN THE CULTURE OF LISTENING 205
11.4 ECONOMIC AND SODAL CHANGE 207
11.5 THE TWO NEW PROTOCOLS 209
11.6 IMPLEMENTATION*TIME FAR A CHANGE 210
11.7 CONCLUSION 212
CHAPTER 12 THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON THE RIGHTS AND WELFARE OF
THE CHILD 214
12.1 INTRODUCTION. 214
12.2 THE POSITION OF CHILDREN IN AFRICA 214
123 INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF CHILDREN PREDATING THE AFRICAN
CHILDREN'S
CHARTER 215
12.3.1 ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 215
12.3*2 THE AFRICAN CHARTER ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS. 216
12.3.3 THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 217
XVIII INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
12 A BACKGROUND TO AND MOTIVATION FOR THE ADOPTION OF THE AFRICAN
CHILDREN'S
CHARTER 218
12.5 THE SUBSTANTIVE PROVISIONS IN THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER 219
12.5.1 MAIN FEATURES OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER 219
12.5.1.1 THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE CHILD 219
12.5.1.2 NON-DISCRIMINATION 219
12.5.1.3 PRIMACY OVER CULTURE 219
12.5.2 APPLICATION *DEFINITION OF A CHILD 220
12.5.3 RIGHTS 220
12.5-3.1 SURVIVAL RIGHTS 220
12.5.3.2 COMMUNAL RIGHTS 221
12.5.3.3 SELF-ASSERTING RIGHTS 221
12.5.3.4 PROTECTION RIGHTS 221
12.5.35 DEVELOPMENT RIGHTS 222
12.5.4 RESPONSIBILITIES 222
12.5.4.1 OF CHILDREN 222
12.5.4.2 OF PARENTS 222
12.5.5 COMPARISON OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER WITH THE AFRICAN
CHARTER 223
12.5.6 COMPARISON OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER WITH THE CONVENTION
ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD . . 224
12.5.7 TENSIONS AND POLARITIES 225
12.6 THE PROCEDURAL PROVISIONS IN THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER 225
12.6.1 MAIN FEATURES OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER 225
12.6.2 COMPARISON OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER WITH THE AFRICAN
CHARTER 226
12.6.3 COMPARISON OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER WITH THE CONVENTION
ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD . . . . 226
12.6.4 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S COMMITTEE 227
12.7 STATUS OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER 229
12.8 ROLE OF THE AFRICAN CHILDREN'S CHARTER IN SOUTH AFRICA. 229
12.9 CONCLUSION 231
CHAPTER 13 INTRODUCTION TO THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE
CIVIL ASPECTS OF INTERNATIONAL CHILD ABDUCTION 232
13.1 INTRODUCTION \ 232
132 AN OVERVIEW OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION 232
13.2.1 THE ORIGINS OF THE HAGUE CONVENTION 233
13.2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION 234
13-23 PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED UNDER THE HAGUE CONVENTION 234
13.2.4 SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 235
13.2.5 HABITUAL RESIDENCE WWW.WW 237
* 13.2.6 RIGHTS OF CUSTODY. ,V.'.- .!!!!!!!!!!*!!!!!!!!! 237
^ * * 13.2.7 DEFENCES. .-.*.,.*.*.,,.,., 238
TABLE OF CONTENTS XIX
PAGE
13.2.8 THE HAGUE CONVENTION AND NON-CONVENTION COUNTRIES 240
13.3 THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE CONVENTION 240
13.4 A FEW REFLECTIONS ON THE HAGUE CONVENTION 241
CHAPTER 14 THE HAGUE CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF
CHILDREN AND CO-OPERATION IN RESPECT OF INTER-
COUNTRY ADOPTION 1993 246
14.1 INTRODUCTION 246
14.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE CONVENTION 248
14.3 SCOPE OF THE CONVENTION 248
14.4 DUTIES OF THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES OF THE STATE OF ORIGIN 248
14.5 DUTIES OF THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES OF THE RECEIVING STATE 249
14.6 CENTRAL AUTHORITIES 250
14.7 TLIE PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN INTER-COUNTRY ADOPTIONS UNDER THE
CONVENTION 251
14.8 RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF ADOPTIONS MADE UNDER THE CON-
VENTION 253
14.9 PRESERVATION OF AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION 254
14.10 TRAFFICKING IN CHILDREN 254
14.11 BREACH OF CONVENTION PROVISIONS 255
14.12 CONFLICT OF LAWS 255
14.13 GENERAL PROVISIONS 255
14.14 CONCLUSION 256
CHAPTER 15 PROTOCOL ON CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT; AN INTER-
NATIONAL LAW ANALYSIS 257
15.1 INTRODUCTION 257
15.2 HISTORIC OVERVIEW 258
15.3 CURRENT POSITION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 258
15.4 THE OPTIONAL PROTOCOL ON CHILDREN IN ARMED CONFLICT 260
15.5 CONCLUSION * . 263
PART M EDUCATION LAW AND POLICY
CHAPTER 16 LAW, EDUCATION AND THE LEARNER 267
16.1 INTRODUCTION 267
16.2 EDUCATION IN THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 268
16.2.1 THE SHARING OF POWERS IN EDUCATION 271
16.2.2 CO-OPERATIVE GOVERNMENT IN EDUCATION 272
16.2.3 THE PUBLIC EDUCATION SECTOR IS PART OF THE BROADER PUBLIC SERVICE
272
16.2.4 TRANSFORMATION, EQUITY AND EQUALITY AS IMPERATIVES IN THE PUBLIC
EDUCATION ADMINISTRATION 274
16.3 SCHOOLS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN EDUCATION SYSTEM , 274
16.31 BACKGROUND 274
XX INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
16.3.2 PUBLIC SCHOOLS 275
16.3.3 INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS ; 276
16.4 THE LEARNER 277
16.4.1 WHO IS A LEARNER?. 277
16.4.2 THE LEARNER'S RIGHT TO EDUCATION 277
16.4.2.1 TLIE OBLIGATION OF THE STATE IN TERMS OF THE RIGHT TO
EDUCATION . . 280
16.4.2.2 THE INTERPRETATION AND LIMITATION OF THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION 281
16.4.3 THE LEARNER IN THE EDUCATION RELATIONSHIP 281
16.4.31 THE LEARNER IN EDUCATOR-LEARNER RELATIONSHIP 281
16.4.3.2 TLIE LEARNER IS A PARTNER IN EDUCATION 282
16.4.33 THE LEARNER IS A PERSON (CHILD) IN EDUCATION 282
16.5 CONCLUSION 283
CHAPTER 17 THE SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOLS ACT 84 OF 1996 284
17.1 INTRODUCTION . . . 284
17.2 LEARNERS 286
17.2.1 COMPULSORY SCHOOL ATTENDANCE 287
17.2.2 PROHIBITION OF CORPORAL PUNISHMENT 287
17.2.3 ADMISSION POLICY. 288
17.2.4 LANGUAGE POLICY . 289
17.2.5 FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE AND RELIGION 289
17.2.6 LEARNER REPRESENTATION IN A PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOL 290
17.2.7 CODE OF CONDUCT 291
17.2.8 SUSPENSION AND EXPULSION 291
17.3 THE PUBLIC SCHOOL 292
17.3.1 THE NATURE OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL 292
17.3.1.1 A JURISTIC PERSON 292
17.3-1.2 AN ORGAN OF STATE 293
17.313 TYPES OF PUBLIC SCHOOL 293
17.3.2 STATE OBLIGATIONS IN TERMS OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS 294
17.3.3 GOVERNANCE OF A PUBLIC SCHOOL 295
17.3.31 THE SCHOOL GOVERNING BODY 295
17.332 FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNING BODY 296
17.4 INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS 299
17.4.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS 299
17.4.2 REGISTRATION AND SUBSIDIZATION 300
17.4.3 OWNERSHIP AND LEGAL STATUS OF INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS 300
17.5 CONCLUSION 301
CHAPTER 18 CODES OF CONDUCT FOR LEARNERS 302
18.1 INTRODUCTION 302
18.2 WHAT IS DISCIPLINE? , 302
18.3 WHAT IS A CODE OF CONDUCT? 303
18.4 LEGAL FRAMEWORIC FOR A CODE OF CONDUCT FEW LEARNERS 303
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXI
PAGE
18.4.1 HIE SOUTH AFRICAN SCHOOLS ACT 84 OF 1996. . 304
18.4.1.1 PURPOSE OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT 505
18.4.1.2 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS IN A CODE OF CONDUCT 305
18.4.1.3 DUE PROCESS AND THE CODE OF CONDUCT 307
18.4.1.4 BINDING NATURE OF THE CODE OF CONDUCT 307
18.5 STRUCTURAL FRAMEWORK FOR A CODE OF CONDUCT 307
18.51 PREAMBLE TO THE CODE OF CONDUCT 307
18.5.2 VALUES AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES SUBSCRIBED TO BY THE LEARNERS.
308
18.5.2.1 HUMAN RIGHTS 308
18.5.2.2 RESPECT FOR EDUCATORS 308
18.52.3 ACKNOWLEDGING MULTI-CULTURALNESS AND DIVERSITY 308
18.5.2.4 RESPECT FOR THE ENVIRONMENT AND SCHOOL FACILITIES 308
18.53 GENERAL SCHOOL RULES 309
18.5.31 RULES WHICH DEFINE ACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR 309
18.5.32 UNACCEPTABLE BEHAVIOUR , . 310
18.5.4 DISCIPLINARY MEASURES 310
18.5.5 DISCIPLINARY SYSTEMS -.-.' 311
18.5.5.1 CATEGORY SYSTEM 311
18.5.5.2 POINTS SYSTEM 312
18.5.6 DISCIPLINARY HEARING 312
18.5.7 PROCEDURES FOR DISCIPLINARY APPEALS V 312
18.5.8 SANCTIONS WITHIN LEGAL LIMITS ERF PUNISHMENT 312
18.5.8.1 MINOR SANCTIONS 313
18.5.8.2 DETENTION ; . 313
18.5.8.3 WITHDRAWAL OF PRIVILEGES 313
18.5.8.4 DAILY REPORTS 313
18.5.8.5 ASSIGNING EXTRA WORK 313
18.5.8.6 TIME OUT 313
18.5.8.7 EXPULSION AND SUSPENSION 314
18.6 COMMUNICATION . . 315
18.7 CONCLUSION 315
CHAPTER 19 HIV/AIDS AND THE LEARNER 317
19.1 INTRODUCTION 317
19-11 HIV/AIDS * 317
19.1.2 AN INCURABLE AND FATAL DISEASE 318
19.1.3 THE SPREAD OF THE DISEASE 318
19.1.4 HIE AIDS PARADOX . 318
19.15 EDUCATION AS A MAJOR TOOL TO COMBAT AIDS 319
19.1.6 EDUCATORS ARE NOT HEALTH-CARE WORKERS 320
19.2 INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTRUMENTS . . 320
19.2.1 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL RIGHTS 320
19.2.2 HUMAN RIGHTS . 321
19.23 RIGHTS OF THE CHILD . 321
19.2.4 HIE LEGAL STATUS OF THESE INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS
INSTRUMENTS. 321
AORII _ INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
19.2.5 BINDING FORCE OF INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS IN SOUTH AFRICA .
321
19.3 CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS IN SOUTH AFRICA 322
19.3.1 RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 322
19.3.2 FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OTHER THAN THE RIGHT TO BASIC EDUCATION 322
19.3.3 THE RIGHT TO BASIC AND OTHER EDUCATION 323
19.33.1 THE CONCEPT OF ACCESS TO EDUCATION . 323
19.3-3.2 ADMISSION TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS * 324
19.3.4 ENFORCEMENT OF RIGHTS 324
19.3.5 INTERPRETATION OF BILL OF RIGHTS. 325
19*4 THE DUTY OF CARE FOR THE HEALTH AND SAFETY OF PUPILS AT THE SCHOOL.
. 325
19.5 THE NATIONAL POLICY ON HIV/AIDS 326
19.5.1 GENERAL COMMENTS 326
19.5.2 THE NATIONAL POLICY 328
19.6 CONCLUSION 339
PART IV JUSTICE FOR CHILDREN AS VICTIMS AND AS OFFENDERS
CHAPTER 20 THE SEXUALLY ABUSED CHILD AS A WITNESS 343
20.1 INTRODUCTION 343
20.2 COMPETENCY 345
20.3 SWORN EVIDENCE 346
20.4 UNSWORN TESTIMONY 347
20.5 EVIDENCE THROUGH INTERMEDIARIES 347
20.6 IN CAMERA TRIALS 350
20.7 EXAMINATION-IN-CHIEF 350
20.8 CROSS-EXAMINATION 351
20.9 EVALUATION OF THE CHILD WITNESS'S EVIDENCE 352
20.10 CONCLUSION ; 354
CHAPTER 21 MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO CHILDREN '. 355
21.1 INTRODUCTION 355
21.2 CLINICAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO BIRTH 356
21.2.1 'MOMENT OF LIFE
1
356
21.2.2 PRACTICAL APPLICATION 356
21.3 LEGAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO 'MOMENT OF LIFE*, CONCEALMENT OF BIRTH,
EXPOSING AN INFANT AND ABORTION 359
21.31 'MOMENT OF LIFE' 359
21.32 CONCEALMENT OF BIRTH 359
21.3.3 EXPOSING AN INFANT 359
21.3.4 ABORTION 36O
21.4 CLINICAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO CHILD ABUSE , 36O
21.4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF CHILD ABUSE 36O
21.4.2 PHYSICAL ABUSE 360
21.4.2.1 NON-ACCIDENTAL INJURY SYNDROME (NAIS) 360
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXIII
PAGE
21.4.2.2 SEXUAL ABUSE 362
21.4.23 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE ABUSE 365
21.4.3 EMOTIONAL OR PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE 365
21.5 LEGAL ASPECTS PERTAINING TO CHILD ABUSE 366
21.5.1 CHUD ABUSE 366
21.5.2 CONSTITUTIONAL PROTECTION 366
21.5.3 COMMON-LAW CRIMES 367
21.5.4 STATUTORY CRIMES 368
21.5.4.1 CRIMES WHICH CAN ONLY BE COMMITTED BY A MALE 368
21.5.4.2 CRIMES WHICH CAN ONLY BE COMMITTED BY A FEMALE 369
21.5.4.3 OTHER APPLICABLE STATUTORY REGULATIONS 369
21.6 SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME (SIDS) 369
21.6.1 GENERAL 369
21.6.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING THE RISK OF SIDS 369
21.6.3 PROTOCOL FOR MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF DEATH 370
21.6.4 CONDITIONS WHICH COULD CAUSE SUDDEN INFANT DEATH AND THAT SHOULD
BE EXCLUDED IN ORDER TO MAKE THE DIAGNOSIS OF SIDS 370
21.6.5 THEORIES OF POSSIBLE CAUSES FOR SIDS 371
21.7 ASPECTS PERTAINING TO MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF DEATH 371
21.7.1 INQUESTS 371
21.7.2 COMPONENTS OF MEDICO-LEGAL INVESTIGATION OF DEATH 372
ADDENDUM 1 POST-MORTEM REPORT (IN GW 7/15 FANNAO AND SCHEDULE OF
OBSERVATIONS 374
ADDENDUM 2 EXPLANATION OF POST-MORTEM REPORT. 377
ADDENDUM 3 REPORT BY AUTHORIZED MEDICAL PRACTITIONER ON THE COMPLE-
TION OF A MEDICO-LEGAL EXAMINATION 379
CHAPTER 22 CHILD JUSTICE AND LAW REFORM 383
22.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF CHILD JUSTICE 383
22.1.1 ORIGINS ERF CHILD JUSTICE 383
22.1.2 INFLUENCE OF INTERNATIONAL CHILDREN'S RIGHTS ON CHILD JUSTICE 385
22.1.3 EMERGENCE OF CHILD JUSTICE REFORM INITIATIVES IN SOUTH AFRICA 389
22.1.4 HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE AMENDMENTS REGARDING PRE-TRIAL DETENTION .
. 390
22.1*5 ROLE OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN LAW COMMISSION 392
22.2 AGE AND CRIMINAL CAPACITY 393
22.2.1 INTRODUCTION . 393
22.2.2 AGE, CRIMINAL CAPACITY AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 394
22.2.2.1 THE UPPER AGE 394
22.2.2.2 THE MINIMUM AGE . 395
22.2.2.3 COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN RELATION TO THE DOHINCAPAX
RULE 396
22.2.3 PROPOSALS FOR LAW REFORM IN SOUTH AFRICA . . . 397
22.2.3.1 THE ISSUE PCPERMD DISCUSSION PAPER, FE^^ 397
722.511 THE UPPER AGE . 397
22.3.3.1.2 THE MINIMUM AGE . 397
INTRODUCTION TO CHILD LAW IN SOUTH AFRICA
PAGE
22.2.3.2 THE REPORT 399
22.2.32.1 THE UPPER AGE 399
22.2.3.2.2 THE MINIMUM AGE 400
22.3 PRE-TRIAL DETENTION '. 402
22.3.1 INTRODUCTION 402
22.3.2 INTERNATIONAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL LAW PROVISIONS 403
22.3*3 THE FRAMEWORK IN THE REPORT 404
22.3.4 DETENTION IN POLICE CUSTODY AND RELEASE FROM DETENTION BY THE
POLICE . . . 406
22.3.5 DETENTION AND RELEASE FROM DETENTION AT THE PRELIMINARY INQUIRY:
THE LAST RESORT
1
PRINCIPLE 408
22.3.6 SPECIAL PROTECTIONS FOR CHILDREN DEPRIVED OF THEIR LIBERTY: THE
'SHORTEST PERIOD OF TIME
7
PRINCIPLE 410
22.4 PRE-TRIAL ASSESSMENT 411
22.4.1 INTRODUCTION 411
22.4.2 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL PROVISIONS . . . . 412
22.4.3 THE PROPOSALS FOR LAW REFORM 413
22.4.4 THE ASSESSMENT PROPOSALS IN THE REPORT . . , . 414
22.5 DIVERSION . 418
22.5.1 INTRODUCTION 418
22.5.2 DIVERSION AND INTERNATIONAL LAW , 419
22.53 DIVERSION AND RESTORATIVE JUSTICE 420
22.5.4 ORIGINS OF DIVERSION IN SOUTH AFRICA 421
22.5.5 CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR DIVERSION 422
22.5.6 PROPOSALS FOR LEGISLATIVE INCLUSION OF DIVERSION 423
22.5.6.1 THE ISSUE PAPER 423
22.5.6.2 TLIE PROPOSALS IN THE DISCUSSION PAPER AND THE REPORT . 424
22.5.6.2.1 STRENGTHENING REFERRALS FOR DIVERSION." 424
22.5.6.2.2 PROVISION FOR INNOVATIVE DIVERSION OPTIONS . 424
22.5.6.2.3 STATUTORY INCLUSION OF PROCEDURES FOR RESTORATIVE
JUSTICE. 426
22.5.6.2.4 PROTECTING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE DIVERSION
PROCESS 427
22.5.7 CONCLUSION 428
22.6 THE PRELIMINARY INQUIRY 429
22.6.1 INTRODUCTION 429
22.6.2 RATIONALE 43O
22.6.3 OBJECTIVES 43I
22.6.4 THE 'ACTIVIST
1
JUDICIAL OFFICER , 432
22.6.5 REMANDING THE PRELIMINARY INQUIRY 434
22.6.6 CONCLUSION 435
22.7 COURTS 436 I
22.7.1 INTRODUCTION 436 I
22.7.2 INTERNATIONAL LAW \ . .; 436
TABLE OF CONTENTS XXV
PAGE
22.7.3 PRACTICAL CONSTRAINTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIALIZED COURTS
438
22.7.4 TTIE PROPOSALS 438
22.7.4.1 TTIE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SEPARATE COURT 438
22.7.4.2 ONE-STOP CHILD JUSTICE CENTRES 440
22.7.4.3 THE AMBIENCE AND PROCEDURE OF THE CHILD JUSTICE COURT . 441
22.7.5 CONCLUSION 442
22.8 THE ROLE OF THE CHILDREN'S COURT IN CHILD JUSTICE 442
22.8.1 INTRODUCTION 442
22.8.2 RECONSIDERING THE ROLE OF THE CHILDREN'S COURT 443
22.8.3 DETERMINING THE PLACE OF THE CHILDREN'S COURT IN CHILD JUSTICE
REFORM 444
22.9 SENTENCING. 446
22.9.1 INTRODUCTION 446
22.9.2 INTERNATIONAL LAW 446
22.9.3 SOUTH AFRICAN LAW AND PRACTICE 448
22.9.3.1 SENTENCING POLICY 448
22.9.3.2 CURRENT SOUTH AFRICAN PRACTICE 450
22.9.4 LAW REFORM PROPOSALS 451
22.9.4.1 SENTENCING POLICY 451
22.9.4.2 SENTENCING OPTIONS 452
22.9.4.2.1 COMMUNITY-BASED SENTENCES 452
22.9.4.2.2 RESIDENTIAL SENTENCES 453
22.9.5 PROBATION OFFICER'S REPORTS 455
22.9.6 CONCLUSION. 455
22.10 LEGAL REPRESENTATION. 456
22.10.1 INTRODUCTION 456
22.10.2 INTERNATIONAL LAW STANDARDS 456
22.10.3 CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LEGAL REPRESENTATION 457
22.10.4 SOUTH AFRICAN PRACTICE 458
22.10.5 PROPOSALS FOR LAW REFORM 458
22.10.5.1 HOW LEGAL REPRESENTATION SHOULD BE SECURED AT STATE
EXPENSE . . 458
22.10.5.2 WHEN LEGAL REPRESENTATION MUST BE PROVIDED AT STATE
EXPENSE 458
22.10.5.3 SPECIALIZED LEGAL REPRESENTATION 458
22.10.5.4 WAIVER OF LEGAL REPRESENTATION 460
22.10.6 CONCLUSION 461
INDEX 463 |
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| spelling | Introduction to child law in South Africa C. J. Davel (ed.) Landsdowne Juta 2000 LXXXIX, 473 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Enfants - Droit - Afrique du Sud Jeugdbescherming gtt Jeugdrecht gtt Mineurs (Droit) - Afrique du Sud Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. South Africa Children's rights Südafrika (Staat) Davel, Catharina J. Sonstige oth SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009765504&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Introduction to child law in South Africa Enfants - Droit - Afrique du Sud Jeugdbescherming gtt Jeugdrecht gtt Mineurs (Droit) - Afrique du Sud Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. South Africa Children's rights |
| title | Introduction to child law in South Africa |
| title_auth | Introduction to child law in South Africa |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to child law in South Africa |
| title_full | Introduction to child law in South Africa C. J. Davel (ed.) |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to child law in South Africa C. J. Davel (ed.) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to child law in South Africa C. J. Davel (ed.) |
| title_short | Introduction to child law in South Africa |
| title_sort | introduction to child law in south africa |
| topic | Enfants - Droit - Afrique du Sud Jeugdbescherming gtt Jeugdrecht gtt Mineurs (Droit) - Afrique du Sud Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. South Africa Children's rights |
| topic_facet | Enfants - Droit - Afrique du Sud Jeugdbescherming Jeugdrecht Mineurs (Droit) - Afrique du Sud Kind Children Legal status, laws, etc. South Africa Children's rights Südafrika (Staat) |
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