Introduction to plant physiology:
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2004
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| Edition: | 3. ed. |
| Series: | Wiley international edition
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 560 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0471389153 0471379174 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Hopkins, William G. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to plant physiology |c William G. Hopkins and Norman P. A. Hüner |
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| _version_ | 1804129113977389056 |
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| adam_text | INTRODUCTION TO PLANT PHYSIOLOGY THIRD EDITION WILLIAM G. HOPKINS AND
NORMAN P. A. HUNER THE UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO WILEY JOHN WILEY &
SONS, INC. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 * CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS: THE
ARCHITECTURE OF PLANTS 1 1.1 THE PLANT CELL 2 1.2 BUILDING BLOCKS:
LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND CARBOHYDRATES 2 1.2.1 LIPIDS ARE A CLASS OF
MOLECULES THAT INCLUDES FATS, OILS, STEROLS, AND PIGMENTS 4 1.2.2
PROTEINS PLAY A CENTRAL ROLE IN THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF CELLS AND ARE
RESPONSIBLE FOR VIRTUALLY ALL THE PROPERTIES OF LIFE AS WE KNOW IT 6
1.2.3 CARBOHYDRATES ARE THE MOST ABUNDANT CLASS OF BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
8 1.3 BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES, 11 1.3.1 THE MEMBRANE LIPID FORMS A BILAYER,
A HIGHLY FLUID BUT VERY STABLE STRUCTURE 11 1.3.2 MEMBRANES CONTAIN
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF PROTEIN 12 1.4 CELLULAR ORGANELLES 13 1.4.1 MOST
MATURE PLANT CELLS CONTAIN A LARGE, CENTRAL VACUOLE 13 1.4.2. THE
NUCLEUS IS THE INFORMATION CENTER OF THE CELL 13 1.4.3 THE ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM AND GOLGI APPARATUS ARE CENTERS OF MEMBRANE BIOSYNTHESIS AND
SECRETORY ACTIVITIES 14 1.4.4 THE MITOCHONDRION IS THE PRINCIPAL SITE OF
CELLULAR RESPIRATION 15 1.4.5 PLASTIDS ARE A FAMILY OF ORGANELLES WITH A
VARIETY OF FUNCTIONS 15 1.4.6 MICROBODIES ARE METABOLICALLY VERY ACTIVE
1 6 1.5 CYTOSKELETON 16 1.6 THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 17 1.6.1 THE
PRIMARY CELL WALL IS A FLEXIBLE NETWORK OF CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS AND
CROSS-LINKING GLYCANS 17 1.6.2 THE CELLULOSE-GLYCAN LATTICE IS EMBEDDED
IN A MATRIX OF PECTIN AND PROTEIN 19 1.6.3 CELLULOSE MICROFIBRILS ARE
ASSEMBLED AT THE PLASMA MEMBRANE AS THEY ARE EXTRUDED INTO THE CELL WALL
20 1.6.4 THE SECONDARY CELL WALL IS DEPOSITED ON THE INSIDE OF THE
PRIMARY WALL IN MATURING CELLS 21 1.6.5 PLASMADESMATA ARE CYTOPLASMIC
CHANNELS EXTEND THROUGH THE WALL TO CONNECT THE PROTOPLASTS OF ADJACENT
CELLS 21 1.7 TISSUES AND ORGANS 22 1.7.1 TISSUES ARE GROUPS OF CELLS
THAT FORM AN ORGANIZED, FUNCTIONALUNIT 22 1.7.2 MERISTEMS ARE REGIONS OF
PERPETUALLY DIVIDING CELLS 22 1.7.3 PARENCHYMA IS THE MOST ABUNDANT
LIVING TISSUE IN PLANTS 24 1.7.4 SUPPORTING TISSUES ARE DISTRIBUTED
THROUGHOUT THE PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PLANT BODIES 24 1.7.5 VASCULAR
TISSUES ARE THE PRINCIPAL CONDUCTING TISSUES FOR WATER AND NUTRIENTS 25
1.7.6 EPIDERMIS IS A SUPERFICIAL TISSUE THAT FORMS A CONTINUOUS LAYER
OVER THE SURFACE OF THE PRIMARY PLANT BODY 25 1.8 PLANT ORGANS 26 1.8.1
ROOTS ANCHOR THE PLANT AND ABSORB WATER AND MINERALS FROM THE SOIL 26
1.8.2 STEMS ELEVATE THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ORGANS, THE LEAVES, TOWARD THE
SUN 26 1.8.3 LEAVES ARE THE PRINCIPAL PHOTOSYNETHIC ORGANS 27 SUMMARY 21
CHAPTER REVIEW 28 FURTHER READING 28 PART 1 * PLANTS AND ENERGY 29
CHAPTER 2 * BIOENERGETICS AND ATP SYNTHESIS 31 2.1 BIOENERGETICS AND
ENERGY TRANSFORMATIONS IN LIVING ORGANISMS 31 2.1.1 THE SUN IS A PRIMARY
SOURCE OF ENERGY 31 2.1.2 WHAT IS BIOENERGETICS? 32 VI CONTENTS 2.1.3
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS REFERS TO ENERGY CONSERVATION 32 2.1.4
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS REFERS TO ENTROPY AND DISORDER 33 2.1.5
THE ABILITY TO DO WORK IS DEPENDENT ON THE AVAILABILITY OF FREE ENERGY 3
3 2.1.6 FREE ENERGY IS RELATED TO CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA 3 4 2.2 ENERGY
TRANSFORMATIONS AND COUPLED REACTIONS 35 2.2.1 FREE ENERGY OF ATP IS
ASSOCIATED WITH COUPLED PHOSPHATE TRANSFER REACTIONS 3 5 2.2.2 FREE
ENERGY CHANGES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH COUPLED OXIDATION-REDUCTION REACTIONS
36 2.3 ENERGY TRANSDUCTION AND THE CHEMIOSMOTIC SYNTHESIS OF ATP 39
2.3.1 CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA EXHIBIT SPECIFIC COMPARTMENTS 39
2.3.2 CHLOROPLASTS AND MITOCHONDRIA SYNTHESIZE ATP BY CHEMIOSMOSIS 41
SUMMARY 43 CHAPTER REVIEW 43 FURTHER READING 43 CHAPTER 3 * THE DUAL
ROLE OF SUNLIGHT: ENERGY AND INFORMATION 45 3.1 THE PHYSICAL NATURE OF
LIGHT 45 3.1.1 LIGHT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY WHICH EXISTS IN TWO FORMS
45 3.1.2 LIGHT CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS A WAVE PHENOMENON 46 3.1.3 LIGHT
CAN BE CHARACTERIZED AS A STREAM OF DISCRETE PARTICLES 46 3.1.4 LIGHT
ENERGY CAN INTERACT WITH MATTER 47 3.1.5 HOW DOES ONE ILLUSTRATE THE
EFFICIENCY OF LIGHT ABSORPTION AND ITS PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS 49 3.1.6
ACCURATE MEASUREMENT OF LIGHT IS IMPORTANT IN PHOTOBIOLOGY 50 3.2 THE
NATURAL RADIATION ENVIRONMENT 51 3.3 PHOTORECEPTORS ABSORB LIGHT FOR USE
IN A PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS 52 3.1.1 CHLOROPHYLLS ARE PRIMARILY
RESPONSIBLE FOR HARVESTING LIGHT ENERGY FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS 52 3.3.2
PHYCOBILINS SERVE AS ACCESSORY LIGHT-HARVESTING PIGMENTS IN THE RED
ALGAE AND CYANOBACTERIA OR AS A CRITICAL REGULATORY SYSTEM IN GREEN
PLANTS 54 3.3.3 CAROTENOIDS ACCOUNT FOR THE AUTUMN COLORS 55 3.3.4
CRYPTOCHROME IS A PHOTORECEPTOR SENSITIVE TO BLUE AND UV-A LIGHT 57
3.3.5 UV-B RADIATION MAY ACT AS A DEVELOPMENTAL SIGNAL 57 3.3.6
FLAVONOIDS PROVIDE THE MYRIAD OF FLOWER COLORS AND ACT AS A NATURAL
SUNSCREEN 58 3.3.7 BETACYANINS AND BEETS 60 SUMMARY 60 CHAPTER REVIEW 61
FURTHER READING 61 CHAPTER 4 * ENERGY CONSERVATION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
HARVESTING SUNLIGHT 63 4.1 LEAVES ARE PHOTOSYNTHETIC MACHINES WHICH
MAXIMIZE THE ABSORPTION OF LIGHT 64 4.2 PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS AN
OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESS 66 4.3 PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT 68
4.3.1 PHOTOSYSTEMS ARE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN 68 4.3.2 PHOTOSYSTEM II OXIDIZES WATER TO PRODUCE OXYGEN
71 4.3.3 THE CYTOCHROME COMPLEX AND PHOTOSYSTEM I OXIDIZE PLASTOQUINOL
72 4.4 PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION IS THE LIGHT-DEPENDENT SYNTHESIS OF ATP 73
4.5 LATERAL HETEROGENEITY IS THE UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF THYLAKOID
COMPLEXES 75 4.6 LIGHT-HARVESTING COMPLEXES ARE SUPERANTENNA COMPLEXES
THAT REGULATE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION 76 4.7 PHOTOINHIBITION OF
PHOTOSYNTHESIS: PHOTOPROTECTION VERSUS PHOTODAMAGE 78 4.7.1 CAROTENOIDS
SERVE A DUAL FUNCTION: LIGHT HARVESTING AND PHOTOPROTECTION 78 4.7.2
OXYGEN MAY PROTECT AGAINST PHOTOINHIBITION BY ACTING AS AN ALTERNATIVE
ELECTRON ACCEPTOR 80 4.7.3 THE DL REPAIR CYCLE OVERCOMES PHOTODAMAGE TO
PSII 82 4.8 INHIBITORS OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC ELECTRON TRANSPORT ARE
EFFECTIVE HERBICIDES 83 SUMMARY 86 CHAPTER REVIEW 86 FURTHER READING 81
BOX 4.1 * HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE*THE DISCOVERY OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS 66 BOX
4.2 * THE CASE FOR TWO PHOTOSYSTEMS 84 CHAPTER 5 * ENERGY CONSERVATION
IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS: CO 2 ASSIMILATION 89 5.1 STOMATAL COMPLEX CONTROLS
LEAF GAS EXCHANGE AND WATER LOSS 90 5.2 CO 2 ENTERS THE LEAF BY
DIFFUSION 92 5.3 HOW DO STOMATA OPEN AND CLOSE? 94 5.4 STOMATAL
MOVEMENTS ARE ALSO CONTROLLED BY EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 96 5.4.1
LIGHT AND CARBON DIOXIDE REGULATE STOMATAL OPENING 96 5.4.2 WATER STATUS
AND TEMPERATURE INFLUENCE STOMATAL OPENING 98 5.4.3 STOMATAL MOVEMENTS
FOLLOW ENDOGENOUS RHYTHMS 98 5.5 THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON REDUCTION
(PCR) CYCLE 98 5.5.1 THE PCR CYCLE REDUCES CO 2 TO PRODUCE A 3-CARBON
SUGAR 98 5.5.2 THE CARBOXYLATION REACTION FIXES THE CO 2 99 5.5.3 ATP
AND NADPH ARE CONSUMED IN THE PCR CYCLE 102 ! 5.5.4 WHAT ARE THE
ENERGETICS OF THE PCR CYCLE? 102 5.6 THE PCR CYCLE IS HIGHLY REGULATED
102 , 5.6.1 THE REGENERATION OF RUBP IS AUTOCATALYTIC 102 5.6.2 RUBISCO
ACTIVITY IS REGULATED INDIRECTLY BY LIGHT 103 5.6.3 OTHER PCR ENZYMES
ARE ALSO REGULATED BY LIGHT . 104 CONTENTS VU 5.7 CHLOROPLASTS OF C3
PLANTS ALSO EXHIBIT COMPETING CARBON OXIDATION PROCESSES 104 5.7.1
RUBISCO CATALYZES THE FIXATION OF BOTH CO 2 AND O 2 105 5.7.2 WHY
PHOTORESPIRATION? 106 5.7.3 IN ADDITION TO PCR, CHLOROPLASTS EXHIBIT AN
OXIDATIVE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE CYCLE (OPPC) 108 5.8 THE C4 SYNDROME:
ANOTHER BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM TO ASSIMILATE CO 2 108 5.9 THE C4 SYNDROME
IS USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH KRANZ LEAF ANATOMY 112 5.10 THE C4 SYNDROME
HAS ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE 112 5.10.1 THE C4 SYNDROME IS DIFFERENTIALLY
SENSITIVE TO TEMPERATURE 113 5.10.2 THE C4 SYNDROME IS ASSOCIATED WITH
WATER STRESS 113 5.11 CRASSULACEAN ACID METABOLISM (CAM): AN ADAPTATION
TO LIFE IN THE DESERT 115 5.11.1 IS CAM A VARIATION OFTHEC4 SYNDROME?
115 5.11.2 CAM PLANTS ARE PARTICULARLY SUITED TO DRY HABITATS 1 1 5 5.12
C4 AND CAM PHOTOSYNTHESIS REQUIRE PRECISE REGULATION AND TEMPORAL
INTEGRATION 117 SUMMARY 121 CHAPTER REVIEW 122 FURTHER READING 122 BOX
5.1 * ENZYMES 118 CHAPTER 6 * ALLOCATION, TRANSLOCATION, AND
PARTITIONING OF PHOTOASSIMILATES 123 6.1 STARCH AND SUCROSE ARE
BIOSYNTHESIZED IN TWO DIFFERENT COMPARTMENTS 124 6.1.1 STARCH IS
BIOSYNTHESIZED IN THE STROMA 124 6.1.2 SUCROSE IS BIOSYNTHESIZED IN THE
CYTOSOL 125 6.2 STARCH AND SUCROSE BIOSYNTHESIS ARE COMPETITIVE
PROCESSES 126 6.3 PHOTOASSIMILATES ARE TRANSLOCATED OVER LONG DISTANCES
128 6.3.1 WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF THE PHOTOASSIMILATE TRANSLOCATED BY
THE PHLOEM? 129 6.4 SIEVE ELEMENTS ARE THE PRINCIPAL CELLULAR
CONSTITUENTS OF THE PHLOEM 131 6.4.1 PHLOEM EXUDATE CONTAINS A
SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF PROTEIN 132 6.5 6.6 6.7 DIRECTION OF TRANSLOCATION
IS DETERMINED BY SOURCE-SINK RELATIONSHIPS 133 PHLOEM TRANSLOCATION
OCCURS BY MASS TRANSFER 133 PHLOEM LOADING AND UNLOADING REGULATE
TRANSLOCATION AND PARTITIONING 136 6.7.1 PHLOEM LOADING CAN OCCUR
SYMPLASTICALLY OR APOPLASTICALLY 136 6.7.2 PHLOEM UNLOADING MAY OCCUR
SYMPLASTICALLY OR APOPLASTICALLY 138 6.8 PHOTOASSIMILATE IS DISTRIBUTED
BETWEEN DIFFERENT METABOLIC PATHWAYS AND PLANT ORGANS 139 6.8.1
PHOTOASSIMILATES MAY BE ALLOCATED TO A VARIETY OF METABOLIC FUNCTIONS IN
THE SOURCE OR THE SINK 140 6.8.2 DISTRIBUTION OF PHOTOASSIMILATES
BETWEEN COMPETING SINKS IS DETERMINED BY SINK STRENGTH 141 6.9
XENOBIOTIC AGROCHEMICALS ARE TRANSLOCATED IN THE PHLOEM 143 SUMMARY 144
CHAPTER REVIEW 144 FURTHER READING 144 CHAPTER 7 * CELLULAR RESPIRATION:
UNLOCKING THE ENERGY STORED IN PHOTOASSIMILATES 145 7.1 CELLULAR
RESPIRATION CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF PATHWAYS BY WHICH PHOTOASSIMILATES
ARE OXIDIZED 146 7.2 SUCROSE AND STARCH ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO GLUCOSE 147
7.2.1 A-AMYLASE PRODUCES MALTOSE AND LIMIT DEXTRINS 148 7.2.2 (3-AMYLASE
PRODUCES MALTOSE 148 7.2.3 LIMIT DEXTRINASE IS A DEBRANCHING ENZYME 148
7.2.4 A-GLUCOSIDASE HYDROLYZES MALTOSE 148 7.2.5 STARCH PHOSPHORYLASE
CATALYZES THE PHOSPHOROLYTIC DEGRADATION OF STARCH 149 7.3 GLYCOLYSIS
CONVERTS SUGARS TO PYRUVIC ACID 150 7.3.1 HEXOSES MUST BE PHOSPHORYLATED
TO ENTER GLYCOLYSIS 150 7.3.2 TRIOSE PHOSPHATES ARE OXIDIZED TO PYRUVATE
151 7.4 THE OXIDATIVE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY IS AN ALTERNATIVE ROUTE
FOR GLUCOSE METABOLISM 151 7.5 THE FATE OF PYRUVATE DEPENDS ON THE
AVAILABILITY OF MOLECULAR OXYGEN 152 7.6 OXIDATIVE RESPIRATION IS
CARRIED OUT BY THE MITOCHONDRION 153 7.6.1 IN THE PRESENCE OF MOLECULAR
OXYGEN, PYRUVATE IS COMPLETELY OXIDIZED TO CO 2 AND WATER BY THE CITRIC
ACID CYCLE 153 7.6.2 ELECTRONS REMOVED FROM SUBSTRATE IN THE CITRIC ACID
CYCLE ARE PASSED TO MOLECULAR OXYGEN THROUGH THE MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON
TRANSPORT CHAIN 154 7.7 ENERGY IS CONSERVED IN THE FORM OF ATP IN
ACCORDANCE WITH CHEMIOSMOSIS 156 7.8 PLANTS CONTAIN SEVERAL ALTERNATIVE
ELECTRON PATHWAYS 157 7.8.1 PLANT MITOCHRONDRIA CONTAIN EXTERNAL
DEHYDROGENASES 157 7.8.2 PLANTS HAVE A ROTENONE-INSENSITIVE NADH
DEHYDROGENASE 158 7.8.3 PLANTS EXHIBIT CYANIDE-RESISTANT RESPIRATION 158
7.9 MANY SEEDS STORE CARBON AS OILS WHICH ARE CONVERTED TO SUGAR 159
7.10 RESPIRATION PROVIDES CARBON SKELETONS FOR BIOSYNTHESIS 161 7.11
RESPIRATION RATE VARIES WITH DEVELOPMENT AND METABOLIC STATE 162 . 7.12
RESPIRATION RATE RESPONDS TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS 163 ! 7.12.1 LIGHT
163 7.12.2 TEMPERATURE 164 7.12.3 OXYGEN AVAILABILITY 164 SUMMARY 165
CHAPTER REVIEW 165 FURTHER READING 165 VU1 CONTENTS CHAPTER 8 * NITROGEN
ASSIMILATION 167 8.1 THE NITROGEN CYCLE: A COMPLEX PATTERN OF EXCHANGE
167 8.1.1 AMMONIFICATION, NITRIFICATION, AND DENITRIFICATION ARE
ESSENTIAL PROCESSES IN THE NITROGEN CYCLE 168 8.1.2 NITROGEN FIXATION
REDUCES N 2 TO AMMONIA 168 8.2 BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION IS
EXCLUSIVELY PROKARYOTIC 169 8.2.1 SOME NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA ARE
FREE-LIVING ORGANISMS 169 8.2.2 SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION INVOLVES
SPECIFIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN BACTERIA AND PLANTS 169 8.3 LEGUMES
EXHIBIT SYMBIOTIC NITROGEN FIXATION 170 8.3.1 RHIZOBIA INFECT THE HOST
ROOTS WHICH INDUCES NODULE DEVELOPMENT 170 8.4 THE BIOCHEMISTRY OF
NITROGEN FIXATION 174 8.4.1 NITROGEN FIXATION IS CATALYZED BY THE ENZYME
DINITROGENASE 174 8.4.2 NITROGEN FIXATION IS ENERGETICALLY COSTLY 175
8.4.3 DINITROGENASE IS SENSITIVE TO OXYGEN 175 8.4.4 DINITROGENASE
RESULTS IN THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN GAS 176 8.5 THE GENETICS OF
NITROGEN FIXATION 177 8.5.1 NIF GENES CODE FOR NITROGENASE 177 8.5.2 NOD
GENES AND M/GENES REGULATE NODULATION 177 8.5.3 WHAT IS THE SOURCE OF
HEME FOR LEGHEMOGLOBIN? 177 8.6 NH 3 PRODUCED BY NITROGEN FIXATION IS
CONVERTED TO ORGANIC NITROGEN 178 8.6.1 AMMONIUM IS ASSIMILATED BY
GS/GOGAT 178 8.6.2 FIXED NITROGEN IS EXPORTED AS ASPARAGINE AND UREIDES
179 8.7 PLANTS GENERALLY TAKE UP NITROGEN IN THE FORM OF NITRATE 181 8.8
NITROGEN CYCLING: SIMULTANEOUS IMPORT AND EXPORT 182 8.9 AGRICULTURAL
AND ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY IS DEPENDENT ON NITROGEN SUPPLY 183 SUMMARY
184 CHAPTER REVIEW 185 FURTHER READING 185 BOX 8.1 * LECTINS*PROTEINS
WITH A SWEET TOOTH 172 CHAPTER 9 * CARBON ASSIMILATION AND
PRODUCTIVITY 187 9.1 PRODUCTIVITY REFERS TO AN INCREASE IN BIOMASS 187
9.2 CARBON ECONOMY IS DEPENDENT ON THE BALANCE BETWEEN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
AND RESPIRATION 188 9.3 PRODUCTIVITY IS INFLUENCED BY A VARIETY OF
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 189 9.3.1 FLUENCERATE 189 9.3.2
AVAILABLE CO 2 190 9.3.3 TEMPERATURE 192 9.3.4 SOIL WATER POTENTIAL 193
9.3.5 NUTRIENT SUPPLY, PATHOLOGY, AND POLLUTANTS 193 9.3.6 LEAFFACTORS
194 9.4 PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY ON A GLOBAL SCALE 196 SUMMARY 191 CHAPTER
REVIEW 191 FURTHER READING 198 PART 2 * PLANTS, WATER, AND MINERALS 200
CHAPTER 10 * PLANT CELLS AND WATER 201 10.1 WATER HAS UNIQUE PHYSICAL
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 202 10.2 THE THERMAL PROPERTIES OF WATER ARE
BIOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT 203 10.2.1 WATER EXHIBITS A UNIQUE THERMAL
CAPACITY 203 10.2.2 WATER EXHIBITS A HIGH HEAT OF FUSION AND HEAT OF
VAPORIZATION 203 10.3 WATER IS THE UNIVERSAL SOLVENT 204 10.4 POLARITY
OF WATER MOLECULES RESULTS IN COHESION AND ADHESION 205 10.5 WATER
MOVEMENT MAY BE GOVERNED BY DIFFUSION OR BY BULK FLOW 205 10.5.1 BULK
FLOW IS DRIVEN BY HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE 205 10.5.2 FICK S FIRST LAW
DESCRIBES THE PROCESS OF DIFFUSION 206 10.6 OSMOSIS IS THE DIFFUSION OF
WATER ACROSS A SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE MEMBRANE 207 10.6.1 OSMOSIS IN
PLANT CELLS IS INDIRECTLY ENERGY DEPENDENT 207 10.6.2 THE CHEMICAL
POTENTIAL OF WATER HAS AN OSMOTIC AS WELL AS PRESSURE COMPONENT 209 10.7
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE ARE TWO COMPONENTS OF WATER
POTENTIAL 210 10.8 WATER POTENTIAL IS THE SUM OF ITS COMPONENT
POTENTIALS 211 10.9 DYNAMIC FLUX OF H 2 O IS ASSOCIATED WITH CHANGES IN
WATER POTENTIAL 212 10.10 HOW ELASTIC ARE CELL WALLS? 213 SUMMARY 211
CHAPTER REVIEW 211 FURTHER READING 21 7 BOX 10.1 * OSMOSENSORS 214
CHAPTER 11* WHOLE PLANT WATER RELATIONS 219 11.1 11.2 TRANSPIRATION IS
DRIVEN BY DIFFERENCES IN VAPOR PRESSURE 220 TRANSPIRATION CAN BE
MEASURED BY WEIGHT LOSS AND GAS EXCHANGE 221 11.3 THE DRIVING FORCE OF
TRANSPIRATION IS DIFFERENCES IN VAPOR PRESSURE 221 11.4 THE RATE OF
TRANSPIRATION IS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 222 11.4.1 WHAT ARE
THE EFFECTS OF HUMIDITY? 223 11.4.2 WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE?
224 11.4.3 WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF WIND? 224 11.5 WATER CONDUCTION OCCURS
VIA TRACHEARY ELEMENTS 225 CONTENTS IX 11.6 THE ASCENT OF XYLEM SAP IS
EXPLAINED BY COMBINING TRANSPIRATION WITH COHESIVE FORCES OFWATER 228
11.6.1 ROOT PRESSURE IS RELATED TO ROOT STRUCTURE 229 11.6.2 WATER RISE
BY CAPILLARITY IS DUE TO ADHESION AND SURFACE TENSION 231 11.6.3 THE
COHESION THEORY BEST EXPLAINS THE ASCENT OF XYLEM SAP 231 11.7 WATER
LOSS DUE TO TRANSPIRATION MUST BE REPLENISHED 235 11.7.1 SOIL IS A
COMPLEX MEDIUM 235 11.8 ROOTS ABSORB AND TRANSPORT WATER 237 11.9 THE
PERMEABILITY OF ROOTS TO WATER VARIES 237 11.10 RADIAL MOVEMENT OF WATER
THROUGH THE ROOT INVOLVES TWO POSSIBLE PATHWAYS 238 SUMMARY 240 CHAPTER
REVIEW 240 FURTHER READING 240 BOX 11.1 * WHY TRANSPIRATION? 226 BOX
11.2 * FORCES INVOLVED IN CAPILLARY RISE 232 CHAPTER 12 * PLANTS AND
INORGANIC NUTRIENTS 241 12.1 METHODS AND NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS 242 12.1.1
INTEREST IN PLANT NUTRITION IS ROOTED IN THE STUDY OF AGRICULTURE AND
CROP PRODUCTIVITY 242 12.1.2 THE USE OF HYDROPONIC CULTURE HELPED TO
DEFINE THE MINERAL REQUIREMENTS OF PLANTS 242 12.1.3 MODERN TECHNIQUES
OVERCOME INHERENT DISADVANTAGES OF SIMPLE SOLUTION CULTURE 243 12.2 THE
ESSENTIAL NUTRIENT ELEMENTS 245 12.2.1 SEVENTEEN ELEMENTS ARE DEEMED TO
BE ESSENTIAL FOR PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 245 12.2.2 THE ESSENTIAL
NUTRIENTS ARE GENERALLY CLASSED AS EITHER MACRONUTRIENTS OR MICRON
NUTRIENTS 245 12.2.3 DETERMINING ESSENTIALITY OF MICRONUTRIENTS PRESENTS
SPECIAL PROBLEMS 245 12.3 BENEFICIAL ELEMENTS 246 12.3.1 SODIUM IS AN
ESSENTIAL MICRONUTRIENT FOR C4 PLANTS 247 12.3.2 SILICON MAY BE
BENEFICIAL FOR A VARIETY OF SPECIES 247 12.3.3 COBALT IS REQUIRED BY
NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA 247 12.3.4 SOME PLANTS TOLERATE HIGH
CONCENTRATIONS OF SELENIUM 247 12.4 NUTRIENT FUNCTIONS AND DEFICIENCY
SYMPTOMS 247 12.4.1 A PLANT S REQUIREMENT FOR A PARTICULAR ELEMENT IS
DEFINED IN TERMS OF CRITICAL CONCENTRATION 248 12.4.2 NITROGEN IS A
CONSTITUENT OF MANY CRITICAL MACROMOLECULES 249 12.4.3 PHOSPHOROUS IS
PART OF THE NUCLEIC ACID BACKBONE AND HAS A CENTRAL FUNCTION IN
INTERMEDIARY METABOLISM 249 12 A A POTASSIUM ACTIVATES ENZYMES AND
FUNCTIONS IN OSMOREGULATION 250 12.4.5 SULFUR IS AN IMPORTANT
CONSTITUENT OF PROTEINS, COENZYMES, AND VITAMINS 250 12.4.6 CALCIUM IS
IMPORTANT IN CELL DIVISION, CELL ADHESION, AND AS A SECONDARY MESSENGER
251 12.4.7 MAGNESIUM IS A CONSTITUENT OF THE CHLOROPHYLL MOLECULE AND IS
AN IMPORTANT REGULATOR OF ENZYME REACTION * 25 1 12.4.8 IRON IS REQUIRED
FOR CHLOROPHYLL SYNTHESIS AND ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS 251 12.4.9
BORON APPEARS TO HAVE A ROLE IN CELL DIVISION AND ELONGATION AND
CONTRIBUTES TO THE STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF THE CELL WALL 253 12.4.10
COPPER IS A NECESSARY COFACTOR FOR OXIDATIVE ENZYMES 254 12.4.11 ZINC IS
AN ACTIVATOR OF NUMEROUS ENZYMES 254 12.4.12 MANGANESE IS AN ENZYME
COFACTOR AS WELL AS PART OF THE OXYGEN-EVOLVING COMPLEX IN THE
CHLOROPLAST 254 12.4.13 MOLYBDENUM IS A KEY COMPONENT OF NITROGEN
METABOLISM 254 12.4.14 CHLORINE HAS A ROLE IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC OXYGEN
EVOLUTION AND BALANCES CHARGE ACROSS CELLULAR MEMBRANES 255 12.4.15 THE
ROLE OF NICKEL IS NOT CLEAR 255 12.5 TOXICITY OF MICRONUTRIENTS 256
SUMMARY 256 CHAPTER REVIEW 256 FURTHER READING 251 CHAPTER 13 * ROOTS,
SOILS, AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE 259 13.1 THE SOIL AS A NUTRIENT RESERVOIR 260
13.1.1 COLLOIDS ARE A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT OF MOST SOILS 260 13.1.2
COLLOIDS PRESENT A LARGE, NEGATIVELY CHARGED SURFACE AREA 260 13.1.3
SOIL COLLOIDS REVERSIBLY ADSORB CATIONS FROM THE SOIL SOLUTION 261
13.1.4 THE ANION EXCHANGE CAPACITY OF SOIL COLLOIDS IS RELATIVELY LOW
261 13.2 NUTRIENT UPTAKE 262 13.2.1 NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY PLANTS REQUIRES
TRANSPORT OF THE NUTRIENT ACROSS ROOT CELL MEMBRANES 262 13.2.2 SIMPLE
DIFFUSION IS A PURELY PHYSICAL PROCESS 262 13.2.3 THE MOVEMENT OF MOST
SOLUTES ACROSS MEMBRANES REQUIRES THE PARTICIPATION OF SPECIFIC
TRANSPORT PROTEINS 263 13.2.4 ACTIVE TRANSPORT REQUIRES THE EXPENDITURE
OF METABOLIC ENERGY 263 13.3 SELECTIVE ACCUMULATION OF IONS BY ROOTS 266
13.4 ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENTS AND ION MOVEMENT 266 13.4.1 IONS MOVE IN
RESPONSE TO ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENTS 266 13.4.2 THE NERNST EQUATION
HELPS TO PREDICT WHETHER AN ION IS EXCHANGED ACTIVELY OR PASSIVELY 267
13.5 ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND ELECTROGENIC PUMPS 269 13.5.1 ACTIVE TRANSPORT
IS DRIVEN BY ATPASE-PROTON PUMPS 269 13.5.2 THE ATPASE-PROTON PUMPS OF
PLASMA MEMBRANES AND VACUOLAR MEMBRANES ARE DIFFERENT 270 13.5.3 K +
EXCHANGE IS MEDIATED BY TWO CLASSES OF TRANSPORT PROTEINS 271 CONTENTS
13.6 ION UPTAKE BY ROOTS 272 13.6.1 A FIRST STEP IN MINERAL UPTAKE BY
ROOTS IS DIFFUSION INTO THE APPARENT FREE SPACE 272 13.6.2 APPARENT FREE
SPACE IS EQUIVALENT TO THE APOPLAST OF THE ROOT EPIDERMAL AND CORTICAL
CELLS 273 13.7 THE RADIAL PATH OF ION MOVEMENT THROUGH ROOTS 274 13.7.1
IONS ENTERING THE STELE MUST FIRST BE TRANSPORTED FROM THE APPARENT FREE
SPACE INTO THE SYMPLAST 274 13.7.2 IONS ARE ACTIVELY SECRETED INTO THE
XYLEM APOPLAST 274 13.7.3 EMERGING SECONDARY ROOTS MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE
UPTAKE OF SOME SOLUTES 275 13.8 ROOT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS 276 13.8.1
BACTERIA OTHER THAN NITROGEN FIXERS CONTRIBUTE TO NUTRIENT UPTAKE BY
ROOTS 276 13.8.2 MYCORRHIZAE ARE FUNGI THAT INCREASE THE VOLUME OF THE
NUTRIENT DEPLETION ZONE AROUND ROOTS 276 SUMMARY 219 CHAPTER REVIEW 219
FURTHER READING 280 BOX 13.1 * ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY*EXPLORING ION CHANNELS
264 PART 3 * PLANT DEVELOPMENT 281 CHAPTER 14 * PATTERNS IN PLANT
DEVELOPMENT 283 14.1 GROWTH, DIFFERENTIATION, AND DEVELOPMENT 283 14. 1
.1 DEVELOPMENT IS THE SUM OF GROWTH AND DIFFERENTIATION 283 14.1.2
GROWTH IS AN IRREVERSIBLE INCREASE IN SIZE 284 14.1.3 DIFFERENTIATION
REFERS TO QUALITATIVE CHANGES THAT NORMALLY ACCOMPANY GROWTH 284 14.2
CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT 285 14.2.1 THE ORDERLY DEVELOPMENT OF A PLANT
REQUIRES A PROGRAMMED SEQUENCE OF GENE EXPRESSION 285 14.2.2 HORMONES
COORDINATE CELL*CELL INTERACTIONS 287 14.2.3 A CONTINUOUS STREAM OF
ENVIRONMENTAL SIGNALS PROVIDE INFORMATION THAT PLANTS USE TO MODIFY
THEIR DEVELOPMENT. 287 14.3 SIGNAL PERCEPTION AND TRANSDUCTION 287
14.3.1 SIGNALS ARE PERCEIVED BY PROTEIN RECEPTORS 288 14.3.2 SIGNAL
TRANSDUCTION INCLUDES A DIVERSE ARRAY OF SECOND MESSENGERS AND
BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS 288 14.3.3 THERE IS EXTENSIVE CROSS-TALK AMONG
SIGNAL . . PATHWAYS 291 14.4 CELL WALLS AND CELL GROWTH 291 14.4.1 CELL
GROWTH IS DRIVEN BY WATER UPTAKE AND LIMITED BY THE STRENGTH AND
RIGIDITY OF THE CELL WALL 291 14.4.2 EXTENSION OF THE CELL WALL REQUIRES
WALL- LOOSENING EVENTS THAT ENABLE LOAD-BEARING ELEMENTS IN THE WALL TO
YIELD TO TURGOR PRESSURE 292 14.4.3 WALL LOOSENING AND CELL EXPANSION
ARE STIMULATED BY LOW PH AND EXPANSINS 293 14.5 A SURVEY OF PLANT
DEVELOPMENT 294 14.5.1 SEED STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT 294 14.5.2 SEED
GERMINATION 295 14.5.3 SHOOT DEVELOPMENT 295 14.5.4 ROOT DEVELOPMENT ;
299 14.5.5 FLOWER EVOCATION AND DEVELOPMENT 301 14.5.6 FLOWER AND FRUIT
DEVELOPMENT 301 14.5.7 SENESCENCE AND PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH ARE THE
FINAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT 302 14.6 KINETIC ANALYSIS OF GROWTH 303
14.6.1 GROWTH OF MICROORGANISMS IN CULTURE EXHIBIT EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
303 14.6.2 GROWTH OF MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS IS DETERMINED BY THE
ACTIVITY OF THE MERISTEM 3 06 SUMMARY 306 CHAPTER REVIEW 306 FURTHER
READING 306 BOX 14.1 * DEVELOPMENT IN A MUTANT WEED 286 BOX 14.2 *
UBIQUITIN AND PROTEOSOMES* CLEANING UP UNWANTED PROTEINS 304 CHAPTER 15
* THE PLANT HORMONES: BIOCHEMISTRY AND METABOLISM 309 15.1 DO PLANTS
HAVE HORMONES? 309 15.1.1 THERE ARE SUBTLE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ANIMAL
AND PLANT HORMONES 310 15.1.2 THE LIST OF PLANT HORMONES IS GROWING 312
15.1.3 THE AMOUNT OF HORMONE IN A TISSUE IS GOVERNED BY SEVERAL FACTORS
312 15.2 AUXIN 313 15.2.1 THE PRINCIPAL AUXIN IN PLANTS IS
INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID(IAA) 314 15.2.2 IAA IS SYNTHESIZED FROM THE AMINO
ACID L-TRYPTOPHAN 316 15.2.3 SOME PLANTS DO NOT REQUIRE TRYPTOPHAN FOR
IAA BIOSYNTHESIS 316 15.2.4 IAA MAY BE STORED AS INACTIVE CONJUGATES 318
15.2.5 THERE ARE TWO PRINCIPAL MECHANISMS FOR DEACTIVATION OF IAA 318
15.3 GIBBERELLINS 320 15.3.1 THERE ARE THREE PRINCIPAL SITES FOR
GIBBERELLIH BIOSYNTHESIS 320 15.3.2 GIBBERELLINS ARE TERPENES, SHARING A
CORE PATHWAY WITH SEVERAL OTHER HORMONES-AND A WIDE RANGE OF SECONDARY
PRODUCTS 322 15.3.3 GIBBERELLINS ARE SYNTHESIZED FROM GERANYLGERANYL
PYROPHOSPHATE (GGPP) 323 15.3.4 GROWTH RETARDANTS BLOCK THE SYNTHESIS OF
GIBBERELLINS 324 15.3.5 GIBBERELLINS ARE DEACTIVATED BY 2P-
HYDROXYLATION 324 15.3.6 GIBBERELLIN TRANSPORT IS POORLY UNDERSTOOD 325
15.4 CYTOKININS 325 15.4.1 CYTOKININS ARE SYNTHESIZED PRIMARILY IN THE
ROOT 325 15.4.2 CYTOKININ BIOSYNTHESIS BEGINS WITH THE CONDENSATION OF
AN ISOPENTENYL GROUP WITH THE AMINO GROUP OF ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE 326
15.4.3 CYTOKININS MAY BE REVERSIBLY OR IRREVERSIBLY DEACTIVATED BY
CONJUGATION AND IRREVERSIBLY DEACTIVATED BY OXIDATION 329 CONTENTS XI
15.5. ABSCISIC ACID 329 15.5.1 ABSCISIC ACID IS SYNTHESIZED PRIMARILY IN
MATURE LEAVES 330 15.5.2 ABSCISIC ACID IS SYNTHESIZED FROM THE CLEAVAGE
PRODUCT OF A 40-CARBON CAROTENOID PRECURSOR 330 15.5.3 ABSCISIC ACID IS
DEGRADED BY OXIDATION TO PHASEIC ACID 332 15.6 ETHYLENE 332 15.6.1
ETHYLENE IS SYNTHESIZED FROM THE AMINO ACID METHIONINE 332 15.6.2
ETHYLENE AND POLYAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS SHARE A COMMON PRECURSOR 334 15.6.3
EXCESS ETHYLENE IS SUBJECT TO OXIDATION 334 15.7 BRASSINOSTEROIDS 334
15.7.1 BRASSINOSTEROIDS ARE POLYHYDROXYLATED STEROLS DERIVED FROM THE
TRITERPENE SQUALENE 335 15.7.2 SEVERAL ROUTES FOR DEACTIVATION OF
BRASSINOSTEROIDS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 335 15.8 POLYAMINES 335 15.8.1 THE
PATHWAY FOR POLYAMINE BIOSYNTHESIS IS THE SAME IN PLANTS,
MICROORGANISMS, AND MAMMALS 337 SUMMARY 338 CHAPTER REVIEW 338 FURTHER
READING 339 BOX 15.1 * HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES*DISCOVERING PLANT
HORMONES 311 CHAPTER 16 * THE PLANT HORMONES: CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT 341
16.1 CELL DIVISION, ENLARGEMENT, AND DIFFERENTIATION 341 16.1.1
CYTOKININS ARE A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR IN REGULATING CELL DIVISION 341
16.1.2 CYTOKININS REGULATE PROGRESSION THROUGH THE CELL CYCLE 342 16.1.3
AUXINS STIMULATE CELL ENLARGEMENT IN EXCISED TISSUES 344 16.1.4 THE
ACID-GROWTH HYPOTHESIS EXPLAINS AUXIN CONTROL OF CELL ENLARGEMENT 344
16.1.5 MAINTENANCE OF AUXIN-INDUCED GROWTH REQUIRES GENE ACTIVATION 347
16.1.6 MANY ASPECTS OF PLANT DEVELOPMENT ARE LINKED TO THE POLAR
TRANSPORT OF AUXIN 349 16.1.7 AUXINS AND CYTOKININS REGULATE VASCULAR
DIFFERENTIATION 351 16.2 SEED DEVELOPMENT AND GERMINATION 352 16.2.1 THE
LEVEL AND ACTIVITIES OF VARIOUS HORMONES CHANGE DRAMATICALLY DURING SEED
DEVELOPMENT 352 16.2.2 GIBBERELLINS STIMULATE MOBILIZATION OF NUTRIENT
RESERVES DURING GERMINATION OF CEREAL GRAINS 353 16.3 SHOOT AND ROOT
DEVELOPMENT 356 16.3.1 GIBBERELLINS STIMULATE HYPERELONGATION OF INTACT
STEMS, ESPECIALLY IN DWARF AND ROSETTE PLANTS 356 16.3.2 INHIBITION OF
GIBBERELLIN BIOSYNTHESIS HAS COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS 357 16.3.3 HORMONE
MUTANTS INDICATE A ROLE FOR BRASSINOSTEROIDS AND ETHYLENE IN STEM GROWTH
358 16.3.4 THE RATIO OF AUXIN TO CYTOKININ CONTROLS THE GROWTH OF
AXILLARY BUDS 358 16.3.5 ROOT ELONGATION AND DEVELOPMENT IS PARTICULARLY
SENSITIVE TO AUXIN AND ETHYLENE 359 16.4 SENESCENCE AND ABSCISSION 360
16.4.1 CYTOKININS AND ETHYLENE ARE ANTAGONISTIC IN THE REGULATION OF
NUTRIENT MOBILIZATION AND SENESCENCE 360 16.4.2 AUXIN REGULATES LEAF
ABSCISSION 362 16.5 FLOWER AND FRUIT DEVELOPMENT 362 16.5.1 GIBBERELLINS
PROMOTE PRECOCIOUS FLOWERING IN SOME SPECIES 363 16.5.2 AUXIN AND
GIBBERELLIN INFLUENCE THE SEX OF FLOWERS 363 16.5.3 HORMONES INFLUENCE
FRUIT SET AND DEVELOPMENT 364 16.6 ETHYLENE 364 16.6.1 THE STUDY OF
ETHYLENE PRESENTS A UNIQUE SET OF PROBLEMS 364 16.6.2 ETHYLENE AFFECTS
MANY ASPECTS OF VEGETATIVE DEVELOPMENT 364 SUMMARY 365 CHAPTER REVIEW
366 FURTHER READING 366 BOX 16.1 * THE CELL CYCLE AND CONTROL OF CELL
DIVISION 343 BOX 16.2 * COMMERCIAL APPLICATIONS OF HORMONES 348 CHAPTER
17 * PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS: RESPONDING TO LIGHT 367 17.1 PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS
368 17.2 PHYTOCHROME: RESPONSES TO RED AND FAR-RED LIGHT 368 17.2.1
PHOTOREVERSIBILITY IS THE HALLMARK OF PHYTOCHROME ACTION 370 17.2.2
PHYTOCHROMES ARE PHYCOBILIN PIGMENTS 371 17.2.3 CONVERSION OF PR TO PFR
IN ETIOLATED SEEDLINGS LEADS TO A LOSS OF BOTH PFR AND TOTAL PHYTOCHROME
372 17.3 PHYTOCHROME RESPONSES CAN BE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR FLUENCE
REQUIREMENTS 374 17.3.1 THE MOST STUDIED LOW FLUENCE RESPONSES (LFRS)
ARE DE-ETIOLATION AND SEED GERMINATION 374 17.3.2 VERY LOW FLUENCE
RESPONSES ARE NOT PHOTOREVERSIBLE 376 17.3.3 HIGH IRRADIANCE REACTIONS
REQUIRE PROLONGED EXPOSURE TO RELATIVELY HIGH FLUENCE RATES 377 17.4
PHYTOCHROME UNDER NATURAL CONDITIONS 377 17.4. 1 PHA MAY FUNCTION TO
DETECT THE PRESENCE OF LIGHT 378 17.4.2 PHYTOCHROME DETECTS CANOPY
SHADING AND END-OF-DAY SIGNALS 378 17.5 RESPONSES TO BLUE AND UV-A LIGHT
381 17.5.1 CRYPTOCHROME IS A FLAVOPROTEIN 381 17.5.2 PHOTOTROPIN IS A
BLUE LIGHT-DEPENDENT*JCINASE 382 17.5.3 A HYBRID BLUE-LIGHT
PHOTORECEPTOR HAS BEEN ISOLATED FROM A FERN 382 XLL CONTENTS 17.6
DE-ETIOLATION IN ARABIDOPSIS. A CASE STUDY IN PHOTORECEPTOR INTERACTIONS
383 17.7 PHOTORECEPTOR SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 384 17.7.1 PHYTOCHROMES HAVE
KINASE ACTIVITY 3 84 17.7.2 PFR REGULATES GENE EXPRESSION 384 17.7.3
PHYTOCHROME MAY MIGRATE FROM THE CYTOPLASM TO THE NUCLEUS 386 17.8 SOME
PLANT RESPONSES ARE REGULATED BY UV-B LIGHT 387 SUMMARY 381 CHAPTER
REVIEW 388 FURTHER READING 388 BOX 17.1 * HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES: THE
DISCOVERY OF PHYTOCHROME 369 CHAPTER 18 * PLANT MOVEMENTS*ORIENTATION IN
SPACE 391 18.1 PHOTOTROPISM 392 18.1.1 PHOTOTROPISM IS A RESPONSE TO A
LIGHT GRADIENT ACROSS AN ORGAN 392 18.1.2 PHOTOTROPISM IN COLEOPTILES IS
MEDIATED BY A FLAVOPROTEIN 393 18.1.3 FLUENCE RESPONSE CURVES ILLUSTRATE
THE COMPLEXITY OF PHOTOTROPIC RESPONSES 394 18.1.4 THE PHOTOTROPIC
RESPONSE IS ATTRIBUTED TO A LATERAL REDISTRIBUTION OF DIFFUSIBLE AUXIN
395 18.2 GRAVITROPISM 398 18.2.1 GRAVITROPISM IS MORE THAN SIMPLY UP AND
DOWN 398 18.2.2 THE GRAVITATIONAL STIMULUS IS THE PRODUCT OF INTENSITY
AND TIME 399 18.2.3 IN ROOTS, GRAVITY IS PERCEIVED IN THE ROOT CAP 401
18.2.4 THE SEDIMENTATION OF STARCH-FILLED AMYLOPLASTS IS AN INITIAL
GRAVITY-SENSING EVENT 402 18.2.5 GRAVITROPISM, LIKE PHOTOTROPISM, IS AN
AUXIN- DEPENDENT DIFFERENTIAL GROWTH RESPONSE 403 18.2.6 THE GRAVITROPIC
SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION CHAIN MAY INVOLVE STRETCH-ACTIVATED ION CHANNELS, PH
CHANGES IN THE ROOT CAP, AND REDISTRIBUTION OF CALCIUM IONS 405 18.2.7
GRAVITROPISM IN GRASS STEMS OCCURS IN THE FALSE PULVINUS 407 18.2.8
PLANTS FOLLOW DIFFERENT RULES IN THE MICROGRAVITY ENVIRONMENT OF SPACE
408 18.3 NASTIC MOVEMENTS 408 18.3.1 NYCTINASTIC MOVEMENTS ARE RHYTHMIC
MOVEMENTS INVOLVING REVERSIBLE TURGOR CHANGES 408 18.3.2 NYCTINASTIC
MOVEMENTS ARE DUE TO ION FLUXES AND RESULTING OSMOTIC RESPONSES IN
SPECIALIZED MOTOR CELLS 409 18.3.3 SEISMONASTY IS A RESPONSE TO
MECHANICAL STIMULATION 412 SUMMARY 413 CHAPTER REVIEW 414 FURTHER
READING 414 BOX 18.1 * METHODS IN THE STUDY OF GRAVITROPISM 400 CHAPTER
19 * MEASURING TIME: THE CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT BY PHOTOPERIOD AND
ENDOGENOUS CLOCKS 415 19.1 PHOTOPERIODISM 416 19.1. 1 PHOTOPERIODIC
RESPONSES MAY BE CHARACTERIZED BY A VARIETY OF RESPONSE TYPES 416 19.1.2
CRITICAL DAYLENGTH DEFINES SHORT-DAY AND LONG- DAY RESPONSES 417 19.1.3
PLANTS ACTUALLY MEASURE THE LENGTH OF THE DARK PERIOD 419 19.1.4 THE
PHOTOPERIODIC SIGNAL IS PERCEIVED BY THE LEAVES 420 19.1.5 PHYTOCHROME
IS THE PRINCIPAL PHOTORECEPTOR FOR PHOTOPERIODISM 421 19.1.6
PHOTOPERIODISM NORMALLY REQUIRES A PERIOD OF HIGH FLUENCE LIGHT BEFORE
OR AFTER THE DARK PERIOD 422 19.1.7 THREE DIFFERENT HYPOTHESES HAVE BEEN
PROPOSED TO ACCOUNT FOR THE FLORAL STIMULUS 422 19.1.8 PHOTOPERIODIC
BEHAVIOR IS OFTEN MODIFIED BY TEMPERATURE 423 19.2 THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK
426 19.2.1 CLOCK-DRIVEN RHYTHMS PERSIST UNDER CONSTANT CONDITIONS 426
19.2.2 THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK IS TEMPERATURE- COMPENSATED 428 19.2.3 LIGHT
RESETS THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK ON A DAILY BASIS 428 19.2.4 THE CIRCADIAN
CLOCK IS A SIGNIFICANT COMPONENT IN PHOTOPERIODIC TIME MEASUREMENT 429
19.2.5 SEVERAL CLOCK-ASSOCIATED GENES HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED 431 19.2.6
THE CIRCADIAN CLOCK IN INSECTS, ANIMALS, AND CYANOBACTERIA IS A NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK LOOP 432 19.3 FLORAL INDUCTION 433 19.3.1 FLOWER INITIATION AND
DEVELOPMENT INVOLVES THE SEQUENTIAL ACTION OF THREE SETS OF GENES 43 3
19.3.2 FLOWERING TIME GENES INFLUENCE THE DURATION OF VEGETATIVE GROWTH
434 19.3.3 FLORAL IDENTITY GENES AND ORGAN IDENTITY GENES OVERLAP IN
TIME AND FUNCTION 43 5 19.4 PHOTOPERIODISM IN NATURE 436 SUMMARY 438
CHAPTER REVIEW 438 FURTHER READING 439 BOX 19.1 * HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES: THE DISCOVERY OF PHOTOPERIODISM 416 BOX 19.2 * HISTORICAL
PERSPECTIVES: THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK 424 CHAPTER 20 * TEMPERATURE: PLANT
DEVELOPMENT AND DISTRIBUTION 441 20.1 TEMPERATURE IN THE PLANT
ENVIRONMENT 441 20.2 TEMPERATURE AND FLOWERING RESPONSE 443 20.2.1
VERNALIZATION OCCURS MOST COMMONLY IN WINTER ANNUALS AND BIENNIALS 443
20.2.2 THE EFFECTIVE TEMPERATURE FOR VERNALIZATION IS VARIABLE 444
CONTENTS XM 20.2.3 THE VERNALIZATION TREATMENT IS PERCEIVED BY THE SHOOT
APEX 445 20.2.4 THE VERNALIZED STATE IS TRANSMISSIBLE 445 20.2.5
GIBBERELLIN AND VERNALIZATION OPERATE THROUGH INDEPENDENT GENETIC
PATHWAYS 446 20.3 BUD DORMANCY 446 20.3.1 BUD DORMANCY IS INDUCED
PRIMARILY BY PHOTOPERIOD 447 20.3.2 TEMPERATURE IS A SIGNIFICANT FACTOR
IN BREAKING BUD DORMANCY 447 20.4 SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION 448
20.4.1 NUMEROUS FACTORS INFLUENCE SEED DORMANCY AND GERMINATION 448
20.4.2 TEMPERATURE HAS A SIGNIFICANT IMPACT ON SEED DORMANCY 449 20.5
RESPONSES TO CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE 450 20.6 INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON
GROWTH AND PLANT DISTRIBUTION 451 20.6.1 COASTS AND DESERTS: A CASE
STUDY 452 20.6.2 TEMPERATURE INFLUENCES THE DISTRIBUTION OF C3 AND C4
GRASSES ON MOUNTAIN SLOPES 454 SUMMARY 454 CHAPTER REVIEW 455 FURTHER
READING 455 PART 4 * STRESS AND SECONDARY METABOLISM 451 CHAPTER 21 *
PLANT ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS PHYSIOLOGY 459 21.1 WHAT IS PLANT STRESS? 459
21.2 PLANTS RESPOND TO STRESS IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS 460 21.3 ABIOTIC
STRESS 461 21.3.1 WATER STRESS IS A PERSISTENT THREAT TO PLANT SURVIVAL
461 21.3.2 WATER STRESS LEADS TO MEMBRANE DAMAGE 462 21.3.3
PHOTOSYNTHESIS IS PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE TO WATER STRESS 462 21.3.4
STOMATA RESPOND TO WATER DEFICIT 463 21.3.5 OSMOTIC ADJUSTMENT IS A
RESPONSE TO WATER STRESS 465 21.3.6 WATER DEFICIT AFFECTS SHOOT AND ROOT
GROWTH 466 21.3.7 WATER STRESS MAY INDUCE A DECREASE IN LEAF AREA 467
21.4 TEMPERATURE STRESS 467 21.4.1 MANY PLANTS ARE CHILLING SENSITIVE
468 21.4.2 NORTH TEMPERATE OVERWINTERING PLANTS SURVIVE FREEZING STRESS
468 21.4.3 COLD ACCLIMATION INCREASES RESISTANCE TO FREEZING STRESS 470
21.4.4 COLD ACCLIMATION AND FREEZING TOLERANCE IN HERBACEOUS SPECIES IS
A COMPLEX INTERACTION BETWEEN LIGHT AND LOW TEMPERATURE 471 21.4.5 HIGH
TEMPERATURE STRESS IS A MAJOR FACTOR IN PLANT PRODUCTIVITY 472 21.5 SALT
STRESS, WATER DEFICITS AND ION TOXICITY 474 21.6 POLLUTION REPRESENTS A
RELATIVELY NEW ABIOTIC STRESS 476 21.6.1 HEAVY METALS 476 21.6.2 AIR
POLLUTION 477 21.7 INSECTS AND DISEASE REPRESENT POTENTIAL BIOTIC
STRESSES 479 21.7.1 HYPERSENSITIVE REACTION IS A SENSING/SIGNALLING
MECHANISM INITIATED BY A BIOTIC STRESS 479 21.7.2 HOW DO PLANTS
RECOGNIZE POTENTIAL PATHOGENS AND INITIATE DEFENSE RESPONSES? 479 21.7.3
SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE REPRESENTS A PLANT IMMUNE RESPONSE 480 21.7
A JASMONATES MEDIATE INSECT AND DISEASE RESISTANCE 481 SUMMARY 490
CHAPTER REVIEW 491 FURTHER READING 491 BOX 21.1 * MONITORING PLANT
STRESS BY CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE 482 BOX 21.2 * ECOPHYSIOLOGY, PLANT
BIOMES, AND WEATHER 484 CHAPTER 22 * SECONDARY PLANT METABOLITES 493
22.1 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY METABOLITES 493 22.2 TERPENOIDS 494 22.2.1
THE TERPENOIDS ARE A CHEMICALLY AND FUNCTIONALLY DIVERSE GROUP OF
MOLECULES THAT SHARE A COMMON BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY 494 22.2.2 MANY
TERPENOIDS ARE ACTIVE AGAINST INSECT HERBIVORY 495 22.2.3 STEROIDS AND
STEROLS ARE TETRACYCLIC TRITERPENOIDS 497 22.2 A POLYTERPENES INCLUDE
THE CAROTENOID PIGMENTS AND NATURAL RUBBER 497 22.3 GLYCOSIDES 499
22.3.1 SAPONINS ARE TERPENE GLYCOSIDES WITH DETERGENT PROPERTIES 499
22.3.2 CARDIAN GLYCOSIDES ARE HIGHLY TOXIC, MODIFIED STEROID GLYCOSIDES
500 22.3.3 CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES ARE A NATURAL SOURCE OF HYDROGEN
CYANIDE 501 22.3 A GLUCOSINOLATES ARE SULFUR-CONTAINING PRECURSORS TO
MUSTARD OILS 502 22.4 PHENYLPROPENOIDS 503 22.4.1 SHIKIMIC ACID IS A KEY
INTERMEDIATE IN THE SYNTHESIS OF AROMATIC AMINO ACIDS AND
PHENYLPROPENOIDS 503 22.4.2 THE SIMPLEST PHENOLIC MOLECULES ARE
ESSENTIALLY DEAMINATED VERSIONS OF THE CORRESPONDING AMINO ACIDS 503
22.4.3 COUMARINS AND COUMARIN DERIVATIVES FUNCTION AS ANTICOAGULANTS 506
22.4.4 LIGNIN IS A MAJOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENT OF SECONDARY CELL WALLS 5
07 22.4.5 FLAVONOIDS AND STILBENES HAVE PARALLEL * BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAYS
508 22.4.6 TANNINS DENATURE PROTEINS AND PROVIDE AN ASTRINGENT TASTE TO
FOODS 508 22.5 ALKALOIDS 510 22.5.1 ALKALOIDS ARE A LARGE FAMILY OF
CHEMICALLY UNRELATED MOLECULES 510 22.5.2 ALKALOIDS ARE NOTED PRIMARILY
FOR THEIR PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AND MEDICAL APPLICATIONS 510 XIV
CONTENTS 22.5.3 LIKE MANY OTHER SECONDARY METABOLITES, ALKALOIDS SERVE
AS PREFORMED CHEMICAL DEFENSE MOLECULES 512 SUMMARY 513 CHAPTER REVIEW
513 FURTHER READING 513 PART 5 * BIOTECHNOLOGY 515 CHAPTER 23 *
BIOTECHNOLOGY: ENGINEERING PLANTS FOR THE FUTURE 517 23.1 MODERN
BIOTECHNOLOGY IS SYNONYMOUS WITH RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY 518 23.1.1
DNA RECOMBINATION ALLOWS THE MOVEMENT OF SELECTED GENES BETWEEN
ORGANISMS 518 23.1.2 THE MOST WIDELY USED VECTOR FOR INTRODUCING FOREIGN
GENES INTO PLANTS IS THE TI PLASMID OF THE CROWN-GALL BACTERIUM
AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS 519 23.1.3 ELECTROPORATION AND BIOLISTICS ARE
METHODS FOR DIRECT DELIVERY OF DNA INTO PLANT CELLS 522 23.1.4 GENETIC
ENGINEERING IS A NEW CHAPTER IN THE LONG HISTORY OF PLANT BREEDING 522
23.2 TISSUE AND CELL CULTURE AND PROTOPLAST FUSION 523 23.2.1 THE
CULTURE OF PLANT CELLS AND TISSUES HAS BEEN EXPLOITED SINCE THE 1930S
523 2 3.2.2 PROTOPLASTS ARE NAKED PLANT CELLS THAT CAN BE FUSED TO MAKE
SOMATIC HYBRIDS 523 23.2.3 TISSUE CULTURE HAS MADE POSSIBLE LARGE-SCALE
CLONING OF PLANTS 524 23.3 PLANT PROTECTION 524 23.3.1
HERBICIDE-RESISTANT CROPS ENCOURAGE MORE EFFICIENT USE OF HERBICIDES 525
23.3.2 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE CAN BE ACHIEVED BY OVEREXPRESSION OF
TOLERANT ENZYMES 525 23.3.3 HERBICIDE RESISTANCE IN WEEDS IS A
POTENTIALLY UNDESIRABLE SIDE-EFFECT OF HERBICIDE USE 526 23.3.4 SEVERAL
STRATEGIES ARE AVAILABLE FOR PROTECTION AGAINST INSECTS AND DISEASE 527
23.4 METABOLIC ENGINEERING: IMPROVING YIELD AND NUTRITION 528 23.4.1 ONE
TARGET OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IS IMPROVED CARBON GAIN AND NITROGEN METABOLISM
528 23.4.2 BOOSTING VITAMIN CONTENT IS ONE WAY TO IMPROVE THE
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF FOODS 529 23.4.3 OILSEED CROPS MAY BE ENGINEERED
TO PRODUCE HEALTHIER EDIBLE OILS 529 23.5 MOLECULAR FARMING USES PLANTS
AS LIVING FACTORIES 530 23.5.1 TRANSGENIC PLANTS MAY PROVIDE A LOW-COST
DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR VACCINES 531 23.5.2 PLANTS CAN BE ENGINEERED TO
PRODUCE BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS 531 23.6 PLANTS HAVE POTENTIAL AS AN
ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF RENEWABLE FUELS 532 23.7 PLANTS REMAIN USEFUL AS A
SOURCE OF SECONDARY PRODUCTS 533 SUMMARY 533 CHAPTER REVIEW 534 FURTHER
READING 534 BOX 23.1 * ENGINEERING PLANTS WITH THEIR OWN GENES 519
APPENDIX I * STANDARD AMINO ACIDS AND THEIR STRUCTURES 535 APPENDIX II *
MEASURING WATER POTENTIAL AND ITS COMPONENTS 539 INDEX 545
|
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:59:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0471389153 0471379174 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009755137 |
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| publisher | Wiley |
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| spelling | Hopkins, William G. Verfasser aut Introduction to plant physiology William G. Hopkins and Norman P. A. Hüner 3. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2004 XIV, 560 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley international edition Physiologie végétale Plant physiology Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 s DE-604 Hüner, Norman P. A. Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009755137&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Hopkins, William G. Hüner, Norman P. A. Introduction to plant physiology Physiologie végétale Plant physiology Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045580-4 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Introduction to plant physiology |
| title_auth | Introduction to plant physiology |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to plant physiology |
| title_full | Introduction to plant physiology William G. Hopkins and Norman P. A. Hüner |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to plant physiology William G. Hopkins and Norman P. A. Hüner |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to plant physiology William G. Hopkins and Norman P. A. Hüner |
| title_short | Introduction to plant physiology |
| title_sort | introduction to plant physiology |
| topic | Physiologie végétale Plant physiology Pflanzenphysiologie (DE-588)4045580-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Physiologie végétale Plant physiology Pflanzenphysiologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009755137&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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