Spatial technology and archaeology: the archaeological applications of GIS
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| Main Authors: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
London [u.a.]
Taylor & Francis
2002
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliography (p. [247]-263) |
| Physical Description: | XIII, 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 0415246393 0415246407 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Wheatley, David |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Spatial technology and archaeology |b the archaeological applications of GIS |c David Wheatley and Mark Gillings |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
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| 500 | |a Includes bibliography (p. [247]-263) | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Archäologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology |x Methodology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Archaeology |x Statistical methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geographic information systems | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Spatial analysis (Statistics) | |
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Record in the Search Index
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Contents
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xiv
PREFACE xv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xvii
1. ARCHAEOLOGY, SPACE AND GIS 1
1.1 Spatial information and archaeology 3
1.2 Thinking about space 4
1.3 Neutral space and quantification 6
1.4 Meaningful spaces 8
1.5 What is a GIS? 9
1.6 An anatomy lesson 10
1.7 Where did GIS come from? 13
1.8 What does it do that makes it so attractive to archaeologists? 16
1.9 The development of GIS applications in archaeology 18
1.10 Conclusion 20
2. THE SPATIAL DATABASE 23
2.1 How does a spatial database differ from a traditional database? 23
2.2 Thematic mapping and georeferencing 25
2.3 Projection systems 28
2.4 Further complications 31
2.5 Spatial data models and data structures 32
2.6 Vector data structures 34
2.7 An example of a'Simple'vector structure 36
2.8 Raster data layers 50
2.9 Which is best—vector or raster? 56
2.10 A note on thematic mapping 57
2.11 Conclusion 57
2.12 Further information 58
3. ACQUIRING AND INTEGRATING DATA 59
3.1 Sources of spatial data 59
3.2 Sources of attribute data 60
3.3 Clarifying the relationship between spatial and attribute 60
3.4 Integrating spatial information—map based data 62
3.5 Integrating spatial information—co ordinates 69
3.6 Integrating spatial information—survey data 71
3.7 Integrating spatial information—images 74
viii Spatial technology and archaeology
3.8 Integrating spatial information—existing digital resources 81
3.9 Integrating attribute data 82
3.10 Data quality 83
3.11 Metadata and interoperability 86
3.12 Conclusion 87
4. MANIPULATING SPATIAL DATA 89
4.1 This is where the fun starts 89
4.2 Searching the spatial database 90
4.3 Summaries 94
4.4 Simple transformations of a single data theme 98
4.5 Spatial data modelling 104
5. DIGITAL ELEVATION MODELS 107
5.1 Uses of elevation models 107
5.2 Elevation data in maps 108
5.3 Storing elevation data in GIS 110
5.4 Creating elevation models 113
5.5 Products of elevation models 120
5.6 Visualisation 123
5.7 Summary 123
6. BEGINNING TO QUANTIFY SPATIAL PATTERNS 125
6.1 What is spatial analysis? 126
6.2 Identifying structure when we only have points 127
6.3 Spatial structure among points that have values 131
6.4 Spatial structure in area and continuous data 132
6.5 Structure in lines and networks 134
6.6 Comparing points with spatial variables: one and two sample tests 136
6.7 Relationships between different kinds of spatial observations 139
6.8 Exploratory Data Analysis 142
6.9 And there is more . 146
6.10 Spatial analysis? 146
7. SITES, TERRITORIES AND DISTANCE 147
7.1 Buffers, corridors and proximity surfaces 148
7.2 Voronoi tessellation and Delaunay triangulation 149
7.3 Cost and time surfaces 151
7.4 Site catchment analysis and GIS 159
7.5 Conclusion 162
8. LOCATION MODELS AND PREDICTION 165
8.1 Deductive and inductive approaches 166
8.2 Inputs and outputs 166
8.3 Rule based approaches 169
8.4 Regression based approaches 171
8.5 An example: predictive modelling in action 176
8.6 Methodological issues in predictive modelling 178
Contents ix
8.7 The prediction predicament: theoretical differences of opinion 179
8.8 Conclusions 180
9. TREND SURFACE AND INTERPOLATION 183
9.1 Characteristics of interpolators 184
9.2 Point data 185
9.3 Trend surface analysis 187
9.4 Approaches that use triangulation 190
9.5 Approaches that use splines 192
9.6 Numerical approximation 193
9.7 Geostatistics and Kriging 195
9.8 Summary 199
10. VISIBILITY ANALYSIS AND ARCHAEOLOGY 201
10.1 The importance of visibility in archaeological analysis 201
10.2 Archaeological approaches to visibility 202
10.3 How does the GIS calculate visibility? 204
10.4 Visibility within samples of sites—the cumulative viewshed 206
10.5 Visibility of groups of sites—multiple and cumulative viewsheds 207
10.6 Problems with viewshed analysis 209
10.7 Intervisibility and reciprocity 210
10.8 How archaeologists have applied visibility analyses 212
10.9 Critiques and developments 214
11. CULTURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 217
11.1 The importance of spatial technology for heritage management 217
11.2 Archaeological resource as continuous variation 219
11.3 Reality: the antidote to GIS 221
11.4 Seeing the wood for the trees: Dolmen database and GIS 224
11.5 Regional heritage management: Hampshire County Council 227
11.6 National and supra national contexts 230
11.7 Conclusions: recommendations for the adoption of GIS 231
12. FUTURE DIRECTIONS 233
12.1 The current state of GIS applications within archaeology 233
12.2 The developing shape of GIS applications within archaeology 237
12.3 Technological development of GIS 238
12.4 Object Oriented GIS (OO GIS) 238
12.5 Multi dimensional GIS (3D GIS) 241
12.6 Temporal GIS (TGIS) 242
12.7 Technological convergence and field archaeology 243
12.8 Building a research community 245
REFERENCES 247
INDEX 265
List of figures
Figure 1.1 Ian Wykes (Senior Archaeologist, Hampshire County Council)
reviews records of crop mark sites. 10
Figure 1.2 The major subsystems of a GIS as identified by Marble (1990). 11
Figure 1.3 Digitising a paper map using a large format digitising tablet. 15
Figure 2.1 Hypothetical example of an archaeological complex. 24
Figure 2.2 Thematic layers. 26
Figure 2.3 Cylindrical projection and graticule. 29
Figure 2.4 Cylindrical, equal area projection graticule. 30
Figure 2.5 Conical projection with one and two standard parallels. 30
Figure 2.6 Vector and raster representations of an area map. 33
Figure 2.7 Examples of point, line, area. 35
Figure 2.8 Fortified centres in the lower Guadalquivir Valley, Andalucia. 36
Figure 2.9 A hypothetical landscape. 38
Figure 2.10 A complete example of a simple vector data structure. 40
Figure 2.11 A Harris matrix as an example of topology. 41
Figure 2.12 Roads represented as line entities with attributes. 41
Figure 2.13 Three regions showing some possible topological relationships. 42
Figure 2.14 Areas represented by whole polygons showing possible errors. 43
Figure 2.15 A simple river network represented by a list of lines. 45
Figure 2.16 A simple topology problem. 46
Figure 2.17 More complex arrangement of polygons and a graph of topology. 48
Figure 2.18 A simple raster and corresponding data file. 51
Figure 2.19 The effects of doubling the resolution of an image. 52
Figure 2.20 Quadtree data, to five levels (fifth not labelled). 55
Figure 3.1 Example spatial transect map and collected survey attribute data. 61
Figure 3.2 Hypothetical map sheet showing locations of archaeological sites. 63
Figure 3.3 Survey grade differential GPS equipment. 73
Figure 3.4 Ikonos image of part of the Roman town of Calleva Atrebates. 74
Figure 3.5 Approximate ranges of various sensors. 75
Figure 3.6 Part of a SPIN 2/KVR 1000 image of Farley Mount, Hampshire. 76
Figure 4.1 The simplest form of region search. 92
Figure 4.2 A point in polygon search. 92
Figure 4.3 The relationship of the search region to three polygon entities. 93
Figure 4.4 Area and perimeter statistics. 96
Figure 4.5 Image histograms for slope and aspect map. 97
Figure 4.6 Frequency distribution of slope transformed by taking the natural
log of each cell. 100
Figure 4.7 A simple 3 x 3 mean filter in action. 102
Figure 4.8 Venn diagram showing the four basic boolean operators. 104
Figure 5.1 The site of Silbury Hill, Wiltshire, England as a hachure plan and
as a contour survey. 109
xii Spatial technology and archaeology
Figure 5.2 Altitude matrix presented as a 3D wire mesh. 111
Figure 5.3 The site of El Gandul, Andalucia. 112
Figure 5.4 Possible stages in the creation of a DEM. 114
Figure 5.5 Interpolating between contour lines. 115
Figure 5.6 The effect of different interpolation algorithms. 117
Figure 5.7 Cross sections through hypothetical elevation models. 118
Figure 5.8 Intelligent point selection. 119
Figure 5.9 Possible neighbourhoods for estimation of slope and aspect. 120
Figure 5.10 DEM derived from micro topographic survey. 122
Figure 6.1 Ordered, random and clustered point distributions. 127
Figure 6.2 Low dispersion around the mean centre compared with a wide
dispersion of points. 130
Figure 6.3 Spatial autocorrelation in county and raster data. 134
Figure 6.4 A highly connected network and a tree network. 135
Figure 6.5 The cumulated percentages from Table 6.2 shown as a graph. 140
Figure 6.6 A simple star plot encoding three variables. 144
Figure 6.7 Star plot archetypes for the flood plain sites. 145
Figure 6.8 Chernoff faces. 145
Figure 7.1 Buffers and corridors. 148
Figure 7.2 Delaunay triangulation. 150
Figure 7.3 Relationship between difference angle and effective friction. 154
Figure 7.4 Relationship between energy and slope deduced from a
combination of physiological studies and educated guesswork. 156
Figure 7.5 'Least cost paths'generated in a uniform environment. 157
Figure 7.6 Cost surfaces generated from friction surface of constant values. 158
Figure 7.7 A simple Site Catchment Analysis implemented using GIS. 160
Figure 7.8 Digital elevation model from which the friction surface is derived. 161
Figure 8.1 Frequency distributions of elevation, aspect, slope, log of slope,
distance from streams, and log of distance to streams. 173
Figure 8.2 The proportion of the observations predicted as a site for each
probability result from a logistic regression equation. 174
Figure 8.3 Identifying the cut off point for a logistic regression model. 175
Figure 8.4 Examples of the environmental variables selected as inputs. 176
Figure 8.5 The final predictive model produced for the shell midden sites. 178
Figure 9.1 Simple density estimates for a point data set. 186
Figure 9.2 Kernel density estimates for a point data set. 187
Figure 9.3 Trend surface analysis. 188
Figure 9.4 Linear, quadratic, cubic and logistic trend surfaces. 189
Figure 9.5 Interpolation using Delaunay triangulation. 191
Figure 9.6 Interpolation with splines. 192
Figure 9.7 Interpolation with Inverse Distance Weighting. 194
Figure 9.8 Three components of a regionalized variable. 196
Figure 9.9 The use of the semivariogram in Kriging. 199
Figure 10.1 Testing for the intervisibility of two cells in an altitude matrix. 205
Figure 10.2 The binary 'viewshed' of an observer inside El Gandul. 206
Figure 10.3 Viewshed maps of the Avebury region. 207
List of figures xiii
Figure 10.4 Cumulative viewshed map generated from locations of earlier
neolithic long mounds of the Avebury region. 208
Figure 10.5 Variations in elevation close to the observer have a far greater
effect on the calculated viewshed than variation farther away. 210
Figure 10.6 The issue of reciprocity in viewshed calculations. 211
Figure 10.7 The Peel Gap study area DEMand the viewshed. 213
Figure 10.8 The area analysed and the cumulative percentage graph. 215
Figure 11.1 Discrete and continuous notions of archaeological value. 220
Figure 11.2 Dolmen GIS. 226
Figure 11.3 Example screen from the AHBR programme. 228
Figure 12.1 Suggested structure for the application of GIS within archaeology. 234
Figure 12.2 A series of instances of the overall Pottery class. 239
Figure 12.3 Classes, sub classes and inheritance. 240
Figure 12.4 Field data acquisition with context aware, mobile systems. 244
List of tables
Table 1.1 Some suggested spatial patterns and explanatory phenomena. 4
Table 2.1 Examples of primary thematic layers. 27
Table 2.2 Introducing nodes into the data structure. 46
Table 2.3 Introducing areas into the data structure. 47
Table 2.4 The topology of Figure 2.17. 49
Table 3.1 Principal sources of spatial data in archaeology. 60
Table 3.2 Sample identifier code legend for the map shown in Figure 3.2. 66
Table 3.3 The structure of a typical co ordinate entry file. 70
Table 3.4 Spatial and radiometric properties Landsat sensors. 79
Table 3.5 Examples of Russian satellite instruments. 80
Table 3.6 A list of the metadata to record when digitising. 86
Table 4.1 Hypothetical distribution of archaeological sites on soils. 95
Table 4.2 Hypothetical result of crosstabulation of geology and soil. 98
Table 4.3 Hypothetical soil quality classification. 99
Table 6.1 Example of a Mann Whitney U test for 27 long barrows. 138
Table 6.2 One sample Kolmogorov Smirnov test. 141
Table 6.3 Classes of response identified from analysis of star plot field. 144
Table 7.1 Results of the crosstabulation. 162
Table 8.1 One method of calculating 'weights' for an input theme. 170
Table 8.2 The frequency table generated for the shell midden sites. 177
Table 10.1 Critical issues in GIS based visibility analyses. 216 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author | Wheatley, David Gillings, Mark |
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| dewey-full | 930.1028 |
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| discipline | Geschichte Klassische Archäologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
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| spelling | Wheatley, David Verfasser aut 1. publ. Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS David Wheatley and Mark Gillings London [u.a.] Taylor & Francis 2002 XIII, 269 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliography (p. [247]-263) Archäologie Archaeology Methodology Archaeology Statistical methods Geographic information systems Spatial analysis (Statistics) Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd rswk-swf Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd rswk-swf Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 s Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 s DE-604 Gillings, Mark Verfasser aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009721731&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wheatley, David Gillings, Mark Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS Archäologie Archaeology Methodology Archaeology Statistical methods Geographic information systems Spatial analysis (Statistics) Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4002827-6 (DE-588)4261642-6 |
| title | Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS |
| title_alt | 1. publ. |
| title_auth | Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS |
| title_exact_search | Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS |
| title_full | Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS David Wheatley and Mark Gillings |
| title_fullStr | Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS David Wheatley and Mark Gillings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of GIS David Wheatley and Mark Gillings |
| title_short | Spatial technology and archaeology |
| title_sort | spatial technology and archaeology the archaeological applications of gis |
| title_sub | the archaeological applications of GIS |
| topic | Archäologie Archaeology Methodology Archaeology Statistical methods Geographic information systems Spatial analysis (Statistics) Archäologie (DE-588)4002827-6 gnd Geoinformationssystem (DE-588)4261642-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Archäologie Archaeology Methodology Archaeology Statistical methods Geographic information systems Spatial analysis (Statistics) Geoinformationssystem |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009721731&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wheatleydavid 1publ AT gillingsmark 1publ AT wheatleydavid spatialtechnologyandarchaeologythearchaeologicalapplicationsofgis AT gillingsmark spatialtechnologyandarchaeologythearchaeologicalapplicationsofgis |