From neuron to brain:
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| Previous Title: | Nicholls, John G. From neuron to brain |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2001
|
| Edition: | 4. ed. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIX, 580, [101] S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0878934391 9780878934393 |
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MARC
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a From neuron to brain |c John G. Nicholls ... |
| 250 | |a 4. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer |c 2001 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 580, [101] S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Cerveau | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Neurofisiologia |2 larpcal | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neurones | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Neurophysiologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Brain | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nervous System Physiological Phenomena | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Neurophysiology | |
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| _version_ | 1804129020469575680 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table of Contents
PARTI Introduction
Chapter 1. Principles of Signaling
and Organization 3
Signaling in Simple Neuronal Circuits 4
Complex Neuronal Circuitry in Relation to Higher
Functions 4
Organization of the Retina 5
Shapes and Connections of Neurons 5
Cell Body, Dendrites, and Axons 7
Techniques for Identifying Neurons and Tracing Their
Connections 8
Nonneuronal Cells 8
Grouping of Cells According to Function 8
Subtypes of Cells in Relation to Function 9
Convergence and Divergence of Connections 9
Signaling in Nerve Cells 9
Classes of Electrical Signals 10
Universality of Electrical Signals 10
Techniques for Recording Signals from Neurons with
Electrodes 11
PART 2 Signaling in the Nervous S
Chapter 2. Ion Channels
and Signaling 25
Properties of Ion Channels 26
The Nerve Cell Membrane 26
What Does an Ion Channel Look Like? 27
Channel Selectivity 27
Open and Closed States 27
Modes of Activation 28
Measurement of Single Channel Currents 29
Patch Clamp Recording 29
Recording Configurations with Patch Electrodes 29
Intracellular Recording with Microelectrodes 31
Intracellular Recording of Channel Noise 31
Channel Conductance 33
Conductance and Permeability 34
Equilibrium Potential 34
The Nernst Equation 35
Driving Force 36
Nonlinear Current Voltage Relations 36
Ion Permeation through Channels 36
Noninvasive Techniques for Recording Neuronal
Activity 11
Spread of Local Graded Potentials and Passive Electrical
Properties of Neurons 12
Spread of Potential Changes in Bipolar Cells and Photo
receptors 14
Properties of Action Potentials 14
Propagation of Action Potentials along Nerve Fibers 15
Action Potentials as the Neural Code 15
Synapses: The Sites for Cell to Cell Communication 15
Chemically Mediated Synaptic Transmission 15
Excitation and Inhibition 16
Electrical Transmission 16
Modulation of Synaptic Efficacy 17
Integrative Mechanisms 18
Complexity of the Information Conveyed by Action
Potentials 19
Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurons 19
Signals for Development of the Nervous System 20
Regeneration of the Nervous System after Injury 21
YSTEM
Significance of Ion Channels 37
BOX 2.1 Measuring Channel Conductance 37
Chapter 3. Structure of Ion Channels 39
The Nicotinic Acetylchotine Receptor 41
Physical Properties of the ACh Receptor 42
Amino Acid Sequence of AChR Subunits 43
Higher Order Chemical Structure 44
Channel Structure and Function 44
Fetal and Adult ACh Receptors in Mammalian
Muscle 46
Which AChR Subunits Line the Pore? 47
High Resolution Imaging of the ACh Receptor 47
Open and Closed States of the ACh Receptor 48
Diversity of Neuronal AChR Subunits 49
Subunit Composition of Neuronal ACh Receptors 49
A Receptor Superfamily 49
GABA, Glycine, and 5 HT Receptors 49
Ion Selectivity of Ligand Gated Channels 50
Voltage Activated Channels 50
The Voltage Activated Sodium Channel 51
Amino Acid Sequence and Tertiary Structure of the
Sodium Channel 51
Voltage Activated Calcium Channels 51
Voltage Activated Potassium Channels 52
How Many Subunits Make a Potassium Channel? 53
Pore Formation in Voltage Activated Channels 54
High Resolution Imaging of a Potassium Channel 54
Other Channels 55
Voltage Activated Chloride Channels 55
Inward Rectifying Potassium Channels 56
ATP Activated Channels 56
Glutamate Receptors 56
Channels Activated by Cyclic Nucleotides 57
Diversity of Subunits 58
Conclusion 58
BOX 3.1 Cloning Receptors and Channels 40
BOX 3.2 Classification of Amino Acids 45
BOX 3.3 Expression of Receptors and Channels in
Xenopus Oocytes 46
Chapter 4. Transport across Cell
Membranes 61
The Sodium Potassium Exchange Pump 62
Biochemical Properties of Sodium Potassium ATPase
62
Experimental Evidence that the Pump Is Electrogenic
63
Mechanism of Ion Translocation 63
Calcium Pumps 64
Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium
ATPases 66
Plasma Membrane Calcium ATPase 66
Sodium Calcium Exchange 66
The NCX Transport System 67
Reversal of Na Ca Exchange 67
Sodium Calcium Exchange in Retinal Rods 69
Chloride Transport 69
Chloride Bicarbonate Exchange 69
Potassium Chloride Cotransport 70
Inward Chloride Transport 70
Transport of Neurotransmitters 70
Transport into Presynaptic Vesicles 70
Transmitter Uptake 71
Molecular Structure of Transporters 72
ATPases 72
Sodium Calcium Exchangers 72
Other Ion Transporters 73
Transport Molecules for Neurotransmitters 74
Significance of Transport Mechanisms 74
Chapter 5. Ionic Basis of the
Resting Potential 77
A Model Cell 78
Ionic Equilibrium 78
Electrical Neutrality 79
The Effect of Extracellular Potassium and Chloride on
Membrane Potential 80
Membrane Potentials in Squid Axons 81
The Effect of Sodium Permeability 83
The Constant Field Equation 84
The Resting Membrane Potential 85
Chloride Distribution 86
An Electrical Model of the Membrane 86
Predicted Values of Membrane Potential 87
Contribution of the Sodium Potassium Pump to the
Membrane Potential 87
Ion Channels Associated with the Resting Potential 88
Changes in Membrane Potential 88
Chapter 6. Ionic Basis of the
Action Potential 91
Sodium and Potassium Currents 92
How Many Ions Enter and Leave during an Action
Potential? 93
Positive and Negative Feedback during Conductance
Changes 93
Measuring Conductance 93
Voltage Clamp Experiments 94
Capacitative and Leak Currents 94
Currents Carried by Sodium and Potassium 95
Selective Poisons for Sodium and Potassium Channels
96
Dependence of Ion Currents on Membrane Potential 97
Inactivation of the Sodium Current 98
Sodium and Potassium Conductances as Functions of
Potential 100
Quantitative Description of Sodium and Potassium
Conductances 101
Reconstruction of the Action Potential 101
Threshold and Refractory Period 102
Gating Currents 103
Activation and Inactivation of Single Channels 104
Molecular Mechanisms of Activation and Inactivation
105
Gating of Voltage Activated Channels 105
Sodium Channel Inactivation 106
Inactivation of Potassium A Channels 107
Kinetic Models of Channel Activation and Inactivation
108
Properties of Channels Associated with the Action
Potential 109
Other Potassium Channels Contributing to Repolariza
tion 109
The Role of Calcium in Excitation 110
Calcium Action Potentials 110
Calcium Ions and Excitability 110
BOX 6.1 The Voltage Clamp 95
Chapter 7. Neurons as Conductors
of Electricity 113
Passive Electrical Properties of Nerve and Muscle
Membranes 114
Nerve and Muscle Fibers as Cables 114
Flow of Current in a Cable 115
Input Resistance and Length Constant 116
Membrane Resistance and Longitudinal Resistance 116
Calculating Membrane Resistance and Internal Resis¬
tance 117
Specific Resistance 117
The Effect of Diameter on Cable Characteristics 118
Membrane Capacitance 118
Time Constant 120
Capacitance in a Cable 121
Propagation of Action Potentials 121
Conduction Velocity 122
Myelinated Nerves and Saltatory Conduction 123
Conduction Velocity in Myelinated Fibers 123
Distribution of Channels in Myelinated Fibers 125
Channels in Demyelinated Axons 125
Geometry and Conduction Block 126
Conduction in Dendrites 128
Pathways for Current Flow between Cells 128
Structural Basis for Electrical Coupling: The Gap Junc¬
tion 129
BOX 7.1 Electrotonic Potentials and the Membrane
Time Constant 120
BOX 7.2 Classification of Nerve Fibers in Vertebrates
125
BOX7.3 Stimulating and Recording with External
Electrodes 127
BOX 7.4 Current Flow between Cells 130
Chapter 8. Properties and Functions
of Neuroglial Cells 133
Historical Perspective 134
Appearance and Classification of Glial Cells 134
Structural Relations between Neurons and Glia 136
Physiological Properties of Neuroglial Cell Membranes
137
Ion Channels, Pumps, and Receptors in Glial Mem¬
branes 138
Electrical Coupling between Glial Cells 140
Functions of Neuroglial Cells 140
IdUie Ul V UllltMllb AIM
Myelin and the Role of Neuroglial Cells in Axonal Con¬
duction 140
Glial Cells, CNS Development, and Secretion of Growth
Factors 142
Role of Microglial Cells in CNS Repair and Regeneration
144
Schwann Cells as Pathways for Outgrowth in Peripheral
Nerves 145
A Cautionary Note 146
Effects of Neuronal Activity on Glial Cells 146
Potassium Accumulation in Extracellular Space 146
Current Flow and Potassium Movement through Glial
Cells 147
Spatial Buffering of Extracellular Potassium Concentra¬
tion by Glia 147
Effects of Transmitters on Glial Cells 148
Release of Transmitters by Glial Cells 149
Calcium Waves in Glial Cells 149
Transfer of Metabolites from Glial Cells to Neurons 150
Immediate Effects of Glial Cells on Neuronal Signaling
150
Glial Cells and the Blood Brain Barrier 150
Astrocytes and Blood Flow through the Brain: A Specu¬
lation 153
Glial Cells and Immune Responses of the CNS 153
BOX 8.1 The Blood Brain Barrier 151
Chapter 9. Principles of Direct Synaptic
Transmission 155
Nerve Cells and Synaptic Connections 156
Chemical Synaptic Transmission in the Autonomic Ner¬
vous System 157
Chemical Synaptic Transmission at the Vertebrate Skele¬
tal Neuromuscular Junction 157
Electrical Synaptic Transmission 158
Identification and Characterization of Electrical
Synapses 158
Synaptic Delay at Chemical and Electrical Synapses 159
Chemical Synaptic Transmission 160
Synaptic Structure 160
Synaptic Potentials at the Neuromuscular Junction 162
Mapping the Region of the Muscle Fiber Receptive to
ACh 163
Other Techniques for Determining the Distribution of
ACh Receptors 164
Measurement of Ionic Currents Produced by ACh 166
Significance of the Reversal Potential 167
Relative Contributions of Sodium, Potassium, and Cal¬
cium to the End Plate Potential 167
Resting Membrane Conductance and Synaptic Potential
Amplitude 168
BOX 9.1 Electrical Model of the Motor End Plate
169
Kinetics of Currents through Single ACh Receptor
Channels 169
Direct Synaptic Inhibition 171
Reversal of Inhibitory Potentials 171
Presynaptic Inhibition 173
Desensitization 174
Receptors Mediating Direct and Indirect Chemical
Transmission 175
Chapter 10. Indirect Mechanisms
of Synaptic Transmission 177
Metabotropic Receptors and G Proteins 178
Structure of Metabotropic Receptors 178
G Protein Structure and Function 179
Desensitization 180
Direct Modulation of Channel Function by G Proteins
180
G Protein Activation of Potassium Channels 181
G Protein Inhibition of Calcium Channels 182
G Protein Activation of Cytoplasmic Second Messenger
Systems 184
(3 Adrenergic Receptors Activate Calcium Channels via a
G Protein Adenylyl Cyclase Pathway 184
Regulation of Calcium Channel Activity by Other Sig¬
naling Pathways 186
Modulation of Calcium Channel Activity by Phosphory
lation 186
G Protein Activation of Phospholipase C 188
G Protein Activation of Phospholipase A2 188
Signaling via Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide 189
Modulation of Potassium and Calcium Channels by In¬
directly Coupled Receptors 193
Calcium as an Intracellular Second Messenger 193
Calcium Mediated Rapid Synaptic Inhibition 193
Complexity of Calcium Signaling Pathways 194
Prolonged Time Course of Indirect Transmitter Action
195
BOX 10.1 Identifying Responses Mediated by
G Proteins 181
BOX 10.2 Cyclic AMP as a Second Messenger 187
3ox 10.3 dlacylglycerol and ip3 as second
Messengers 190
3OX 10.4 Formation and Metabolism of Arachidonic
Acid 192
Chapter 11. Transmitter Release 199
Iharacteristics of Transmitter Release 200
Axon Terminal Depolarization and Release 200
Synaptic Delay 200
Evidence that Calcium Is Required for Release 201
Measurement of Calcium Entry into Presynaptic Nerve
Terminals 202
Localization of Calcium Entry Sites 204
Role of Depolarization in Release 204
Quantal Release 206
Spontaneous Release of Multimolecular Quanta 206
Nonquantal Release 207
Fluctuations in the End Plate Potential 208
Statistical Analysis of the End Plate Potential 209
Quantum Content at Neuronal Synapses 211
Number of Molecules in a Quantum 211
Number of Channels Activated by a Quantum 211
Changes in Mean Quantal Size at the Neuromuscular
Junction 213
Vesicle Hypothesis of Transmitter Release 213
Ultrastructure of Nerve Terminals 214
Release of Vesicle Contents by Exocytosis 216
Morphological Evidence for Exocytosis 217
Recycling of Vesicle Components 219
Monitoring Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Living Cells
220
Chapter 12. Synaptic Plasticity 227
Short Term Changes in Signaling 229
Facilitation and Depression of Transmitter Release 229
Role of Calcium in Facilitation 230
Augmentation of Synaptic Transmission 230
Posttetanic Potentiation 231
Long Term Changes in Signaling 232
Long Term Potentiation 232
Associative LTP in Hippocampal Pyramidal Cells 233
Mechanisms Underlying the Induction of LTP 235
LTP Expression 235
Silent Synapses 236
Up Regulation of Receptors 236
Presynaptic LTP 238
Long Term Depression 238
LTD in the Cerebellum 239
Induction of LTD 240
Second Messenger Systems Mediating LTD 240
LTD Expression 241
Significance of Changes in Synaptic Efficacy 241
Chapter 13. Cellular and Molecular
Biochemistry of Synaptic Transmission
243
Neurotransmitters 244
The Identification of Transmitters 244
Neurotransmitters as Messengers 245
Transmitter Molecules 245
Neurotransmitter Synthesis 247
Synthesis of ACh 248
Synthesis of Dopamine and Norepinephrine 250
Synthesis of 5 HT 251
Synthesis of GABA 252
Synthesis of Glutamate 253
Short and Long Term Regulation of Transmitter
Synthesis 253
Synthesis of Neuropeptides 254
Storage of Transmitters in Synaptic Vesicles 254
Axonal Transport 256
Rate and Direction of Axonal Transport 256
Microtubules and Fast Transport 258
Mechanism of Slow Axonal Transport 258
Transmitter Release and Vesicle Recycling 258
Sorting of Vesicles within the Nerve Terminal 258
Conserved Mechanisms for Vesicle Trafficking 261
Synaptotagmin and the Calcium Dependence of Neuro
transmitter Release 261
Bacterial Neurotoxins Target the SNARE Complex 261
Recovery of Synaptic Vesicle Membrane Components by
Endocytosis 263
Transmitter Receptor Localization 264
Presynaptic Receptors 265
Removal of Transmitters from the Synaptic Cleft 265
Removal of ACh by Acetylcholinesterase 265
Removal of ATP by Hydrolysis 267
Removal of Transmitters by Uptake 267
BOX 13.1 The SNARE Hypothesis 262
PART 3 Integrative Mechanisms
Chapter 15. Cellular Mechanisms of
Integration and Behavior in Leeches,
Ants, and Bees 291
From Neurons to Behavior and Vice Versa 292
Integration by Individual Neurons in the CNS
of the Leech 293
Leech Ganglia: Semiautonomous Units 293
Sensory Cells in Leech Ganglia 293
Motor Cells 296
Connections of Sensory and Motor Cells 297
Short Term Changes in Synaptic Efficacy 299
Membrane Potential, Presynaptic Inhibition, and
Transmitter Release 299
Repetitive Firing and Conduction Block 301
Higher Levels of Integration 302
The S Interneuron and Sensitization 303
Navigation by Ants and Bees 304
The Desert Ant s Pathway Home 304
The Use of Polarized Light as a Compass 307
Polarized Light Detection by the Ant s Eye 308
Strategies for Finding the Nest 309
Neural Mechanisms for Navigation 310
Table of Contents xv
Chapter 14. Neurotransmitters in the
Central Nervous System 271
Mapping Transmitter Distribution 273
GABA and Glycine: Inhibitory Transmitters
intheCNS 274
GABA Receptors 275
Modulation of GABAA Receptor Function by Benzodi
azepines and Barbiturates 276
Glutamate Receptors in the CNS 277
Nitric Oxide as a Transmitter in the CNS 277
Acetylcholine: Basal Forebrain Nuclei 278
Cholinergic Neurons, Cognition, and Alzheimer s
Disease 278
ATP and Adenosine as CNS Transmitters 280
Peptide Transmitters in the CNS 280
Substance P 280
Opioid Peptides 281
Regulation of Central Nervous System Function by
Biogenic Amines 282
Norepinephrine: The Locus Coeruleus 282
5 HT: The Raphe Nuclei 283
Histamine: The Tuberomammillary Nucleus 284
Dopamine: The Substantia Nigra 284
Targeting Specific Synapses 286
BOX 14.1 Molecular Methods and CNS transmitters
272
Polarized Light and Twisted Photoreceptors in Bees 311
Use of Magnetic Fields by Bees for Navigation 312
Why Should One Work on Invertebrate Nervous
Systems? 313
Chapter 16. Autonomic Nervous
System 315
Functions under Involuntary Control 316
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems 316
Synaptic Transmission in Autonomic Ganglia 318
M Currents in Autonomic Ganglia 320
Synaptic Transmission by Postganglionic Axons 321
Purinergic Transmission 322
Sensory Inputs to the Autonomic Nervous System 323
The Enteric Nervous System 324
Regulation of Autonomic Functions by the Hypothala
mus 324
Hypothalamic Neurons that Release Hormones 327
Distribution and Numbers of GnRH Cells 327
Circadian Rhythms 328
BOX 16.1 The Path to Understanding Sympathetic
Mechanisms 323
xvi Table of Contents
Chapter 17. Transduction of Mech¬
anical and Chemical Stimuli 333
Stimulus Coding by Mechanoreceptors 334
Short and Long Receptors 334
Encoding Stimulus Parameters by Stretch Receptors 335
The Crayfish Stretch Receptor 336
Muscle Spindles 336
Responses to Static and Dynamic Muscle Stretch 338
Mechanisms of Adaptation in Mechanoreceptors 339
Adaptation in the Pacinian Corpuscle 339
Transduction of Mechanical Stimuli 340
Mechanosensory Hair Cells of the Vertebrate Ear 340
Structure of Hair Cell Receptors 341
Transduction by Hair Bundle Deflection 343
Tip Links and Gating Springs 344
Transduction Channels in Hair Cells 345
Adaptation of Hair Cells 345
Olfaction 347
Olfactory Receptors 347
The Olfactory Response 347
Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels in Olfactory
Receptors 348
Coupling the Receptor to Ion Channels 349
Odorant Specificity 349
Mechanisms of Taste (Gustation) 350
Taste Receptor Cells 350
Salt Taste and Sour Taste 351
Sweet Taste and Bitter Taste 351
Molecular Receptors for Glutamate and Chili 352
Transduction of Nociceptive and Thermal Stimuli 352
Activation and Sensitization of Nociceptors 352
BOX 17.1 Sensory Epithelia of the Inner Ear 342
Chapter 18. Processing of Somato
sensory and auditory signals 355
The Somatosensory System: Tactile Recognition 356
Organization of Receptors for Fine Touch 356
Stimulus Coding 357
Central Pathways 358
The Somatosensory Cortex 358
Response Properties of Cortical Neurons 359
Surround Inhibition 360
Parallel Processing of Sensory Modalities 361
Secondary and Associated Somatosensory Cortices 362
Pain and Temperature Pathways 363
Central Pathways for Pain 364
The Auditory System: Encoding Sound Frequency 366
The Cochlea 366
Frequency Selectivity: Mechanical Tuning 367
Efferent Inhibition of the Cochlea 368
Electromotility of Mammalian Cochlear Hair Cells 370
Electrical Tuning of Hair Cells 370
Hair Cell Potassium Channels and Tuning 372
The Auditory Pathway 372
Auditory Cortex 374
Sound Localization 375
BOX 18.1 Brodmann s Areas 364
Chapter 19. Transduction and Signaling
in the Retina 379
The Eye 380
Anatomical Pathways in the Visual System 380
Convergence and Divergence of Connections 381
The Retina 381
Layering of Cells in the Retina 381
Rods and Cones 382
Arrangement and Morphology of Photoreceptors 382
Electrical Responses of Vertebrate Photoreceptors to
Light 383
Visual Pigments 384
Absorption of Light by Visual Pigments 384
Structure of Rhodopsin 385
Cones and Color Vision 385
Color Blindness 387
Transduction by Photoreceptors 387
Properties of the Photoreceptor Channels 388
Molecular Structure of Cyclic GMP gated Channels 389
The Cyclic GMP Cascade 390
Vertebrate Photoreceptors with Depolarizing Responses
to Light 390
Amplification through the Cyclic GMP Cascade 392
Responses to Single Quanta of Light 392
Transmission from Photoreceptors to Bipolar Cells
394
Bipolar, Horizontal, and Amacrine Cells 394
Transmitters in the Retina 395
The Concept of Receptive Fields 396
Responses of Bipolar Cells 396
Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar Cells 397
Horizontal Cells and Surround Inhibition 398
Significance of Receptive Field Organization of Bipolar
Cells 398
Receptive Fields of Ganglion Cells 399
The Output of the Retina 399
The Use of Discrete Visual Stimuli in Intact Animals for
Defining Receptive Fields 400
Ganglion Cell Receptive Field Organization 400
Sizes of Receptive Fields 400
Classification of Ganglion Cells 402
Synaptic Inputs to Ganglion Cells Responsible for
Receptive Field Organization 402
What Information Do Ganglion Cells Convey? 402
BOX 19 1 Adaptation of Photoreceptors 391
Chapter 20. Signaling in the Lateral
Geniculate Nucleus and the Primary
Visual Cortex 407
The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 408
Visual Field Maps in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 409
Functional Layers of the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 410
Cytoarchitecture of the Cortex 411
Inputs, Outputs, and Layering of Cortex 413
Segregation of Geniculate Inputs in Layer 4 414
Strategies for Exploring the Cortex 414
Cortical Receptive Fields 416
Responses of Simple Cells 416
Synthesis of the Simple Receptive Field 418
Responses of Complex Cells 419
Synthesis of the Complex Receptive Field 420
Receptive Fields: Units for Form Perception 421
Chapter 21. Functional Architecture
of the Visual Cortex 427
Ocular Dominance Slabs and Orientation Columns 428
Orientation Columns 429
The Relation between Ocular Dominance and Orienta¬
tion Columns 431
Parallel Processing of Form, Motion, and Color 432
Magnocellular, Parvocellular, and Koniocellular
Channels 432
Cytochrome Oxidase Blobs and Stripes 432
Projections to Visual Area 2 (V2) 432
Association Areas of Visual Cortex 433
Motion Detection and Area MT 434
Area MT and Visual Tracking 434
Color Vision 435
Pathways to Color Vision 436
Color Constancy 437
The Integration of Visual Information 439
Horizontal Connections within Primary Visual Cortex
439
Receptive Fields from Both Eyes Converging on Cortical
Neurons 440
Connections for Combining Right and Left Visual Fields
442
Where Do We Go from Here? 442
Functional Imaging 442
Faces and Letters 443
Table of Contents xvii
BOX 21.1 Color Constancy 438
BOX 21.2 Corpus Callosum 444
Chapter 22. Cellular Mechanisms
of Motor Control 447
The Motor Unit 449
Synaptic Inputs to Motoneurons 449
Unitary Synaptic Potentials in Motoneurons 450
The Size Principle and Graded Contractions 451
Spinal Reflexes 453
Reciprocal Innervation 453
Sensory Information from Muscle Receptors 454
Efferent Control of Muscle Spindles 455
Flexor Reflexes 456
Generation of Coordinated Movement 456
Central Pattern Generators 457
Locomotion 458
The Interaction of Sensory Feedback and Central Motor
Programs 459
Respiration 459
The Organization of Motor Pathways 462
Organization of Spinal Motoneurons 462
Supraspinal control of Motoneurons 462
Lateral Motor Pathways 463
Medial Motor Pathways 463
Motor Cortex and the Execution of Voluntary Movement
464
Association Motor Cortex 465
The Activity of Cortical Neurons 466
Cortical Cell Activity Related to Direction of Arm
Movements 467
Planning a Movement 468
The Cerebellum 468
Connections of the Cerebellum 469
Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebellar Cortex 470
Cellular Activity in Cerebellar Nuclei 471
Deficits in Patients with Cerebellar Damage 472
The Basal Ganglia 473
Functional Circuitry of the Basal Ganglia 473
Cellular Activity in Basal Ganglia 474
Diseases of the Basal Ganglia 474
BOX 22.1 Extracellular Recording of Motor
Activity 465
PART 4 Development of the Nervou
Chapter 23. Development of the
Nervous System 479
Terminology 480
Genetic Approaches for Understanding Development
480
Early Neural Morphogenesis 481
Production of Neuronal and Glial Cell Precursors 482
Migration of Neurons in the CNS 483
Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Proteins and Neural Crest
Cell Migration 484
Regional Specification of Neural Tissue 485
Homeotic Genes and Segmentation 485
Notochord and Floor Plate 487
General Scheme for Regional Specification 488
Determination of Neuronal and Glial Cell Identity 488
Cell Lineage and Inductive Interactions in Simple
Nervous Systems 488
Inductive Interactions in Development of Drosophila
Eyes 489
Cell Lineage in the Mammalian CNS 489
The Relationship between Neuronal Birthday and Cell
Fate 491
Genetic Abnormalities of Cortical Layers in Reeler Mice
493
Influence of Local Cues on Cortical Architecture 494
Hormonal Control of Development 494
Neural Stem Cells 494
Control of Neuronal Phenotype in the Peripheral Ner¬
vous System 495
Transmitter Choice in the Peripheral Nervous System 495
Axon Outgrowth 497
Growth Cones, Axon Elongation, and the Role of Actin
497
Cell and Extracellular Matrix Adhesion Molecules and
Axon Outgrowth 499
Axon Guidance 500
Target dependent and Target independent Navigation
501
Navigation via Guidepost Cells 501
Synaptic Interactions with Guidepost Cells 501
Mechanisms of Axon Guidance 502
Growth Cone Navigation in the Spinal Cord 503
Semaphorin Family of Chemorepellents 505
Modulation of Response to Chemorepellents and
Chemoattractants 506
Target Innervation 506
Synapse Formation 506
Accumulation of ACh Receptors 507
Agrin induced Synaptic Differentiation 508
Formation of CNS Synapses 511
Growth Factors and Survival of Neurons 512
s System
Nerve Growth Factor 512
Uptake and Retrograde Transport of NGF 512
The Neurotrophin Family of Growth Factors 514
Neurotrophins in the CNS 514
Neurotrophin Receptors 515
Competitive Interactions during Development 516
Neuronal Cell Death 516
Pruning and the Removal of Polyneuronal Innervation
517
Neuronal Activity and Synapse Elimination 519
Neurotrophins and Pruning 520
General Considerations of Neural Specificity 520
BOX 23.1 Discovery of Nerve Growth Factor 513
Chapter 24. Denervation and Regenera¬
tion of Synaptic Connections 525
Changes in Axotomized Neurons and the Surrounding
Glial Cells 526
Wallerian Degeneration 526
Retrograde Trans synaptic Effects of Axotomy 527
Trophic Substances and the Effects of Axotomy 528
Effects of Denervation on Postsynaptic Cells 528
The Denervated Muscle Membrane 528
Appearance of New ACh Receptors after Denervation or
Prolonged Inactivity of Muscle 528
Synthesis and Degradation of Receptors in Denervated
Muscle 529
Role of Muscle Inactivity in Denervation
Supersensitivity 530
Role of Calcium in Development of Supersensitivity in
Denervated Muscle 532
Neural Factors Regulating ACh Receptor Synthesis 532
Distribution of Receptors in Nerve Cells after
Denervation 533
Susceptibility of Normal and Denervated Muscles to
New Innervation 534
Supersensitivity and Synapse formation 534
Denervation induced Axonal Sprouting 535
Regeneration in the Vertebrate Peripheral Nervous
System 536
Regrowth of Severed Axons 536
Specificity of Reinnervation 537
Properties of Nerve and Muscle after Formation of
Aberrant Contacts 538
Role of Basal Lamina at Regenerating Neuromuscular
Synapses 538
Synaptic Basal Lamina and Formation of Synaptic
Specializations 540
Identification of Agrin 540
Regeneration in the Mammalian CNS 541
Role of Glial Cells in CNS Regeneration 541
Schwann Cell Bridges and Regeneration 542
Formation of Synapses by Axons Regenerating in the
Mammalian CNS 543
Regeneration in the Immature Mammalian CNS 544
Neuronal Transplants 544
Chapter 25. Critical Periods in Visual
and Auditory Systems 549
The Visual System in Newly Born Monkeys and Kittens
550
Receptive Fields and Response Properties of Cortical
Cells in Newborn Animals 550
Ocular Dominance Columns in Newborn Monkeys
and Kittens 551
Development of Ocular Dominance Columns 552
Development of Cortical Architecture in Utero 554
Genetic Factors in the Development of Visual Circuits
554
Effects of Abnormal Experience in Early Life 555
Blindness after Lid Closure 555
Responses of Cortical Cells after Monocular Deprivation
555
Relative Importance of Diffuse Light and Form for
Maintaining Normal Responses 556
Morphological Changes in the Lateral Geniculate Nu¬
cleus after Visual Deprivation 556
PART 5 Conclusion
Chapter 26. Open Questions 575
Cellular and Molecular Studies of Neuronal Functions
576
Functional Importance of Intercellular Transfer of
Materials 576
Development and Regeneration 577
Genetic Approaches to Understanding the Nervous
System 577
Sensory and Motor Integration 577
Rhythmicity 578
Input from Clinical Neurology to Studies of the Brain
578
Input from Basic Neuroscience to Neurology 579
The Rate of Progress 580
Conclusions 580
Morphological Changes in the Cortex after Visual
Deprivation 556
Critical Period of Susceptibility to Lid Closure 556
Recovery during the Critical Period 558
Requirements for Maintenance of Functioning
Connections in the Visual System 560
Binocular Lid Closure and the Role of Competition 560
Effects of Strabismus (Squint) 561
Changes in Orientation Preference 562
Critical Periods in Development of Human Visual
System and Clinical Implications 562
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Deprivation
Changes 563
Effects of Impulse Activity on Structure 563
Synchronized Spontaneous Activity in the Absence of
Inputs during Development 564
Cellular Mechanisms for Plasticity of Connections 566
Trophic Molecules and the Maintenance of Connections
566
Segregation of Inputs without Competition 566
Critical Periods in the Auditory System 567
Auditory and Visual Experience in Newborn Barn Owls
567
Effects of Enriched Sensory Experience in Early Life 568
Critical Periods for Higher Functions 570
What Is the Biological Advantage of Critical Periods? 571
Appendix A. Current Flow in Electrical
Circuits A l
Appendix B. Metabolic Pathways for the
Synthesis and Inactivation of Low Molecular
Weight Transmitters B l
Appendix C. Structures and Pathways
of the Brain C l
Glossary G l
Bibliography BB 1
Index 1 1
|
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)136721400 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV014147307 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QP355 |
| callnumber-raw | QP355.2 |
| callnumber-search | QP355.2 |
| callnumber-sort | QP 3355.2 |
| callnumber-subject | QP - Physiology |
| classification_rvk | CZ 1000 WW 2200 WW 3880 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)43708666 (DE-599)BVBBV014147307 |
| dewey-full | 573.8 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 573 - Specific physiological systems in animals |
| dewey-raw | 573.8 |
| dewey-search | 573.8 |
| dewey-sort | 3573.8 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Psychologie |
| edition | 4. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
| id | DE-604.BV014147307 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:58:30Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0878934391 9780878934393 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-009695244 |
| oclc_num | 43708666 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-188 DE-578 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-20 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-188 DE-578 DE-11 |
| physical | XIX, 580, [101] S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2001 |
| publishDateSearch | 2001 |
| publishDateSort | 2001 |
| publisher | Sinauer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | From neuron to brain John G. Nicholls ... 4. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2001 XIX, 580, [101] S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Cerveau Cérebro larpcal Neurofisiologia larpcal Neurones Neurophysiologie Brain Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurons Neurophysiology Hirnfunktion (DE-588)4159930-5 gnd rswk-swf Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd rswk-swf Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd rswk-swf Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd rswk-swf Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd rswk-swf Neuronales Netz (DE-588)4226127-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 s DE-604 Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 s Hirnfunktion (DE-588)4159930-5 s DE-188 Neuronales Netz (DE-588)4226127-2 s Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 s Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 s Nicholls, John G. 1929-2023 Sonstige (DE-588)136721400 oth 3. Auflage Nicholls, John G. From neuron to brain (DE-604)BV026130085 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009695244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | From neuron to brain Cerveau Cérebro larpcal Neurofisiologia larpcal Neurones Neurophysiologie Brain Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurons Neurophysiology Hirnfunktion (DE-588)4159930-5 gnd Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd Neuronales Netz (DE-588)4226127-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4159930-5 (DE-588)4041871-6 (DE-588)4041643-4 (DE-588)4041897-2 (DE-588)4041649-5 (DE-588)4226127-2 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | From neuron to brain |
| title_auth | From neuron to brain |
| title_exact_search | From neuron to brain |
| title_full | From neuron to brain John G. Nicholls ... |
| title_fullStr | From neuron to brain John G. Nicholls ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | From neuron to brain John G. Nicholls ... |
| title_old | Nicholls, John G. From neuron to brain |
| title_short | From neuron to brain |
| title_sort | from neuron to brain |
| topic | Cerveau Cérebro larpcal Neurofisiologia larpcal Neurones Neurophysiologie Brain Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurons Neurophysiology Hirnfunktion (DE-588)4159930-5 gnd Neurobiologie (DE-588)4041871-6 gnd Nervensystem (DE-588)4041643-4 gnd Neurophysiologie (DE-588)4041897-2 gnd Nervenzelle (DE-588)4041649-5 gnd Neuronales Netz (DE-588)4226127-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Cerveau Cérebro Neurofisiologia Neurones Neurophysiologie Brain Nervous System Physiological Phenomena Neurons Neurophysiology Hirnfunktion Neurobiologie Nervensystem Nervenzelle Neuronales Netz Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009695244&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nichollsjohng fromneurontobrain |