PET packaging technology:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Sheffield
Sheffield Acad. Press [u.a.]
2002
|
| Edition: | 1. publ. |
| Series: | Sheffield packaging technology
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XIV, 375 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 1841272221 0849397863 |
Staff View
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a PET packaging technology |c ed. by David W. Brooks ... |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sheffield |b Sheffield Acad. Press [u.a.] |c 2002 | |
| 300 | |a XIV, 375 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | Titel: PET packaging technology
Autor: Brooks, David W.
Jahr: 2002
Contents
1 Introduction 1
DAVID W. BROOKS and GEOFF A. GILES
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 History 1
1.1.2 IP—patents 3
1.2 Market growth and the development of materials 4
1.2.1 PET fibre and film 7
1.2.2 Barrier materials 8
1.2.3 Competitive materials: PVC, AN/S (Lopac) and AN/MA (Barex) 11
1.3 Technology 13
1.3.1 Single-stage ISBM 14
1.3.2 Two-stage ISBM 14
1.3.3 Integrated two-stage ISBM 15
1.3.4 Heat setting 15
1.4 Packaging 16
1.4.1 Bottles in the early years 16
1.4.2 PET cans 18
1.4.3 Refillable bottles 22
1.4.4 Preform design, neck design—BPF, vent slots 23
1.4.5 Beer spheres 24
References 25
2 Commercial considerations 26
GEOFF A. GILES and GORDON J. BOCKNER
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Container technologies 28
2.3 Product processing and filling requirements 29
2.4 Packer/filler shelf-life requirements 30
2.5 Cost and performance considerations 31
2.5.1 Material pricing 31
2.5.2 In-house manufacture of PET containers for packer/fillers 32
2.6 Recycling issues 33
2.7 End-use market penetration 34
References 34
3 PET materials and applications 36
KENNETH M. JONES
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Polymerisation and manufacturing processes 37
3.2.1 Manufacturing plants 40
CONTENTS
3.3 Structures, morphology and orientation 44
3.3.1 Structures 44
3.3.2 Morphology 45
3.3.3 Orientation 48
3.3.4 Creep 59
3.4 Properties 60
3.4.1 Molecular weight and intrinsic viscosity 61
3.4.2 End group 64
3.4.3 Thermal properties 65
3.5 Rheology and melt viscosity 70
3.5.1 Melt viscosity 70
3.5.2 Melt flow 72
3.5.3 Moulding shrinkage 75
3.6 Moisture uptake and polymer drying 76
3.6.1 Moisture level 76
3.6.2 Polymer drying 77
3.7 Degradation reactions 80
3.7.1 Thermal and thermal oxidative degradation 80
3.7.2 Environmental degradation 81
3.8 Reheat characteristics 81
3.9 Gas barrier properties 83
3.10 Amorphous polyesters 87
3.10.1 Homopolymers 88
3.10.2 Low copolymers 89
3.10.3 Medium copolymers 91
3.10.4 High copolymers 92
3.11 Crystalline polymers 92
3.12 Polymer blends 93
3.13 Applications 93
3.14 Trends 94
3.15 Global 94
References 95
Barrier materials and technology 98
DAVID W. BROOKS
4.1 Introduction 98
4.2 Polyesters 98
4.2.1 PEN 99
4.2.1 Amorphous polyesters 100
4.2.2 Other polyesters 101
4.3 Barrier materials 102
4.3.1 EVOH 102
4.3.2 PVDC 104
4.3.3 Polyamides (nylon) 104
4.3.4 Liquid crystal polymers (LCP) 105
4.4 Barrier technology 106
4.4.1 Organic coatings 107
4.4.2 Inorganic coatings 107
4.4.3 Scavengers 109
4.4.4 Nanocomposites ! 11
CONTENTS xi
4.5 Oxygen barrier 111
4.5.1 Packaging foods and beverages 113
4.5.2 Packaging oxygen-sensitive foods and beverages 1 13
4.6 Carbon dioxide barrier 114
4.7 Future trends 115
Acknowledgement 115
5 PET film and sheet 116
WILLIAM A. MACDONALD, DUNCAN H. MACKERRON
and DAVID W. BROOKS
116
117
117
118
121
130
133
137
137
137
138
138
139
139
142
143
145
146
146
149
149
151
153
153
154
155
155
155
Injection and co-injection preform technologies 158
PAUL SWENSON
6.1 Multilayer characteristics 158
6.2 Applications 161
6.2.1 Performance-driven applications 161
6.2.2 Economics- or legislative-driven applications 161
6.2.3 Combination applications 162
6.3 Closure vj bottle permeation 162
6.4 Container performance 64
6.4.1 Barrier properties 64
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The film process
5.2.1 Polymer preparation and handling
5.2.2 Extrusion and casting
5.2.3 Drawing
5.2.4 Heat setting
5.2.5 Slitting and winding
5.2.6 Reclaim and recovery
5.3 Polymer, process and properties (3Ps)
5.3.1 Polymer
5.3.2 Process
5.3.3 Properties
5.4 Surface and bulk properties
5.4.1 Film properties
5.4.2 Coating
5.4.3 Co-extrusion
5.4.4 Fillers
5.4.5 Shrinkage
5.4.6 Combination of effects
5.5 PET sheet
5.5.1 Extrusion of PET sheet
5.5.2 Thermoforming of PET sheet
5.5.3 Thermoforming of CPET sheet
5.5.4 Materials
5.5.5 New developments
5.6 Conclusions—film
Acknowledgements
References
xii CONTENTS
6.4.2 Oxygen barrier 165
6.4.3 Carbon dioxide barrier 166
6.4.4 Scavenger property 167
6.5 Wall structure 168
6.6 Preform and bottle design 169
6.6.1 Permeation through finish, sidewall and base 171
6.6.2 Controlled fill 172
6.7 Headspace oxygen absorption 174
6.8 Oxygen desorption from PET 174
6.9 Beer containers 176
6.10 Small juice containers 178
6.11 Small CSD containers 178
6.12 Core layer volumes 179
6.13 Recycling 180
6.14 Comparison of co-injection technologies 180
6.15 Co-injection molding equipment 182
6.16 The future 183
7 One-stage injection stretch blow moulding 184
BOB BLAKEBOROUGH
7.1 Introduction 184
7.2 One-stage machines 189
7.2.1 One-stage machine construction 189
7.3 Process stations on a one-stage machine 192
7.3.1 Injection mould and hot runner 192
7.3.2 Conditioning station 195
7.3.3 Blowing station 196
7.4 Integrated two-stage machines 197
7.5 Drying system 198
7.5.1 Requirements for a reliable drying system 199
7.5.2 Drying process monitoring 200
7.6 Preform design 200
7.6.1 Neck finish 201
7.6.2 Preform weight 202
7.6.3 Cycle time and preform wall thickness 202
7.6.4 Stretch ratios 203
7.6.5 Injection mould design and manufacture 205
7.6.6 Preform design for varying container sizes 206
7.6.7 Preform weight adjustment 206
7.6.8 Differences between one- and two-stage preform designs 206
7.7 Container design 207
7.8 Hot-fill PET bottles 208
7.9 Quality control procedures 208
7.10 Preform examination 209
7.10.1 Appearance and shape 209
7.10.2 Preform weight 210
7.10.3 Neck dimensions 210
7.10.4 Preform eccentricity 210
7.10.5 Polarised light inspection 211
7.10.6 Intrinsic viscosity (IV) 211
CONTENTS Xiii
7.10.7 Acetaldehyde (AA) 212
7.11 Container examination 212
7.11.1 Shape and appearance 212
7.11.2 Dimensions 212
7.11.3 Capacity 213
7.11.4 Container wall thickness and material distribution 214
7.11.5 Top load strength 215
7.11.6 Impact resistance (drop) test 215
7.11.7 Leakage of liquid (seal integrity) 215
7.11.8 Vacuum strength 216
7.11.9 Acetaldehyde (AA) 216
7.11.10 Oxygen permeation 217
7.11.11 Moisture vapour transmission rate 217
7.11.12 Product filling temperature 217
7.11.13 Container weight 217
7.12 Bottles for carbonated beverages 218
7.12.1 Burst pressure 218
7.12.2 Thermal stability 218
7.12.3 Carbonation retention 218
7.13 Additional tests for hot-fill containers 219
7.14 Additional tests for returnable/refillable PET bottles 220
Appendix: one-stage and integrated PET machine manufacturers 220
Two-stage injection stretch blow moulding 223
MICHAEL KOCH
8.1 Introduction 223
8.1.1 The principles of the two-stage process 223
8.1.2 Technological basics of PET as a stretch blow moulding material 227
8.1.2 Production concepts and target markets 233
8.2 Preform injection moulding 238
8.2.1 Injection machine concepts 239
8.2.2 Mould design 244
8.2.3 Productivity parameters 247
8.3 Stretch blow moulding 251
8.3.1 Principles of the two-stage stretch blow moulding process 251
8.3.2 Machinery concepts 264
8.3.3 Mould technology 268
8.4 Preform and container design 270
8.4.1 Container design 270
8.4.2 Preform design 274
References 278
Abbreviations 278
Injection blow moulding 280
MIKE WORTLEY
9.1 Basic principles 280
9.2 History 281
9.3 Process identification 282
9.4 Commercial processes 283
xiv CONTENTS
9.4.1 Rotary table machines: Jomar, Uniloy and similar 283
9.5 Tooling 284
9.6 Procrea 286
9.7 Materials 286
9.8 Applications 287
9.9 Machine and process capabilities 287
10 Hot-fill, heat-set, pasteurization and retort technologies 292
BORA TEKKANAT
10.1 The hot-fill process 292
10.2 The heat-set process 293
10.3 The pasteurization process 307
10.4 The retort process 310
10.5 Concluding remarks 313
References 314
11 Environmental and recycling considerations 315
VINCE MATTHEWS
11.1 Introduction 315
11.2 European environmental policy 316
11.3 EV Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive 316
11.3.1 Compliance with the Directive s targets 318
11.3.2 Material identification 319
11.3.3 CEN standards and the essential requirements 320
11.3.4 CEN umbrella standard (pren 13427) 320
11.3.5 Implementation of the Directive in the member countries 322
11.4 Collection and recovery procedures 323
11.4.1 Drop-off schemes 324
11.4.2 Kerbside collection schemes 324
11.4.3 Reverse vending machines 324
11.4.4 Other systems 325
11.4.5 Plastic bottle sorting 325
11.5 Plastics packaging waste 325
11.6 Recycling of PET 328
11.6.1 Principal methods of PET recovery 329
11.6.2 Contamination issues 330
11.6.3 Recycling of PET by mechanical methods 330
11.6.4 R-PET and food-contact quality 334
11.6.5 Recycling of PET by chemical methods— solvolysis 336
11.7 Environmental benefits of recycling 342
11.7.1 General principles of recycling 343
11.7.2 Application of the general principles to the recovery and recycling
of PET bottles 346
11.8 Economic factors affecting PET bottle recycling 355
11.9 Markets for recovered PET 357
11.10 PET recycling—the future 359
References 362
Index 365
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| spelling | PET packaging technology ed. by David W. Brooks ... 1. publ. Sheffield Sheffield Acad. Press [u.a.] 2002 XIV, 375 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Sheffield packaging technology Envases de plástico Plastics in packaging Polyethylene terephthalate Verpackungstechnik (DE-588)4187932-6 gnd rswk-swf Polyethylenterephthalate (DE-588)4133597-1 gnd rswk-swf Polyethylenterephthalate (DE-588)4133597-1 s Verpackungstechnik (DE-588)4187932-6 s DE-604 Brooks, David W. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009575484&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | PET packaging technology Envases de plástico Plastics in packaging Polyethylene terephthalate Verpackungstechnik (DE-588)4187932-6 gnd Polyethylenterephthalate (DE-588)4133597-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4187932-6 (DE-588)4133597-1 |
| title | PET packaging technology |
| title_auth | PET packaging technology |
| title_exact_search | PET packaging technology |
| title_full | PET packaging technology ed. by David W. Brooks ... |
| title_fullStr | PET packaging technology ed. by David W. Brooks ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | PET packaging technology ed. by David W. Brooks ... |
| title_short | PET packaging technology |
| title_sort | pet packaging technology |
| topic | Envases de plástico Plastics in packaging Polyethylene terephthalate Verpackungstechnik (DE-588)4187932-6 gnd Polyethylenterephthalate (DE-588)4133597-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Envases de plástico Plastics in packaging Polyethylene terephthalate Verpackungstechnik Polyethylenterephthalate |
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