Common sense approach to thermal imaging:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Bellingham, Wash.
SPIE Optical Engineering Press
2000
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 377 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0819437220 0964000075 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Holst, Gerald C. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Common sense approach to thermal imaging |c Gerald C. Holst |
| 264 | 1 | |a Bellingham, Wash. |b SPIE Optical Engineering Press |c 2000 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 377 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Contrôle non destructif par thermographie infrarouge |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Imagerie (Technique) | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Imagerie (technique) |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Imagerie infrarouge | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Imagerie infrarouge |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermographie | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Thermographie |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Imaging systems | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Infrared imaging | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Thermography | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Infrarotthermographie |0 (DE-588)4242353-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804128712964177920 |
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| adam_text | Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION............................................................................................. 1 1.1. Heat......................................................................................................................3 1.2. Temperature measuring devices.......................................................................4 1.2.1. Contact devices...................................................................................... 5 1.2.2. Non-contact devices............................................................................. 7 1.3. Temperature scales............................................................................................ 9 1.4. The electromagnetic spectrum.........................................................................11 1.5. Brief history of thermography........................................................................ 15 1.6. System development.........................................................................................16 1.7. Applications overview..................................................................................... 18 1.8. Units..................................................................................................................19 1.9. References........................................................................................................ 20 2. HEAT..................................................................................................................21 2.1. Heat capacity and specific heat
capacity....................................................... 23 2.2. Phase change.................................................................................................... 24 2.3. Heat transfer..................................................................................................... 27 2.3.1. Conduction.......................................................................................... 27 2.3.2. Convection............................................................................................32 2.3.3. Radiation...............................................................................................34 2.4. Heat sources..........................................................:..........................................35 2.4.1. Sun........................................................................................................ 35 2.4.2. Combustion.......................................................................................... 36 2.4.3. Chemical reaction................................................................................38 2.4.4. Nuclear power plant........................................................................... 38 2.4.5. Energy conversion...............................................................................39 2.4.6. Mass transport.....................................................................................45 2.4.7. Man-made................................... 45 2.5. Useful conversions and constants................................................................. 46 2.6.
References........................................................................................................ 47 3. DETECTION OF RADIATION.................................................................. 48 3.1. Stefan-Boltzmann law..................................................................................... 48 3.1.1. General response.................................................................................49 3.1.2. The background...................................................................................49 3.2. Planck’s blackbody law....................... 52 3.2.1. General response.................................................................................56 3.2.2. The background................................................................................... 58 vii
viii Common sense approach to thermal imaging 4. EMISSIVITY..................................................................................................60 4.1. Conservation of energy................................................................................... 60 4.2. Target emissivity............................................................................................. 61 4.3. Surface conditions.......................................................................................... 63 4.4. Environmental effects..................................................................................... 63 4.5. Geometric factors........................................................................................... 65 4.6. Spectral dependence....................................................................................... 68 4.7. References....................................................................................................... 73 5. ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMITTANCE.....................................................74 5.1. Extinction........................................................................................................ 75 5.2. Path length dependence.................................................................................. 76 5.3. Atmospheric constituents................................................................................79 5.3.1. Water vapor......................................................................................... 80 5.3.2.
Aerosols...............................................................................................81 5.4. Path radiance...................................................................................................83 5.5. Modeling the atmosphere...............................................................................84 5.6. Back-of-the-envelope modeling.................................................................... 85 5.6.1. “Average” weather conditions...........................................................86 5.6.2. Range predictions...............................................................................87 5.7. References....................................................................................................... 89 6. CAMERA DESIGN....................................................................................... 90 6.1. Camera output....................................................... 92 6.2. System designs................................................................................................93 6.2.1. Military systems............................................. 93 6.2.2. Civilian systems..................................................................................94 6.3. Optics............................................................................................................... 94 6.4. Scanners............................................................................................................ 95 6.5. Detectors and
coolers.....................................................................................97 6.5.1. Detector operation............................................................................. 97 6.5.2. Specific detectors................................................................................99 6.5.3. Detector responsivity........................................................................100 6.5.4. Fixed pattern noise...........................................................................102 6.5.5. AC coupling....................................................................................... 102 6.5.6. Fill factor.......................................................................................... 103 6.6. Digitization............................................................. 104 6.7. Image processing.......................................................................................... 105 6.8. Reconstruction...............................................................................................107 6.9. Monitors........................................................................................................ 108 6.10. MWIR versus LWIR..................................................................................108 6.11. References..................................................................................................109
Table of contents ix 7. PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS...................................................... 110 7.1. Spatial frequency...................................................................................... 113 7.2. Sensitivity (NEDT)................................................................................... 114 7.2.1. NEDT measurement..................................................................... 114 7.2.2. NEDT theory................................................................................ 114 7.3. Spatial resolution...................................................................................... 117 7.3.1. Airy disk....................................................................................... 117 7.3.2. Instantaneous-field-of-view.......................................................... 118 7.3.3. Pixel-angular-subtense.................................................................. 119 7.3.4. Slit response function................................................................... 119 7.3.5. Measuring IFOV........................................................................... 121 7.3.6. Nyquist frequency........................................................................ 122 7.3.7. Optical zoom/electronic magnification........................................ 123 7.4. Observer response.................................................................................... 125 7.5. MRT and MDT...................................................................... 127 7.6.
References................................................................................................ 129 8. CAMERA SELECTION........................................................................ 130 8.1. Environment............................................................................................. 132 8.1.1. Harsh environment....................................................................... 132 8.1.2. Ambient temperature.................................................................... 133 8.1.3. Viewing geometry......................................................................... 133 8.2. Camera...................................................................................................... 139 8.2.1. Physical attributes......................................................................... 139 8.2.2. Dynamic range.............................................................................. 139 8.2.3. Frame rate..................................................................................... 143 8.2.4. Image processing.......................................................................... 144 8.2.5. Calibration..................................... 145 8.3. Storage and output.................................................................................... 145 8.4. Other issues.............................................................................................. 146 8.5. References................................................................................................ 146 9. OBSERVER
TRAINING....................................................... 147 9.1. Certification.............................................................................................. 148 9.2. Military users............................................................................................ 149 9.3. MRT observers......................................................................................... 149 9.4. References................................................................................................ 150 10. INTRODUCTIONTO APPLICATIONS............................................151 10.1. Condition monitoring.............................................................................. 153 10.2. Process control/quality control................................................................ 155
x Common sense approach to thermal imaging 11. TARGET SIGNATURES............................................................................. 157 11.1. Thermal anomaly identification.................................................................. 157 11.2. The environment.......................................................................................... 159 11.3. Passive targets.............................................................................................. 163 11.3.1. Solar heating..................................................................................163 11.3.2. Clouds............................................................................................ 168 11.3.3. Wind............................................................................................... 168 11.3.4. Rain and snow................................................................................169 11.3.5. The scanning window................................................................... 169 11.3.6. Outdoor considerations................................................................. 172 11.4. Emissivity variations...................................................................................173 11.5. Active targets............................................................................................... 176 11.5.1. Vehicles.......................................................................................... 177 11.5.2. Small targets...................................................................................178 11.5.3. Estimate of the
scanning window................................................ 178 11.6. Limited access components........................................................................ 181 11.7. References....................................................................................................182 12. TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENTS................................................. 183 12.1. Apparent temperature..................................................................................183 12.2. Temperature calibration.............................................................................. 185 12.3. Emissivity.....................................................................................................187 12.3.1. Emissivity correction.................................................................... 187 12.3.2. Angle of incidence........................................................................ 188 12.3.3. Emissivity uncertainty..................................................................190 12.3.4. Increasing the emissivity..............................................................194 12.4. Measurement of Ts......................................................................................196 12.5. Atmospheric correction.............................................................................. 197 12.6. Dual band measurements............................................................................ 197 12.7. Signal averaging..........................................................................................198 12.8.
References................................................................................................... 199 13. BUILDING ENVELOPE INSPECTION.............................................200 13.1. Building science......................................................................................... 201 13.1.1. Historic buildings......................................................................... 201 13.1.2. 1880 to 1940 construction...........................................................203 13.1.3. 1940 to 1960 construction...........................................................203 13.1.4. 1960 to 1990 construction...........................................................204 13.1.5. Modem construction.................................................................... 204 13.1.6. Windows....................................................................................... 204 13.2. Heat transfer................................................................................................206
Table of contents xi 13.2.1. Conductivity............................................................................. 207 13.2.2. Evaporation............................................................................... 209 13.2.3. Masstransport........................................................................... 210 13.3. Building inspection................................................................................. 212 13.4. References.............................................................................................. 212 14. ROOF INSPECTION............................................................................213 14.1. Roof construction................................................................................... 215 14.2. Temperature differential......................................................................... 216 14.2.1. Solar loading............................................................................. 216 14.2.2. Clouds....................................................................................... 219 14.2.3. Wind.......................................................................................... 220 14.2.4. Surface moisture....................................................................... 220 14.2.5. High relative humidity.............................................................. 220 14.2.6. Phase change............................................................................. 221 14.2.7. Reflections................................................................................ 221 14.2.8.
Interior effects........................................................................... 221 14.3 Inspections............................................................................................... 222 14.4. References.............................................................................................. 224 15. POWER DISTRIBUTION...................................................................225 15.1. Resistance............................................................................................... 226 15.2. Temperature............................................................................................ 230 15.2.1. Radiation................................................................................... 231 15.2.2. Conduction................................................................................ 232 15.2.3. Convection................................................................................233 15.3. Power distribution inspection.................................................................235 15.4. References.............................................................................................. 238 16. ELECTRICAL/MECHANICAL INSPECTION.............................. 239 16.1. Baseline thermogram..............................................................................240 16.2. Electrical connections.............................................................................240 16.3. Motors: electrical components...............................................................243 16.4. Motors: mechanical
components............................................................244 16.5. Machinery...............................................................................................246 16.6. Emissivity...............................................................................................250 16.7. Temperature guidelines...........................................................................251 16.7.1. Electrical circuits......................................................................251 16.7.2. Mechanical systems..................................................................254 16.8. References..............................................................................................255
xii Common sense approach to thermal imaging 17. BURIED OBJECTS.................................................................................256 17.1. Heattransfer............................................................................................. 257 17.2. Environment............................................................................................. 260 17.3. Underground objects.................................................................................260 17.3.1. Hot fluids..................................................................................... 260 17.3.2. Voids............................................................................................ 264 17.4. References..................................................................................................264 18. SURVEILLANCE.................................................................................... 265 18.1. Surveillance applications.......................................................................... 266 18.1.1. Law enforcement.........................................................................267 18.1.2. Search and rescue....................................................................... 270 18.1.3. Air/space surveillance................................................................. 270 18.1.4. Animal monitoring.......................................................................273 18.1.5. Military....................................................................................... 274 18.2. Minimum resolvable temperature
(MRT).............................................. 276 18.2.1. Perceived signal-to-noise ratio.................................................. 276 18.2.2. Three-dimensional noise model................................................ 278 18.2.3. Two-dimensional MRT.............................................................. 280 18.3. Range predictions......................................................................................281 18.3.1. Target ΔΤ.................................................................................... 282 18.3.2. Johnson criteria...........................................................................283 18.3.3. Discrimination............................................................................ 283 18.3.4. Target transfer probability function........................ .................. 284 18.3.5. Range prediction methodology..................................................286 18.4. References................................................................................................. 290 19. NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING......................................................... 291 19.1. Applications............................................................................................... 293 19.2. Heat transfer.............................................................................................. 295 19.2.1. Flash pulse (impulse or Dirac pulse).........................................296 19.2.2. Step and square pulse irradiation...............................................298 19.2.3. Modulated
irradiation................................................................. 300 19.3. Test methodology......................................................................................301 19.3.1. Heat injection methods...............................................................302 19.3.2. Dataanalysis................................................................................305 19.3.3. Temperature/time guidelines.......................................................307 19.4. References..................................................................................................309 20. PROCESS/QUALITY CONTROL...................................................... 310 20.1. Automotive.................................................................................................311 20.2. Petrochemical............................................................................................ 311
Table of contents xiii 20.3. Die castings and molding....................................................................... 313 20.4. Printed circuit boards.............................................................................. 313 20.5. Metals......................................................................................................315 20.5.1. Aluminum................................................................................. 316 20.5.2. Steel.......................................................................................... 317 20.6. Paper industry......................................................................................... 317 20.7. References.............................................................................................. 318 21. INSPECTION PROCEDURES.......................................................... 319 21.1. Preliminary work................................................................................... 320 21.1.1. Who........................................................................................... 320 21.1.2. What.......................................................................................... 321 21.1.3. When......................................................................................... 321 21.1.4. Where........................................................................................ 322 21.1.5. Why........................................................................................... 322 21.1.6.
How........................................................................................... 322 21.2. Safety........................................................... 323 21.3. Standards and guidelines........................................................................ 323 21.4. Testprocedure......................................................................................... 324 21.4.1. Test plan.................................................................................... 324 21.4.2. Good engineering practices...................................................... 327 21.5. Exit conference....................................................................................... 328 21.6. Final report............................................................................................. 328 21.7. References.............................................................................................. 330 APPENDIX A: TEMPERATURE CONVERSION................................331 APPENDIX B: EMISSIVITÀ....................................................................336 APPENDIX C: T HERMAL SENSING AND IMAGING 1980-1999 .343 INDEX 370
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T18:53:37Z |
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| isbn | 0819437220 0964000075 |
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| physical | XIII, 377 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2000 |
| publishDateSearch | 2000 |
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| publisher | SPIE Optical Engineering Press |
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| spelling | Holst, Gerald C. Verfasser aut Common sense approach to thermal imaging Gerald C. Holst Bellingham, Wash. SPIE Optical Engineering Press 2000 XIII, 377 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Contrôle non destructif par thermographie infrarouge ram Imagerie (Technique) Imagerie (technique) ram Imagerie infrarouge Imagerie infrarouge ram Thermographie Thermographie ram Imaging systems Infrared imaging Thermography Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 gnd rswk-swf Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bamberg - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009492498&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Holst, Gerald C. Common sense approach to thermal imaging Contrôle non destructif par thermographie infrarouge ram Imagerie (Technique) Imagerie (technique) ram Imagerie infrarouge Imagerie infrarouge ram Thermographie Thermographie ram Imaging systems Infrared imaging Thermography Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4242353-3 |
| title | Common sense approach to thermal imaging |
| title_auth | Common sense approach to thermal imaging |
| title_exact_search | Common sense approach to thermal imaging |
| title_full | Common sense approach to thermal imaging Gerald C. Holst |
| title_fullStr | Common sense approach to thermal imaging Gerald C. Holst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Common sense approach to thermal imaging Gerald C. Holst |
| title_short | Common sense approach to thermal imaging |
| title_sort | common sense approach to thermal imaging |
| topic | Contrôle non destructif par thermographie infrarouge ram Imagerie (Technique) Imagerie (technique) ram Imagerie infrarouge Imagerie infrarouge ram Thermographie Thermographie ram Imaging systems Infrared imaging Thermography Infrarotthermographie (DE-588)4242353-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Contrôle non destructif par thermographie infrarouge Imagerie (Technique) Imagerie (technique) Imagerie infrarouge Thermographie Imaging systems Infrared imaging Thermography Infrarotthermographie |
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