Motivation: theories and principles
"Motivation: Theories and Principles, Fourth Edition by Robert C. Beck, presents key current and historical experimental findings to provide students with a broad survey of the research and theory in the field of animal and human motivation."--BOOK JACKET.
Gespeichert in:
1. Verfasser: | |
---|---|
Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice-Hall
2000
|
Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Zusammenfassung: | "Motivation: Theories and Principles, Fourth Edition by Robert C. Beck, presents key current and historical experimental findings to provide students with a broad survey of the research and theory in the field of animal and human motivation."--BOOK JACKET. |
Beschreibung: | XVI, 477 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 0130112925 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Fourth Edition
MOTIVATION
Theories and Principles
ROBERT C BECK
Wake Forest University
Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River 07458
Contents
PART I ORIENTATION
1 The Nature of Motivation Theory 1
Introduction 2
What Is Motivational Psychology About ? 2
A Preliminary Definition of Motivation 3
Scientific Theory 3
Why We Must Have Theory 3
Nature of Scientific Theory 4
Criteria for Goodness of a Theory 7
Explanation 8
The Assumption of Determinism 9
The Problem of Freedom 9
Determinism 10
A Closer Look at Causation 11
The Mind-Body Puzzle 11
Dualisms 12
Monisms 14
The Language of Science 17
Syntactics: Rules for Using Signs 17
Semantics: What Shall Our Words Mean ? 18
Operational Definitions 18
Operational Definitions of Psychological Concepts 19
Circular Definitions 19
Intervening Variables 20
Putting Together a Theory 23
Defining Motivation 24
Regulatory versus Purposive Approaches 24
Motivational Concepts as an Intervening Variable 26
Desire and Aversion as Intervening Variables 27
Summary 31
vii
Contents
Emotional Foundations of Motivation 33
Introduction and Historical Background 34
Philosophical Background 34
Wundt and Titchener 34
fames and Lange 35
Cannon and Bard 36
Elizabeth Duffy 37
The Papez Circuit and the Kluver-Bucy Syndrome 38
Contemporary Study of Emotion 40
Structure of Affect 40
Emotions as Intervening Variables 40
The Measurement of Emotion 42
The Biology of Emotion 43
Divisions of the Nervous System 43
Hemispheric Differences in Emotion 44
Theories of Emotion 45
Discrete Emotion Theories 45
Evidence for Discrete Emotions 47
Dimensional Theories of Emotion 52
Bipolar versus Unipolar Representations of Affect 53
Cognitive Theories of Emotion 56
Relation of Emotion to Motivation 61
Summary 63
Instinct and Species-Specific Behavior 65
Introductory Examples 66
The Curious Case of the Cowbird 66
Cricket Song 67
The Problems of Instinct Theory 68
Meanings of Instinct 68
History of the Instinct Concept 70
The Ethological Approach to Behavior 72
TheEthogram 73
Erbkoordination 73
Hierarchical Ordering of Action 74
Vacuum Reactions and Displacement 75
The Evolution of Behavior 76
Darwin s Theory 76
Mendel s Theory 77
Genetic versus Environmental Contributions to Behavior 79
Evolutionary Psychology 83
Stimulus Control of Species-Specific Behavior 86
Examples 86
Interaction of Internal States and Releasers 88
Acquired Stimulus Control 88
Summary 90
Contents
PART II THE REGULATION OF INTERNAL STATES
4 Eating, Taste, and Addiction 92
Classic Homeostatic Theory 93
Constancy of the Internal Environment 93
Homeostasis 93
Homeostatic Signals 93
Hunger as a Homeostatic Need 95
Positive Feedback Signals 95
Negative Feedback Signals 95
Feedforward Signals 96
Inherent Limitations of the Homeostatic Model 97
Brain Mechanisms for Feeding 99
The Dual Hypothalamic Theory of Hunger 99
Pleasure Centers and Feeding 102
Taste and Feeding 107
Palatability 107
Taste Qualities and Their Stimuli 107
Primary Taste Qualities and Hunger 107
Learning and Consumatory Behavior 109
Classical Conditioning 109
Learning and Feeding Behavior 112
Social Factors in Eating 114
Eating Disorders and Their Treatment 116
Definition of Eating Disorders 116
Obesity 116
Anorexia Nervosa 119
Anorexia Bulimia 119
Addictions 120
General Principles of Drug Action 121
Nonspecific Factors Affecting Drug Actions 121
Addiction Characteristics 122
Theories of Addiction 123
Summary 125
5 Drinking, Thermoregulation, and Reproduction 128
Drinking Behavior 129
Regulatory Drinking 129
Nonregulatory Drinking 132
Learning to Prevent Thirst 134
Thermoregulation 134
Mechanisms of Temperature Regulation 135
Organization of Thermoregulatory Responses 137
Fever 137
Reproductive Behavior 138
Stimulus Factors in Sex 138
x Contents
Internal Factors 140
Emotions and Sex 141
The Human Sexual Response 142
Sexual Orientation 143
Summary 144
6 Drive and Activation 147
Drive Theory 148
Background 148
Hull s Drive Theory 149
What Makes a Variable Motivational* 151
Evaluating Drive Theory 152
Human Applications of Drive Theory 154
Drive Stimulus Theory 156
Learned Drives 158
Activation Theory 161
Background 161
RAS Activation 162
Optimal Level of Arousal Theory 164
Comparison of Drive and Activation Theories 167
Problems with RAS Activation Theory 168
Sleep and Waking 168
Dreaming 170
Environmental Stimulation and Arousal 171
Humor and Aesthetics 173
Summary 176
PART III THE REGULATION OF BEHAVIOR
7 Rewards as Reinforcers 178
Instrumental Conditioning 179
Thorndike and Connectionism 179
Skinner and Operant Conditioning 181
When to Deliver Rewards 182
Bridging Delay Between Response and Reinforcement 182
Extinction 183
Generalization and Discrimination 183
Building Behavior by Shaping 183
Maintaining Behavior: Schedules of Reinforcement 184
Theories of Rewards as Reinforcers 187
Response Theories 187
Motivational Theories 189 X
Stimulus Theories 190
Secondary Reinforcement 193
Interaction of Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation 194
Are Rewards Truly Detrimental? 196
Expanded Reinforcement Theory: Behavioral Economics 198
Summary 200
Contents
8 Rewards as Incentives 202
Incentive Motivation 203
The Concept of Incentive 203
Importance of the Incentive Concept 203
Response Mediation Theory 208
Tolman s Purposive Behaviorism 211
Cognition in Tolman s Theorizing 212
Tolman s Systematic Theory 212
Central State Theories 214
Central Motive State 214
Two-Process Learning Theory 215
Lang s Affective Modulation Theory 217
Young s Experimental Hedonism 219
Principles of Experimental Hedonism 220
Incentives and Fantasy 223
Commitments and Concerns 223
Disengagement from Incentives 225
Summary 226
9 Escape, Fear, Avoidance, and Punishment 228
Instrumental Escape Learning 229
Variables Affecting Animal Escape Learning 229
Theories for Escape Learning 231
Conditioned Aversion: Fear 232
Historical Background and Clinical Importance 232
Unlearned Sources of Fear 233
Emotional Conditioning 234
Preattentive Conditioning 235
Phobias 236
Modifying Fears 238
Avoidance Learning 239
Laboratory Avoidance 239
Interpretations of Avoidance Behavior 240
Evidence for Fear in Avoidance 242
Dissociation of Fear and Avoidance 243
The Role of the CS in Avoidance 244
Cognitive Interpretations of Avoidance 247
Punishment 247
Defining Punishment 247
Suppressive Effects of Punishment 248
Response Factors in Punishment 248
Stimulus Factors in Punishment 249
Potential Problems Using Punishment 251
Summary 251
10 Frustration, Anxiety, and Stress 254
Frustration 255
The Frustration/Problem Solving Situation 255
Definition of Frustration 256
xii Contents
Problem-Solving Response versus Response to Frustration 256
Frustration as Drive 257
Conflict as a Source of Frustration 260
Miller s Theory of Conflict 261
Anxiety 264
Anxiety versus Fear 265
State versus Trait Anxiety 265
Biological Approaches to Anxiety 266
Cognitive Approaches to Anxiety 267
Stress 269
The General Adaptation Syndrome 269
Definitions of Stress 270
Sources of Stress 270
Stress and the Environment 272
Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Stress 274
Stress and Control 275
Learned Helplessness 278
Personality Moderators of Stress 282
A Brighter Outlook on Stress 283
Coping 284
Nature of Coping 284
Classification of Coping Mechanisms 284
Stress Management Techniques 285
Summary 287
11 Aggression and Altruism 290
Aggression 291
What Is Aggression ? 291
Multiprocess Views of Aggression 292
Animal Aggression 293
Antecedent Conditions for the Arousal of Aggression 293
Inhibition to Aggression 295
Human Aggression and Intent 295
Theories of Human Aggression 296
Drive Theory 296
Social Learning Theory 299
Social Cognitive Theory 300
Variables Influencing Human Aggression 303
Biological Factors 303
Environmental Factors 304
Social Factors 308
Television Viewing and Aggression 311
Control of Aggression 313
Altruism 315
Bystander Apathy 315
Situational Influences 315
Characteristics of the Victim 317
Contents
Characteristics of the Helper 317
Theories ofProsocial Behavior 318
Summary 320
PART IV PERSONALITY, SOCIAL, AND COGNITIVE MOTIVES
12 Personality and Individual Differences 322
Theories of Personality 323 c
Trait Theories 323
Dynamic (Motivational) Theories 324
Achievement Motivation 326
McClelland s Theory 326
Atkinson s Expectancy-Value Theory 329
Spence and Helmreich s Achievement Theory 335
Attribution and Achievement 336
Power and Control Motives 339
Power 339
Competence and Effectance 342
Desire for Control 343
Sensation Seeking 343
Description and Measurement of Sensation Seeking 343
Theory of Sensation Seeking 345
Cognitive Motivation: Making Sense of the World 347
Control Theory 348
Hunt s Information Processing Model 350
Loewenstein s Information-Gap Theory 351
The Need for Closure 352
The Need for Cognition 354
Summary 354
13 Attitudes and Cognitive Consistency 357
Definition of Attitude 358
Attitude Measurement 359
Likert Scale 359
Semantic Differential 359
Automatic Activation of Evaluations by Attitude Objects 360
When Do Attitudes Predict Behavior? 361
Attitudes and Learning 362
Classical Conditioning 362
Imitation and Reinforcement 363
Biology of Attitudes 364
Genetics 364
Physiological Measurement 364
Attitudes and Cognitive Consistency 364
Meaning of Cognitive Consistency 364
Balance Theory 365
xiv Contents
Attitudes and Cognitive Dissonance 367
When Prophecy Fails 367
Definition of Cognitive Dissonance 368
Attitude Change and Forced Compliance 368
Conditions Necessary to Produce Attitude Change 3 70
Major Questions about Dissonance Theory 370
Alternative Explanations 373
Conformity and Nonconformity 377
Summary 377
14 Interpersonal Attraction 379
Affiliation 380
Measurement of Need for Affiliation 380
Determinants of Affiliation 381
Attraction and Its Determinants 384
Physical Attractiveness 384
Proximity, Familiarity, Similarity, and Reciprocity 389
Theories of Liking and Loving 390
Liking and Loving as Quantitative Differences in Level of Attraction 390
Liking and Loving as Qualitatively Different 393
Liking and Loving as Overlapping Sets 395
Liking as a Subset of Loving 395
Summary 398
15 Applications of Motivation Theory 400 ^
Job Motivation and Satisfaction 401 ^
Orientation to fob Motivation 401 ^
Theories of fob Motivation 403 ^
fob Satisfaction 408 ^
Theories of fob Satisfaction 410 X
Motivation In Sports 411
Orientation 411
Motivation Theories Commonly Applied to Sports 412
Why Do People Play Sports? 412
Arousal and Performance 414
Aggression in Sports 416
Motivation for Watching Sports 418
Environment and Performance 419
Motivation and Advertising 420
The Communication Model 420
The Source 421
The Message 422
The Audience 423
Subliminal Advertising 423
Self Help Tapes 424
Summary 425
References 428
Author Index 461
Subject Index 471
|
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discipline | Psychologie |
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spelling | Beck, Robert C. Verfasser aut Motivation theories and principles Robert C. Beck 4. ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall 2000 XVI, 477 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Motivation: Theories and Principles, Fourth Edition by Robert C. Beck, presents key current and historical experimental findings to provide students with a broad survey of the research and theory in the field of animal and human motivation."--BOOK JACKET. Motivatie gtt Motivation (Psychologie) Motivation (Psychology) Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd rswk-swf Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 s DE-604 Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 s 2\p DE-604 HEBIS Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009491609&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Beck, Robert C. Motivation theories and principles Motivatie gtt Motivation (Psychologie) Motivation (Psychology) Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4040364-6 (DE-588)4075001-2 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
title | Motivation theories and principles |
title_auth | Motivation theories and principles |
title_exact_search | Motivation theories and principles |
title_full | Motivation theories and principles Robert C. Beck |
title_fullStr | Motivation theories and principles Robert C. Beck |
title_full_unstemmed | Motivation theories and principles Robert C. Beck |
title_short | Motivation |
title_sort | motivation theories and principles |
title_sub | theories and principles |
topic | Motivatie gtt Motivation (Psychologie) Motivation (Psychology) Motivation (DE-588)4040364-6 gnd Motivationspsychologie (DE-588)4075001-2 gnd |
topic_facet | Motivatie Motivation (Psychologie) Motivation (Psychology) Motivation Motivationspsychologie Einführung |
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