Software cost estimation with COCOMO II:
Saved in:
| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Upper Saddle River, NJ
Prentice-Hall PTR
2000
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| Series: | Software development
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Physical Description: | XXXVIII, 502 S. Ill., graph. Darst. CD-ROM (12 cm) |
| ISBN: | 0130266922 |
Staff View
MARC
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Titel: Software cost estimation with Cocomo II
Autor: Boehm, Barry W.
Jahr: 2000
Contents
List of Figures xv
List of Tables xxi
Foreword xxvii
Preface xxix
Acknowledgments xxxv
About the Authors xxxvii
1. introduction to COCOMO II 1
1.1 COCOMO II User Objectives 1
1.2 COCOMO II Model Objectives 3
1.3 COCOMO II Development and Evolution Strategies 4
1.4 Future Software Practices Marketplace Model 6
1.4.1 Intermediate Sectors 7
1.4.2 1999 Model Assessment 8
1.5 Resulting Family of COCOMO II Models 8
1.5.1 COCOMO II Models for the
Software Marketplace Sectors 8
1.5.2 Tailoring COCOMO II Estimation Models
to Process Strategies 10
2. Model Definition 12
2.1 Introduction 12
2.1.1 Overview 12
2.1.2 Nominal-Schedule Estimation Equations 13
2.2 Sizing 14
2.2.1 Counting Source Lines of Code (SLOC) 14
2.2.2 Counting Unadjusted Function
Points (UFP) 15
2.2.3 Relating UFPs to SLOC 19
2.2.4 Aggregating New, Adapted, and
Reused Code 19
2.2.5 Requirements Evolution and
Volatility (REVL) 25
2.2.6 Automatically Translated Code 26
2.2.7 Sizing Software Maintenance 27
2.3 Effort Estimation 29
2.3.1 Scale Factors 30
2.3.2 Effort Multipliers 36
2.3.3 Multiple Module Effort Estimation 55
2.4 Schedule Estimation 57
2.5 Software Maintenance 58
2.6 Using COCOMOII for Software Decisions 59
2.6.1 Making Investment Decisions and Business-Case
Analyses 60
2.6.2 Setting Project Budgets and Schedules 61
2.6.3 Performing Tradeoff Analyses 61
2.6.4 Cost Risk Management 62
2.6.5 Development vs. Reuse Decisions 62
2.6.6 Legacy Software Phaseout Decisions 63
2.6.7 Software Reuse and Product Line Decisions 64
2.6.8 Process Improvement Decisions 66
2.6.9 Decision Analysis Summary 68
2.7 COCOMO II Model Summary and Versions 68
2.7.1 Model Equations, Tables, and
Driver-Rating Scales 68
2.7.2 COCOMO II Version Parameter Values 74
2.7.3 Logical Lines of Source Code Counting Rules 75
2.7.4 COCOMO Model comparisons 75
3. Application Examples 83
3.1 Introduction 83
3.2 Transaction Processing System (TPS) Overview 83
3.2.1 Transaction Processing System (TPS) Description 84
3.2.2 Transaction Processing System (TPS) Software
Functions 85
3.2.3 Transaction Processing System (TPS) Software
Development Organization 86
3.2.4 Transaction Processing System (TPS) Software
Development Estimate 87
3.2.5 Bounding Risk 103
3.2.6 Conducting Trade Studies 107
3.2.7 Assessing Life-Cycle Costs 113
3.3 Airborne Radar System (ARS) Overview 115
3.3.1 ARS Description 116
3.3.2 Prototype Demonstration (Inception Phase) 116
3.3.3 Breadboard System (Elaboration Phase) 120
3.3.4 Full Development—Top-Level Estimate 124
3.3.5 Full Development—Detailed Component
Estimate 132
3.3.6 Incremental Development Example 135
4. Calibration 140
4.1 Bayesian Calibration and COCOMOII
Modeling Methodology 140
4.1.1 Bayesian Calibration 141
4.1.2 COCOMO II Modeling Methodology 142
4.2 Topics Addressed 144
4.3 COCOMO II Data Collection Approach 144
4.3.1 Obtaining Consistent Data 144
4.3.2 The Rosetta Stone 144
4.4 Model Building 151
4.4.1 Statistical Model-Building Process 151
4.4.2 Analysis of Observational Data 153
4.5 COCOMO II Calibration 156
4.5.1 COCOMO 11.1997 156
4.5.2 COCOMO 11.2000 162
4.6 Tailoring COCOMO II to a particular organization 175
4.6.1 Calibrating the model to existing
project data 175
4.6.2 Consolidating or Eliminating Redundant
Parameters 181
4.6.3 Adding Significant Cost Drivers That are not Explicit in
the Model 191
4.7 Summary of COCOMO II Data 191
4.8 Conclusions 191
5. Emerging Extensions 192
5.1 Applications Composition: The Application
Point Model 192
5.1.1 Object Point Data and Experiments 193
5.1.2 Application Point Estimation Procedure 193
5.1.3 Application Point Estimation Accuracy and
Maturity 196
5.2 COPSEMO: Phase Schedule and Effort Estimation 197
5.2.1 Background 198
5.2.2 Model Overview 203
5.2.3 Model Implementation 206
5.2.4 Examples of Use 206
5.2.5 Dynamic COCOMO 207
5.3. CORADMO: Rapid Application Development Estimation 214
5.3.1 Background and Rationale 215
5.3.2 Relation To COCOMOII 216
5.3.3 Model Overview 217
5.3.4 Model Details 219
5.3.5 Scope And Life-cycle Addressed 230
5.3.6 Spreadsheet Model Implementation 231
5.3.7 Examples of Use 235
5.3.8 Conclusions 236
5.3.9 Future Work 236
5.4 COCOTS: COTS Integration Estimation 237
5.4.1 Background and Rationale 237
5.4.2 Relation to COCOMO II 239
5.4.3 Model Overview 240
5.4.4 Scope and Life Cycle Presently Addressed 241
5.4.5 Cost Sources 242
5.4.6 The Four Submodels 243
5.4.7 Assessment 243
5.4.8 Tailoring 247
5.4.9 Glue Code 249
5.4.10 System Volatility 251
5.4.11 Total COTS Integration Effort 253
5.4.12 Conclusion 253
5.5 COQUALMO: Quality Estimation 254
5.5.1 Introduction 254
5.5.2 Background Model 254
5.5.3 The Software Defect Introduction (DI) Model 255
5.5.4 The Software Defect Removel Model 261
5.5.5 COQUALMO Integrated with COCOMO II 267
5.5.6 Conclusions and Ongoing Research 267
5.6 COPROMO: Productivity Estimation 268
5.6.1 Background and Rationale 268
5.6.2 Relation to COCOMO II 269
5.6.3 Model Overview 270
5.6.4 Scope and Life Cycle Presently Addressed 270
5.6.5 Model Details 271
5.6.6 Spreadsheet Model Overview 275
5.6.7 Example of Use 275
5.6.8 COPROMO 0.3 Documentation 282
5.6.9 Conclusions and Future Work 283
5.7 Expert COCOMO: Risk Assessment 284
5.7.1 Introduction and Background 284
5.7.2 Risk Description 285
5.7.3 Risk Taxonomy and Rule Base 286
5.7.4 Risk Quantification 287
5.7.5 Input Anomalies 288
5.7.6 Implementation 288
5.7.7 Current Status and Further References 291
6. Future Trends 292
6.1 Trends in Software Productivity and Estimating
Accuracy 292
6.2 Effects of Increasing Domain Understanding 293
6.3 Effects of Innovation and Change 294
6.4 Coping with Change: COCOMOII 295
6.5 Coping with Change: COCOMO II and Your
Organization 296
6.5.1 Coping with Change During Project Definition 297
6.5.2 Coping with Change During Project Execution 297
6.5.3 Coping with Required COCOMO II Model
Changes 297
6.5.4 Proactive Organizational Change Management 299
Appendix A COCOMO 11: Assumptions
and Phase/Activity Distributions 301
A.I Introduction 301
A.2 Waterfall and MBASE/RUP Phase Definitions 302
A.2.1 Waterfall Model Phases and Milestones 302
A.2.2 MBASE and Rational Unified Process (RUP) Phases
and Milestones 304
A.3 Phase Distribution of Effort and Schedule 307
A.3.1 Variations in Effort and Schedule Distributions 308
A.3.2 Distribution of Effort Across Life Cycle Phases 310
A.3.3 Distribution of Schedule Across Life Cycle
Phases 311
A.4 Waterfall and MBASE/RUP Activity Definitions 312
A.4.1 Waterfall Model Activity Categories 312
A.4.2 Waterfall Model Work Breakdown Structure 312
A.4.3 MBASE/RUP Model Activity Categories 314
A.5 Distribution of Effort Across Activities 319
A.5.1 Waterfall Model Activity Distribution 319
A.5.2 MBASE/RUP Model Activity Distribution
Values 322
A.6 Definitions and Assumptions 326
Appendix B COCOMO II: Estimating
for Incremental Development 328
B.I Introduction 328
B.2 Incremental Development Model 329
B.3 Inputs and Outputs 331
B.4 Estimation Steps 332
B.5 Incremental Development Considerations 336
Appendix C COCOMO suite: Data collection Forms
and Guidelines 337
C.I Introduction 337
C.2 Procedure for Projects 338
C.3 Guidelines for Data Collection 340
C.3.1 New Projects 340
C.3.2 Completed Projects 341
C.3.3 Maintenance Projects 342
C.4 Data Conditioning 342
C.4.1 Sources of Data Contamination 343
C.4.2 Data Conditioning Guidelines 344
Appendix D USC-CSE Affiliate Programs 388
D.I Introduction 388
D.2 Primary Benefits 389
D.3 Additional Benefits 389
D.4 Levels of Affiliation 389
D.5 Current Affiliates 390
Appendix E use COCOMO 11.2000
Software Reference Manual 391
1.1 What is COCOMO? 391
1.1.1 Effort Estimation Equation 392
1.1.2 Schedule Estimation Equation 393
1.1.3 Scale Factors 393
1.1.4 Sizing Methods 394
1.1.5 FP: Counting with Unadjusted Function Points 396
1.1.6 AAF: Adaptation Adjustment Factors 397
1.1.7 Effort Multipliers 397
1.2 Navigating COCOMO 399
1.3 Begin Using COCOMO 406
1.4 Obtaining COCOMO 407
2.1 New 408
2.2 Load Project 409
2.3 Save Project 410
2.4 Save As Project 411
2.5 Load Model 412
2.6 Save Model 413
2.7 Save As Model 414
2.8 Make Report 415
2.9 Export 416
2.10 Save Screens 421
2.11 Print Screen 421
2.11 Print Preview 423
2.12 Print Setup 424
2.13 Exit 424
3.1 Add Module 425
3.2 Clear All Module 426
3.3 Snapshot 426
3.4 Undo 427
3.5 Cut 428
3.6 Copy 428
3.7 Paste 428
4.1 Post Architecture Model 429
4.1.1 Product 429
4.1.2 Platform 429
4.1.3 Personnel 430
4.1.4 Project 431
4.1.5 User Defined EAF 432
4.2 Early Design Model 432
4.3 Scale Factors 432
4.4 Equation 432
4.5 Person Month 434
4.5 Function Point 434
5.1 File Load 436
5.2 File Save 436
5.3 File Save As 436
5.4 Project 436
5.5 Compute 438
6.1 WaterFall Model—Project Phase Distribution 440
6.1.1 Waterfall Overall Project Phase 441
6.1.2 Waterfall Plans and Requirements Project Phase 442
6.1.3 Waterfall Programming Project Phase 443
6.1.4 Waterfall Product Design Project Phase 443
6.1.5 Waterfall Integration and Test Project Phase 445
6.2 Waterfall Model—Module Phase Distribution 446
6.2.1 Waterfall Overall Module Phase 447
6.2.2 Waterfall Plans and Requirements Module Phase 448
6.2.3 Waterfall Programming Module Phase 449
6.2.4 Waterfall Product Design Module Phase 449
6.2.5 Waterfall Integration and Test Module Phase 451
6.3 MBASE Model—Project Phase Distribution 451
6.3.1 MBASE Model Project Overall Phase 451
6.3.2 MBASE Model Project Inception 452
6.3.3 MBASE Model Project Elaboration 453
6.3.4 MBASE Model Project Construction 453
6.3.5 MBASE Model Project Transition 454
6.4 MBASE Model—Module Phase Distribution 454
6.4.1 MBASE Model Module Overall Phase 454
6.4.2 MBASE Model Module Inception Phase 455
6.4.3 MBASE Model Module Elaboration Phase 455
6.4.4 MBASE Model Module Construction Phase 456
6.4.5 MBASE Model Module Transition Phase 456
7.1 Project Maintenance 458
7.2 Module Maintenance 460
Appendix F Content of Accompanying CD-ROM 472
F.I Introduction 472
F.2 Top-Level Screen 472
F.3 Install USC COCOMO 11.2000 473
F.4 COCOMO 11.2000 Manuals 473
F.5 The COCOMO Suite—Extensions and Companion
Tools 474
F.5.1 COPSEMO Spreadsheet Models 474
F.5.2 CORADMO Spreadsheet Models 474
F.5.3 COPROMO Spreadsheet Models 474
F.5.4 Homepages of COCOMO 11.2000 Suite and
CodeCount™ 474
F.6 Tutorials 475
F.7 Commercial COCOMO n.2000-Based Tools 475
F.8 Data Collection Forms 476
F.9 Affiliation 476
F.10 CD Top-Level Directory Highlights 476
Acronyms Glossary 477
References 485
Index 493
List of Figures
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Future software practices marketplace model 6
Figure 1.2 Software costing and sizing accuracy versus phase 10
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 SLOC Checklist 16
Figure 2.2 Non-Linear Reuse Effects 21
Figure 2.3 Number of Module Interface Checks, N, vs. Modules Modified, k 22
Figure 2.4 Diseconomies of Scale Effect on Effort 31
Figure 2.5 Reuse vs. Redevelopment Costs 66
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 TPS Basic Configuration 84
Figure 3.2 Estimating Process 88
Figure 3.3 Standard Work Breakdown Structure 89
Figure 3.4 COCOMOII Estimate Development Scenario 96
Figure 3.5 COCOMO II Nominal Output Screen 101
Figure 3.6 COCOMO II Schedule Constrained Output Screen 101
Figure 3.7 COCOMO II Estimating Package Capabilities 112
Figure 3.8 Cost/Benefit Analysis Worksheet 115
Figure 3.9 ARS Software Components 117
Figure 3.10 USC COCOMO Output for Breadboard 125
Figure 3.11 Megaspace Cost Driver Ratings Profile (abridged) 126
Figure 3.12 USC COCOMO Output for ARS Top Level 131
Figure 3.13 Cost Driver Ratings for ARS Top-Level Estimate 132
Figure 3.14 USC COCOMO Output for ARS Detailed 135
Figure 3.15 Component Structure 138
Figure 3.16 Increment Phasing 139
Figure 3.17 Increment Summary 139
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 COCOMO II Modeling Methodology 142
Figure 4.2 Statistical Model Building Process 152
4
Figure 4.3 Adequate Sampling Plan: X1 and X2 are not highly correlated 155
Figure 4.4 Inadequate Sampling Plan: X! and X2 are highly correlated 155
Figure 4.5 Picket Fence View
Figure 4.6 Distribution of RUSE (Develop for Reusability) 160
Figure 4.7 Example of the 10 percent weighted average approach:
RUSE Rating Scale 162
Figure 4.8 Distribution of Effort and Size: 2000 dataset of 161 observations 167
Figure 4.9 Distribution of log transformed Effort and Size: 2000 dataset of 161
observations 167
Figure 4.10 Correlation between log[Effort] and log[Size] 168
Figure 4.11 A Posteriori Bayesian Update in the Presence of Noisy Data (Develop for
Reusability, RUSE) 170
Figure 4.12 Bayesian A Posteriori Productivity Ranges for COCOMO 11.2000 171
Figure 4.13 Calibrating the Multiplicative Constant to Project Data Using USC
COCOMO II.2000.0 178
Figure 4.14 Calibrating the Multiplicative and Exponential Constants to
Project Data Using USC COCOMO II.2000.0 181
Figure 4.15 Precedentedness (PREC) 183
Figure 4.16 Development Flexibility (FLEX) 184
Figure 4.17 Architecture/Risk Resolution (RESL) 184
Figure 4.18 Team Cohesion (TEAM) 184
Figure 4.19 Process Maturity (PMAT) 185
Figure 4.20 Required Software Reliability (RELY) 185
Figure 4.21 Database Size (DATA) 185
Figure 4.22 Developed for Reuse (RUSE) 186
Figure 4.23 Documentation Match to Life-Cycle Needs (DOCU) 186
Figure 4.24 Product Complexity (CPLX) 186
Figure 4.25 Execution Time Constraint (TIME) 187
Figure 4.26 Main Storage Constraint (STOR) 187
Figure 4.27 Platform Volatility (PVOL) 187
Figure 4.28 Analyst Capability (ACAP) 188
Figure 4.29 Programmer Capability (PCAP) 188
Figure 4.30 Personnel Continuity (PCON) 188
Figure 4.31 Applications Experience (APEX) 189
Figure 4.32 Platform Experience (PLEX) 189
Figure 4.33 Language and Tool Experience (LTEX) 189
Figure 4.34 Use of Software Tools (TOOL) 190
Figure 4.35 Multisite Development (SITE) 190
Figure 4.36 Required Development Schedule (SCED) 190
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Baseline Application Point Estimation Procedure 195
Figure 5.2 Activity Levels 199
Figure 5.3 COCOMOII Schedule Estimate vs. COPSEMO Schedule Estimate 202
Figure 5.4 COCOMO II Schedule Estimate vs. COPSEMO Schedule Estimate 205
Figure 5.5 COPSEMO Logical Model 206
Figure 5.6 COPSEMO Physical Model 206
Figure 5.7 Both pages of the COPSEMO Implementation in a Spreadsheet 207
Figure 5.8 Second page of the COPSEMO Implementation for 2000 SLOC 208
Figure 5.9 Second page of the COPSEMO Implementation for 4700 SLOC 209
Figure 5.10 Second page of the COPSEMO Implementation for (8M) SLOC 210
Figure 5.11 Second page of the COPSEMO Implementation for (12M) SLOC 211
Figure 5.12 Hierarchy of COCOMO Dynamism 212
Figure 5.13 Sample Interface to Dynamic COCOMO 214
Figure 5.14 Annotated RAD Opportunity Tree 216
Figure 5.15 COPSEMO Logical Model 217
Figure 5.16 RAD Extension Logical Model 218
Figure 5.17 Staffing and RESL 226
Figure 5.18 COPSEMO Physical Model 231
Figure 5.19 CORADMO Physical Model 231
Figure 5.20 Page 1 of CORADMO Spreadsheet (Worksheet) Implementation 233
Figure 5.21 Page 2 of CORADMO Spreadsheet (Worksheet) Implementation 234
Figure 5.22 The Determinants of a Feasible COTS Solution 239
Figure 5.23 COCOMO II Modeled Effort Sources 242
Figure 5.24 COCOTS Modeled Effort Sources 243
Figure 5.25 The Assessment Submodel 244
Figure 5.26 The Tailoring Submodel 247
Figure 5.27 Scope of Glue Code 249
Figure 5.28 The Glue Code Submodel 251
Figure 5.29 The Volatility Submodel 253
Figure 5.30 The Software Defect Introduction and Removal Model 255
Figure 5.31 The Defect Introduction Submodel of COQUALMO 255
Figure 5.32 Coding Defect Introduction Ranges 260
Figure 5.33 The Defect Removal Submodel of COQUALMO 261
Figure 5.34 The Cost/Schedule /Quality Model: COQUALMO Integrated
with COCOMO II 267
Figure 5.35 A Logical Model of COPROMO 270
Figure 5.36 COPROMO Activity Model 270
Figure 5.37 COPROMO Activities Based on a Concept of Operations 271
Figure 5.38 Evaluator Logical Structure 273
Figure 5.39 Productivity Multipliers 277
Figure 5.40 RESL: Architecture/Risk Resolution 278
Figure 5.41 TOOL: Use of Software Tools 279
Figure 5.42 SIZE: KSLOC 280
Figure 5.43 RVHL: Resuse and Very High Language (Inception) 281
Figure 5.44 RVHL: Resuse and Very High Language (Elaboration) 281
Figure 5.45 Impact of Technologies on Software Effort or Cost 282
Figure 5.46 Impact of Technologies on Software Schedule 283
Figure 5.47 Typical Assignment of Risk Levels 286
Figure 5.48 Partial Rule Taxonomy 287
Figure 5.49 Partial Sample Input Screen 289
Figure 5.50 Partial Sample Risk Outputs 290
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Productivity and Estimation Accuracy Trends 293
Figure 6.2 Using COCOMOII to Cope With Change: I 297
Figure 6.3 Using COCOMO II to Cope With Change: II 298
Figure 6.4 Using COCOMO II to Cope With Change: HI 298
Figure 6.5 Using COCOMO II to Cope With Change: IV 300
Appendix A
Figure A.1 Life-Cycle Phases 307
Figure A.2 Effort Distribution 310
Figure A.3 Distribution of Schedule 311
Appendix B
Figure B.I Incremental Development Model 330
Appendix C
Figure C.1 Form SPD-1 General Information (All COCOMO Suite Models) 346
Figure C.2a Form SPD-2a Phase Summaries (Waterfall-based process) 350
Figure C.2b Form SPD-2b Phase Summaries (MBASE/RUP process) 352
Figure C.3 Form SPD-3 Component Summaries 354
Figure C.4 Form SPD-4 COCOMO II Progress Runs 358
Figure C.5 Form SPD-5 COCOMO II Project Actuals 360
Figure C.5a Form SPD-5a COCOMO II Project Actuals Simple Completed Project 364
Figure C.6a Form SPD-6a COCOTS Project Level Data 366
Figure C6b Form SPD-6b COCOTS Assessment Data 370
Figure C.6c Form SPD-6c COCOTS Tailoring Data 372
Figure C.6d Form SPD-6d COCOTS Glue Code Data 374
Figure C.6e Form SPD-6e COCOTS Volatility Data 378
Figure C.7 Form SPD-7 COPSEMO Details Summaries 380
Figure C.8 Form SPD-8 COQUALMO Details Summaries 382
Figure C.9 Form SPD-9 CORADMO Details Summaries 386
Appendix E
Figure 1.1 Definition Checklist for Source Statements Counts 395
Figure 1.2 Estimate Development Effort 398
Figure 1.3 COCOMOCLEF 399
Figure 1.4 SLOC Dialog Box—Source Lines of Code (SLOC) 401
Figure 1.5 SLOC Dialog Box—Function Points (FP) 402
Figure 1.6 SLOC Dialog Box—Adaptation Adjustment Factor (AAF) 403
Figure 1.7 EAF Dialog Box—Early Design 404
Figure 1.8 EAF Dialog Box—Post Architecture 404
Figure 1.9 Schedule Dialog Box 405
Figure 1.10 Scale Factor Dialog Box 405
Figure 1.11 Risk Level Dialog Box 406
Figure 1.12 Create Sample Module and give values to SLOC and Labor Rate 406
Figure 1.13 Totals area after calculations have been completed 407
Figure 2.1 File Menu 408
Figure 2.2 Warning Dialog Box 409
Figure 2.3 Warning Dialog Box 409
Figure 2.4 Load Project Dialog Box 410
Figure 2.5 Save Project Dialog Box 411
Figure 2.6 Save Project Dialog Box 412
Figure 2.7 Warning Dialog Box 413
Figure 2.8 Load Model Dialog Box 413
Figure 2.9 Save Model Dialog Box 414
Figure 2.10 Save As Model Dialog Box 415
Figure 2.11 Make Report Dialog Box 416
Figure 2.12 File Export Dialog Box 421
Figure 2.13 Subsequent File Export Dialog Box 421
Figure 2.14 Save Screens Dialog Box 422
Figure 2.15 Print Screen Dialog Box 422
Figure 2.16 Print Preview Dialog Box 423
Figure 2.17 Print Setup Dialog Box 424
Figure 3.1 Edit Menu 425
Figure 3.2 Warning Dialog Box 426
Figure 3.3 Snapshot Dialog Box-1 427
Figure 3.4 Snapshot Dialog Box-2 427
Figure 4.1 Parameters Menu 429
Figure 4.2 Product Dialog Box 430
Figure 4.3 Platform Dialog Box 430
Figure 4.4 Personnel Dialog Box 431
Figure 4.5 Project Dialog Box 431
Figure 4.6 User Defined EAF Dialog Box 432
Figure 4.7 Early Design Model—EAF Dialog Box 433
Figure 4.8 Scale Factors Dialog Box 433
Figure 4.9 Equation Dialog Box 434
Figure 4.10 Dialog Box for Person Month 434
Figure 4.11 Dialog Box for Function Point Complexity Weights 435
Figure 5.1 Calibrate Menu 435
Figure 5.2 Load Calibration Dialog Box 436
Figure 5.3 Save Calibration Dialog Box 437
Figure 5.4 Save As Calibration Dialog Box 437
Figure 5.5 Projects Dialog Box 438
Figure 5.6 Delete Warning Dialog 438
Figure 5.7 Display Warning Dialog 439
Figure 5.8 Compute Dialog Box 439
Figure 6.1 Waterfall Phase Distribution Sub-menu 441
Figure 6.2 Waterfall Phase Distribution Window Displaying Overall Phase
Distribution 442
Figure 6.3 Waterfall Plans and Requirements Phase window for the overall project 443
Figure 6.4 Waterfall Phase Project Programming Window for the Overall Project 444
Figure 6.5 Waterfall Model Product Design Window for the Overall Project 444
Figure 6.6 Waterfall Model Integration and Test Window for the Overall Project 445
Figure 6.7 Phase Distribution Module Sub-menu 446
Figure 6.8 Module selection window 447
Figure 6.9 Phase Distribution window displaying a sample Module's overall phase
distribution 448
Figure 6.10 Plans and Requirements Phase window for the overall Module 449
Figure 6.11 Programming Phase window for the overall Module 450
Figure 6.12 Product Design window for the overall Module 450
Figure 6.13 Waterfall Integration Test window for the overall Module 451
Figure 6.14 MBASE Model Project Overall 452
Figure 6.15 MBASE Model Project Inception 452
Figure 6.16 MBASE Model Project Elaboration 453
Figure 6.17 MBASE Model Project Construction 453
Figure 6.18 MBASE Model Project Transition 454
Figure 6.19 MBASE Model Module Overall 454
Figure 6.20 MBASE Model Module Inception 455
Figure 6.21 MBASE Model Module Elaboration 455
Figure 6.22 MBASE Model Module Construction 456
Figure 6.23 MBASE Model Module Transition 456
Figure 7.1 Maintenance sub-menu 458
Figure 7.2 Project Maintenance Dialog Box 459
Figure 7.3 Project Maintenance window (page 1) 459
Figure 7.4 Project Maintenance window (page 2) 460
Figure 7.5 Project Maintenance window (page 3) 461
Figure 7.6 Project Maintenance window (page 4) 461
Figure 7.7 Module Selection window 462
Figure 7.8 Module Maintenance Dialog Box 462
Figure 7.9 Module Maintenance EAF Dialog Box 463
Figure 7.10 Module Maintenance window (page 1) 464
Figure 7.11 Module Maintenance window (page 2) 465
Figure 7.12 Module Maintenance window (page 3) 465
Figure 7.13 Module Maintenance window (page 4) 466
List of Tables
Preface
Table PI Software Overrun Case Studies
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 User Function Types 17
Table 2.2 FP Counting Weights 18
Table 2.3 UFP Complexity Weights 19
Table 2.4 UFP to SLOC Conversion Ratios 20
Table 2.5 Rating Scale for Software Understanding Increment SU 23
Table 2.6 Rating Scale for Assessment and Assimilation Increment (AA) 24
Table 2.7 Rating Scale for Programmer Unfamiliarity (UNFM) 24
Table 2.8 Adapted Software Parameter Constraints and Guidelines 26
Table 2.9 Variation in Percentage of Automated Reengineering 27
Table 2.10 Scale Factors for COCOMOII Models 32
Table 2.11 Precedentedness Rating Levels 33
Table 2.12 Development Flexibility Rating Levels 33
Table 2.13 RESL Rating Levels 35
Table 2.14 TEAM Rating Components 36
Table 2.15 PMAT Ratings for Estimated Process Maturity Level (EPML) 36
Table 2.16 KPA Rating Levels 37
Table 2.17 RELY Cost Driver 41
Table 2.18 DATA Cost Driver 42
Table 2.19 Component Complexity Ratings Levels 43
Table 2.20 CPLX Cost Driver 45
Table 2.21 RUSE Cost Driver 45
Table 2.22 DOCU Cost Driver 45
Table 2.23 TIME Cost Driver 46
Table 2.24 STOR Cost Driver 46
Table 2.25 PVOL Cost Driver 47
Table 2.26 ACAP Cost Driver 47
Table 2.27 PCAP Cost Driver 48
Table 2.28 PCON Cost Driver 48
Table 2.29 APEX Cost Driver 48
xxi
Table 2.30 PLEX Cost Driver 49
Table 2.31 LTEX Cost Driver 49
Table 2.32 TOOL Cost Driver 50
Table 2.33 SITE Cost Driver 50
Table 2.34 SCED Cost Driver 51
Table 2.35 Early Design and Post-Architecture Effort Multipliers 51
Table 2.36 RCPX Cost Driver 53
Table 2.37 PDIF Cost Driver 53
Table 2.38 PERS Cost Driver 54
Table 2.39 PREX Cost Driver 55
Table 2.40 FCIL Cost Driver 56
Table 2.41 RELY Maintenance Cost Driver 59
Table 2.42 MCS Project Phase Distributions 60
Table 2.43 Effects of Reliability Level on MCS Life Cycle Costs 61
Table 2.44 Sizing Equation Symbol Descriptions 69
Table 2.45 Post-Architecture Model Symbol Descriptions 69
Table 2.46 Early Design Symbol Descriptions 70
Table 2.47 TDEV Equation Symbol Descriptions 70
Table 2.48 Scale Factors for COCOMOII Models 71
Table 2.49 Cost Driver Ratings for Post-Architecture Model 72
Table 2.50 COCOMO 11.2000 Post-Architecture Calibrated values 74
Table 2.51 COCOMO 11.2000 Early Design Calibrated values 75
Table 2.52 COCOMO 11.1997 Post-Architecture Calibrated values 76
Table 2.53 Definition Checklist for Source Statements Counts 77
Table 2.54 COCOMO Model Comparisons 82
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 TPS Software Capabilities 85
Table 3.2 Size for Identified Functions 88
Table 3.3 COCOMO Model Scope 90
Table 3.4 Summary of WBS Estimate 93
Table 3.5 Scale Factor Ratings and Rationale 97
Table 3.6 Product Cost Driver Ratings and Rationale 97
Table 3.7 Platform Cost Driver Ratings and Rationale 98
Table 3.8 Personnel Cost Driver Ratings and Rationale 98
Table 3.9 Project Cost Driver Ratings and Rationale 98
Table 3.10 Risk Matrix 104
Table 3.11 Case Study Spreadsheet 1 108
Table 3.12 Case Study Spreadsheet 2 110
Table 3.13 Sizing Breakdown 111
Table 3.14 Case Study Spreadsheet 1 (Repeated) 114
Table 3.15 Previously Unaccounted Costs 114
Table 3.16 ARS Software Components 118
Table 3.17 ARS Prototype Application Elements 119
Table 3.18 ARS Prototype Sizes 120
Table 3.19 ARS Breadboard System Early Design Scale Drivers 121
Table 3.20 ARS Breadboard System Early Design Cost Drivers 122
Table 3.21 ARS Breadboard System Size Calculations 123
Table 3.22 ARS Full Development Scale Drivers 128
Table 3.23 ARS Full Development Cost Drivers (Top Level) 128
Table 3.24 ARS Full Development System Size Calculations 130
Table 3.25 Radar Unit Control Detailed Cost Drivers—Changes from Top-level 133
Table 3.26 Radar Item Processing Detailed Cost Drivers—Changes from Top-level 133
Table 3.27 Radar Database Detailed Cost Drivers—Changes from Top-level 133
Table 3.28 Display Manager Detailed Cost Drivers—Changes from Top-level 133
Table 3.29 Display Console Detailed Cost Drivers—Changes from Top-level 134
Table 3.30 Built-in Test Detailed Cost Drivers—Changes from Top-level 134
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Model Comparisons 146
Table 4.2 Converting Size Estimates 147
Table 4.3 Mode/Scale Factor Conversion Ratings 148
Table 4.4 Cost Drivers Conversions 148
Table 4.5 TURN and TOOL Adjustments 150
Table 4.6 Estimate Accuracy Analysis Results 151
Table 4.7 COCOMO 11.1997 Highly Correlated Parameters 158
Table 4.8 Regression Run Using 1997 Dataset 159
Table 4.9a RUSE—Expert-determined a priori rating scale, consistent with twelve
published studies 160
Table 4.9b RUSE—Data-determined rating scale, contradicting twelve published
studies 160
Table 4.10 COCOMO 11.1997 Values 163
Table 4.11 Prediction Accuracy of COCOMO 11.1997 163
Table 4.12 COCOMO 11.2000 "A-Priori" Rating Scale for Develop for Reusability
(RUSE) 165
Table 4.13 Regression Run Using 2000 Dataset 169
Table 4.14 COCOMO 11.2000 Values 172
Table 4.15 Prediction Accuracies of Bayesian A Posteriori COCOMO 11.2000 173
Table 4.16 Prediction Accuracies Using the Pure-Regression, the 10% Weighted-
Average Multiple-Regression and the Bayesian Based Models Calibrated
Using the 1997 dataset of 83 datapoints and Validated Against 83 and 161
datapoints 174
Table 4.17 Calibrating the Multiplicative Constant to Project Data 176
Table 4.18 Regression Run: Calibrating Multiplicative Constant to Project Data 177
Table 4.19 Improvement in Accuracy of COCOMO 11.2000 Using Locally Calibrated
Multiplicative Constant, A 178
Table 4.20 Prediction Accuracy of COCOMO 11.2000 179
Table 4.21 Schedule Prediction Accuracy of COCOMO 11.2000 179
Table 4.22 Regression Run: Calibrating Multiplicative and Exponential Constants to
Project Data 180
Table 4.23 Improvement in Accuracy of COCOMO 11.2000 Using Locally Calibrated
Constants, A and B 182
Table 4.24 Consolidating Analyst Capability and Programmer Capability 183
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Object Point (OP) Data [Banker et al. 1991] 194
Table 5.2 Application Point Estimation Accuracy on Calibration Data 196
Table 5.3 RVHL rating scale 219
Table 5.4 RVHL multiplier values 220
Table 5.5 Subjective determinants of bureaucracy 220
Table 5.6 DPRS rating scale 221
Table 5.7 DPRS multiplier values for each rating 221
Table 5.8 CLAB contributing components 222
Table 5.9 TEAM rating scale 222
Table 5.10 SITE rating scale 223
Table 5.12 APEX rating scale 224
Table 5.13 PLEX rating scale 224
Table 5.14 LTEX rating scale 224
Table 5.15 PREX rating scale 225
Table 5.16 CLAB rating scale 225
Table 5.17 CLAB multiplier values for each rating 226
Table 5.18 RESL rating scale based on percentage of risks mitigated 227
Table 5.19 RESL rating scale based on design thoroughness/risk elimination
byPDR 228
Table 5.20 RESL multiplier values for each rating 228
Table 5.21 PPOS rating scale 229
Table 5.22 PPOS multiplier values for each rating 229
Table 5.23 PERS rating scale 229
Table 5.24 PCAP rating scale 230
Table 5.25 PCON rating scale 230
Table 5.26 PERS rating scale for CORADMO 230
Table 5.27a Multiplier ratings (best schedule compression) 235
Table 5.27b Results for a 32 KSLOC project (effort: 120 person-months/schedule:
12.0 months) 235
Table 5.27c Results for a 512 KSLOC project (effort: 2580 person-months/schedule:
34.3 months) 236
Table 5.28 COTS assessment attributes 245
Table 5.29 Dimensions of tailoring difficulty 248
Table 5.30 Final tailoring activity complexity rating scale 248
I Table 5.31 COTS glue code cost drivers 252
Table 5.32 Defect introduction drivers 256
Table 5.33 Programmer Capability (PCAP) differences in defect introduction 257
Table 5.34 Initial data analysis on the Defect Introduction model 261
Table 5.35 The defect removal profiles 263
Table 5.36 Results of two-round Delphi exercise for defect removal fractions 264
Table 5.37 Defect density results from initial Defect Removal Fraction values 266
Table 5.38 CORADMO Drivers 274
Table 5.39 Baseline Scale Factor Values 277
Table 5.40 Baseline Effort Multiplier Values 278
Table 5.41 Rationales for the SIZE factor value over time and technologies 280
Appendix A
Table A.1 COCOMOII Waterfall Milestones 303
Table A.2 MBASE and Rational Unified Software Development Process
Milestones 305
Table A.3 Detailed LCO and LCA Milestone Content 306
Table A.4 Waterfall Phase Distribution Percentages 307
Table A.5 MBASE and RUP Phase Distribution Percentages 308
Table A.6 Inception and Transition Phase Effort and Schedule Drivers 309
Table A.7 Software Activity Work Breakdown Structure 313
Table A.8 Rational Unified Process Default Work Breakdown Structure
[Royce, 1998] 315
Table A.9 COCOMO IIMBASE/RUP Default Work Breakdown Structure 317
Table A.10a Plans and Requirements Activity Distribution 320
Table A.10b Product Design Activity Distribution 320
Table A.10c Programming Activity Distribution 321
Table A.10d Integration and Test Activity Distribution 321
Table A.10e Development Activity Distribution 322
Table A.10f Maintenance Activity Distribution 323
Table A.11 COCOMO II MBASE/RUP Phase and Activity
Distribution Values 324
Table A.12 Example Staffing Estimate for MCS Construction Phase 325
Appendix B
Table B.I Incremental Estimation Output 332
Table B.2 Incremental Effort Estimation Results 336
Appendix c
Table C.1 Instructions for Form SPD-1: General Information 347
Table C.2a Instructions for Form SPD-2a: Phase Summaries
(Waterfall-based process) 351
Table C.2b Instructions for Form SPD-2b: Phase Summaries
(MBASE/RUP-based process) 353
Table C.3 Instructions for Form SPD-3: Component Summaries 355
Table C.4 Instructions for Form SPD-4: COCOMOII Progress Runs 359
Table C.5 Instructions for Form SPD-5: COCOMO II Project Actuals 361
Table C.5a Instructions for Form SPD-5a: COCOMO II Actuals: Simple
Completed Project 365
Table C.6a Instructions for Form SPD-6a: COCOTS Project Level Data 367
Table C.6b Instructions for Form SPD-6b: COCOTS Assessment Data 371
Table C.6c Instructions for Form SPD-6c: COCOTS Tailoring Data 373
Table C.6d Instructions for Form SPD-6d: COCOTS Glue Code Data 375
Table C.6e Instructions for Form SPD-6e: COCOTS Volatility Data 379
Table C.7 Instructions for Form SPD-7: COPSEMO Details Summaries 381
Table C.8 Instructions for Form SPD-8: COQUALMO Details Summaries 383
Table C.9 Instructions for Form SPD-9: CORADMO Details Summaries 387
Appendix E
Table 1.1 Scale Factors for COCOMO II Early Design and
Post-Architecture Models 394
Table 1.2 User Function Types 396 |
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| id | DE-604.BV013862875 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T05:23:11Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0130266922 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XXXVIII, 502 S. Ill., graph. Darst. CD-ROM (12 cm) |
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| series2 | Software development |
| spelling | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II Barry W. Boehm ... Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice-Hall PTR 2000 XXXVIII, 502 S. Ill., graph. Darst. CD-ROM (12 cm) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Software development Computer software - Development - Economic aspects Logiciels Computer software Costs Kostenschätzung (DE-588)4114297-4 gnd rswk-swf CD-ROM (DE-588)4139307-7 gnd rswk-swf Software (DE-588)4055382-6 gnd rswk-swf Software (DE-588)4055382-6 s Kostenschätzung (DE-588)4114297-4 s DE-604 CD-ROM (DE-588)4139307-7 s Boehm, Barry W. Sonstige oth HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009482063&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II Computer software - Development - Economic aspects Logiciels Computer software Costs Kostenschätzung (DE-588)4114297-4 gnd CD-ROM (DE-588)4139307-7 gnd Software (DE-588)4055382-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4114297-4 (DE-588)4139307-7 (DE-588)4055382-6 |
| title | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II |
| title_auth | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II |
| title_exact_search | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II |
| title_full | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II Barry W. Boehm ... |
| title_fullStr | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II Barry W. Boehm ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II Barry W. Boehm ... |
| title_short | Software cost estimation with COCOMO II |
| title_sort | software cost estimation with cocomo ii |
| topic | Computer software - Development - Economic aspects Logiciels Computer software Costs Kostenschätzung (DE-588)4114297-4 gnd CD-ROM (DE-588)4139307-7 gnd Software (DE-588)4055382-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computer software - Development - Economic aspects Logiciels Computer software Costs Kostenschätzung CD-ROM Software |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=009482063&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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